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MindMap Gallery 2. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Section 1~5
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2. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Section 1~5
Oral Anatomy and Physiology 8th edition mind map of the People's Health Organization, including the composition, classification and function of teeth, tooth evolution, tooth eruption and replacement of deciduous and permanent teeth, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-04 10:17:40
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2. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Section 1~5
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- Outline
Dental Anatomy and Physiology Section 1~5
Evolution of teeth
Characteristics of the evolution of various animal teeth
Fish class: ① Mostly triangular or single cone-shaped ② The number of teeth can reach up to 200 ③ In addition to growing on the upper and lower jaws, it is also distributed on the surface of bones such as the palatine pterygoid plow, and even on the surface of the glossopharyngeal branchial esophagus . ④Fish have no tooth roots and multiple dentitions
Amphibians: ① Single vertebral body, homomorphic teeth, multiple dentitions, terminal teeth ② There are many teeth but the number is less than that of fish ③ Distributed on the surface of the jaw, palatine, vomer, sphenoid and other bones
Reptiles: ① Single cone, homomorphic, multiple dentition, ② Gradually distributed on the upper and lower jaws. The way the teeth are attached to the jaws is divided into two categories: lateral and alveolar, with relatively complete tooth roots located in the alveolar fossa.
Class Aves: Modern birds are toothless, but fossils of extinct North American ancient birds show that the bird had teeth, with a row of single-vertebral teeth (beaks formed by horny sheaths) on each of its upper and lower jaws.
Class Mammalia: ① Abnormally shaped teeth: four types of incisors, canines, premolars and molars ② The number of teeth is significantly reduced. The teeth are alveolar teeth whose roots are deeply buried in the alveolar fossa of the jaw. ③ The main function of teeth is chewing and can withstand heavy loads. bite force
Glossary
Homomorphic teeth: The teeth in the entire mouth are mostly triangular or single-vertebral in shape.
Multiple dentition: On the lingual side of each tooth, there are a number of backup teeth. After a tooth is lost, the backup teeth can be used to replace the old teeth and renew them throughout life.
Terminal teeth: Fish teeth have no tooth roots and are only attached to the edge of the jaw bone by a fibrous membrane.
Lateral teeth: In addition to the base of the tooth being connected to the jaw, one side of the tooth is also attached to the inner edge of the jaw, but there is no complete tooth root.
Alveolar teeth: There are relatively complete tooth roots located in the alveolar socket.
Summarize:
Characteristics of tooth evolution: ① The tooth shape evolves from a single homomorphic tooth to a complex heteromorphic tooth ② The number of teeth changes from more to fewer ③ The number of tooth replacements evolves from multiple dentitions to double dentitions ④ The distribution of teeth changes from widespread to gradually concentrated in the upper and lower jaws Bone ⑤ tooth root attachment method from scratch: terminal~lateral~trough
tooth morphology evolution theory
three-point theory
Maxillary tricuspid: superior protocusp, superior anterior cusp, superior posterior cusp
Mandibular three cusps: lower anterior cusp, lower anterior cusp, lower posterior cusp
The mesial and distal surfaces of the single vertebral tooth each have a small cusp ~ the primary tooth. The central cusp ~ the primary cusp
As the tooth evolution progresses, the two small cusps of the original tooth gradually become larger and line up with the original cusp. This tooth is a tricuspid tooth. The central cusp is the original cusp, the mesial cusp is the front cusp, and the distal cusp is the posterior cusp. tip
Tricuspid theory: single vertebral teeth - mesiodistal and mesial surfaces - small cusps - tricuspid teeth
joint doctrine
Also known as the healing theory: This theory holds that the polycuspid teeth of mammals are composed of single vertebral teeth arranged on the jaws of reptiles.
Teeth composition, classification and function
Teeth composition
(1) External shape of teeth
crown root neck
Anatomical crown: The crown and root are bounded by the tooth neck, which is the main part that performs the chewing function. The outer layer of the tooth is covered by enamel.
Clinical crown: Under normal circumstances, most of the crown is exposed in the oral cavity. The crown and root are bounded by the gingival margin, and the part of the tooth above the gingival margin
Root: the part of the tooth covered by cementum
Buried in the alveolar bone, it is the supporting part of the tooth and plays a role in stabilizing the tooth.
Anatomy of tooth root: part covered by cementum
Clinical root: the part of the tooth that is not visible in the mouth
Tooth neck: (very thin, the enamel at the tooth neck is very thin) The arc formed at the junction of the tooth crown and the tooth root is called the tooth neck, also known as the neck margin or neck line
(2) Cross-sectional shape of teeth
Three hard and one soft: enamel, cementum, dentin, and dental pulp
Enamel: The translucent white hard tissue covering the surface of the tooth crown. It is the hardest highly calcified dental tissue and the hardest mineralized tissue in the body. It is highly resistant to chewing pressure and friction.
Enamel thickness: incisors 2.0mm, molars canines: 2.5mm, deciduous teeth: 0.5~1.0mm
Enamel color: closely related to the degree of mineralization. The higher the degree of mineralization, the more transparent the enamel is. The yellow color of the deep dentin is easy to show through, making the enamel appear light yellow. The lower the degree of mineralization, the worse the transparency of the enamel. It is milky white.
Cementum: refers to the mineralized hard tissue covering the tooth root surface. The structure of cementum is similar to that of compact bone. It is light yellow in color, slightly darker than dentin, and its hardness is lower than dentin.
The cementum in the neck of the near teeth is thinner and thicker, about 0.02~0.05mm.
The root tip and molar root bifurcation are thicker by about 0.15~0.2mm.
Cementum is an important structure that maintains the connection between teeth and periodontal tissues.
Cementoenamel junction: The junction between cementum and enamel at the neck of the tooth.
Methods for connecting cementum and enamel: ① Enamel covers cementum ② Enamel and cementum are connected ③ Enamel and cementum are not connected so that part of dentin is directly exposed ④ Cementum covers enamel
Dentin: The hard tissue that makes up the main body of the tooth. It is light yellow in color. The crown surface of dentin is covered by enamel and the root surface is covered by cementum.
Main function: protect the dental pulp inside and support the enamel and cementum on its surface. The hardness of dentin is lower than that of enamel and higher than that of bone.
Dental pulp: The only soft tissue in the dental tissue, it is a loose connective tissue located in the pulp cavity composed of dentin.
Main functions: ① Form dentin ② Have nutritional, sensory, defense and repair functions
The blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves in the dental pulp are connected only through the apical foramen and the periodontal tissue at the apex.
Classification of teeth
(1) Classification according to the time of existence in the oral cavity
Deciduous teeth: Deciduous teeth begin to erupt around six months after a baby is born, and all 20 of them will erupt by around two and a half years old. Primary central incisors Primary lateral incisors Primary canines First primary molars Second primary molars
Permanent teeth: begin to erupt around the age of 6 and replace 32 teeth
(2) Classification based on tooth morphological characteristics and functional characteristics
1. Incisors: Located in the front of the mouth, there are eight teeth in total, including maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, lower central incisors, and lateral incisors. The crown is simple, the labial and lingual surfaces are trapezoidal, the proximal surfaces are wedge-shaped, and the incisal ends are thin. The roots are mostly single. Main function: cutting food
2. Canines: Located at the corners of the mouth, commonly known as canine teeth, there are four in total, including the upper, lower, left and right canines, including the maxillary canines and the mandibular canines. The crown of the tooth is thick, the labial and lingual surfaces are pentagonal, the adjacent surfaces are wedge-shaped, and the incisal end has a long cusp. The roots of canine teeth are mostly single, long and thick. Primary function: puncture and tear food
3. Premolars: Located between the canines and molars, there are eight in total, including the first and second premolars of the upper jaw and the first and second premolars of the lower jaw. The crown is approximately cube-shaped, the buccal and lingual surfaces are pentagonal, the adjacent surfaces are quadrilateral, and the occlusal surface has two cusps (the mandibular second premolar may be tricuspid). The root of the tooth can be bifurcated to help stabilize the tooth. Main function: Assist the canines to tear food and have the function of mashing food.
4. Molars: Located in the distal part of the premolars, there are 12 teeth in total, including the first, second, and third molars of the upper jaw and the first, second, and third molars of the mandible. The crown is large in size, approximately cube-shaped, with a trapezoidal shape on the buccal and lingual surfaces, a quadrangular shape on the adjacent surfaces, a large occlusal surface, and 4 to 5 cusps. Tooth roots are multi-rooted and may have 2 to 3 roots. Main function: grind food into fine pieces
Anterior teeth: incisors, canines, posterior teeth: premolars, molars
quarrel as boundary
Function of teeth (see P9 for details)
(1) Chewing function
(2) Auxiliary pronunciation and speech functions
(3) Maintain a coordinated and beautiful facial shape
Clinical tooth position recording method
Tooth eruption and replacement of deciduous and permanent teeth
The process of tooth eruption: growth phase, calcification phase, eruption phase
Eruption: The phenomenon of tooth germ breaking through the gums and coming out.
Eruption: The entire process from the emergence of the crown of the tooth to the time when the upper and lower teeth reach occlusal contact.
Time of tooth eruption: refers to the time of gum eruption
The rules of tooth eruption
1. Within a certain period of time, sprout left and right pairs in a certain order.
2. Under normal circumstances, the mandibular teeth erupt slightly earlier than the teeth of the same name.
3. Female teeth with the same name erupt slightly earlier than males.
Eruption of deciduous teeth: 12435 Eruption of permanent teeth: 6124357 (35 on top and 34 on bottom)
6 months to 2.5 years old: Emergence
2.5 years old ~ 6 7 years old deciduous teeth 𬌗 stage
Mixed dentition stage from 6 to 7 years old to 12 to 13 years old
12~13 years old: permanent teeth stage
Common terms and surface landmarks of tooth anatomy
1. Common terms for dental anatomy
(1) Names of each side of the crown
1. Labial surface or buccal surface: In front teeth, the side of the crown close to the labial mucosa is called the labial surface. In posterior teeth, the side of the crown close to the buccal mucosa is called the buccal surface.
2. Lingual or palatal surface: The side of the crown close to the lingual side is called the lingual surface. The lingual surface of the crown of the maxillary teeth is called the palatal surface because it is close to the palatal side.
3. Proximal surface: The surface where two adjacent teeth of the same dental arch contact each other is called the proximal surface. Each crown contains two adjacent surfaces, a mesial surface and a distal surface. The adjacent surface of the crown closer to the midline is called the mesial surface. The proximal surface of the crown that is farther from the midline is called the distal surface.
4. 𬌗 surface and incisal ridge: The side where the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth come into contact when they bite is called the 𬌗 surface. The anterior teeth have no 𬌗 surface, and there is a ridge on the lingual side of the incisal end that has the function of cutting and biting, which is called the incisal ridge.
(2) Application terms
1. Midline: an imaginary line that bisects the cranial face into left and right halves. This line passes between the eyes, the tip of the nose, and between the two central incisors of the maxilla and the two central incisors of the mandible. The midline is consistent with the midsagittal plane and divides the dental arch into two symmetrical parts.
2. The long axis of the tooth: It is an imaginary line passing through the center of the tooth along the direction of the crown and root.
3. Contact area: the area where teeth contact each other on the adjacent surfaces
4. Line angle: The intersection of two adjacent tooth surfaces on the crown forms a line, and the angle formed on this line is called the line angle.
5. Point angle: The intersection of three adjacent tooth surfaces on the crown forms a point, and the angle formed at this point is called the point angle.
6. High point of appearance: the most prominent part of each axis of the crown.
7. Teeth divided into three equal parts: In order to facilitate the identification of a certain part on each surface of the tooth, the axial surface of the tooth is often divided into three equal parts in one direction.
2. Surface markings of dental crowns
(1) The protruding part of the tooth crown
1. Cusp: The significant cone-shaped protrusion on the crown surface is called the cusp, which is often located at the incisal end of the canine and the 𬌗 surface of the premolar and molar.
2. Lingual protuberance: The half-moon-shaped protrusion on the lingual surface of the anterior teeth near the cervical 1/3 is called the lingual protuberance. It is one of the important anatomical features of the anterior teeth.
3. Nodule: refers to the small protrusion formed by excessive calcification of enamel on the crown of the tooth. It can be seen on the 𬌗 surface or the incisal edge of the incisor. The nodules seen on the incisal edges when the incisors first erupt are also called incisal nodules, which gradually disappear as the teeth wear away.
4. Ridge: an elongated enamel ridge on the surface of the tooth crown. According to the position, shape and direction, it can be divided into: incisal ridge, marginal ridge, apical ridge, triangular ridge, transverse ridge, oblique ridge, axial ridge and cervical ridge
①Incisal ridge: It is a long enamel ridge on the lingual side of the incisal end of the incisor, which has a cutting function
②Marginal ridge: It is the long enamel ridge on the mesiodistal edge of the lingual fossa of the anterior teeth and the lateral edge of the posterior teeth.
③ Cusp ridge: The ridge diagonally extending from the top of the tooth cusp to the mesiodistal direction is called the cusp ridge. The mesiodistal cusp ridges of the buccal and lingual cusps of posterior teeth form the buccal and lingual marginal ridges respectively.
④Triangular ridge: It is an elongated enamel protrusion extending from the top of the cusp of the posterior teeth to the 𬌗 surface. The triangular ridge is formed by the convergence of the mesial and distal slopes of the tooth cusp.
⑤ Oblique ridge: The ridge formed by the oblique connection of the triangular ridges of the two cusp surfaces on the 𬌗 surface is called the oblique ridge, which is an important anatomical landmark on the 𬌗 surface of the maxillary molars (Part 6)
⑥ Transverse ridge: A ridge formed by connecting two triangular ridges opposite the cusps across the 𬌗 surface. The transverse ridge is an important feature of the 𬌗 surface of the mandibular first premolar (Part 4 below).
⑦Axial ridge: It is a longitudinal ridge on the axial surface extending from the top of the tooth cusp to the tooth neck. The axial crest on the labial surface of the canines is called the labial axial crest, and the axial crest on the buccal surface of the posterior teeth is called the buccal axial crest. The axial ridge on the lingual surface of the canines and posterior teeth is called the lingual axial ridge
⑧Cervical ridge: On the labial and buccal surface of the crown, the slightly protruding enamel ridge along the cervical edge is called the cervical ridge.
(2) The concave part of the crown
1. Fossa: An irregular depression on the surface of the tooth crown, slightly like a basin surrounded by mountains, is called a fossa.
2. Groove: On each surface of the tooth crown, between the cusp and ridge, or the elongated depression at the bottom of the socket that looks like a mountain stream.
① Developmental groove: a shallow groove formed by the fusion of two growing leaves during tooth growth and development.
②Accessory groove: Any groove other than the developmental groove is collectively called the accessory groove and its shape is irregular.
③ Fissure: A groove with incomplete calcification is called a fissure, which is a common site for caries. The top 2 are the most common.
3. Spot gaps: The point-like depressions formed at the confluence of 3 or more developmental grooves or at the ends of some developmental grooves are called spot gaps. The enamel here is not completely connected and is a prone site for caries. .
(3) Inclined surface
Incline: The surfaces that make up the tooth cusp. Each tooth cusp has four bevels, two bevels intersect to form a ridge, and the intersection of the four bevels forms the top of the cusp. Each bevel is named according to its position on the tooth cusp.
(4) Growing leaves
Growth lobe: It is the calcification center for tooth growth and development, and its fusion point is the developmental groove. Most teeth develop from four growth leaves, and a few teeth develop from five growth leaves.