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MindMap Gallery Viscerology(1)
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Viscerology(1)
Explore the wonderful world of the body's internal organs! I am the leader of visceral mind mapping, taking you between the pulse of the heart, the freshness of the lungs and the silent work of the liver. Don’t let anatomy classes become boring anymore, let my mind map take you into a visual feast of the body!
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Viscerology(1)
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- Outline
Viscerology
General Introduction to Viscerology
General structure of internal organs
hollow sex organ
Features
1. There are cavities inside these organs
For example: stomach, intestines, trachea, bronchi, ureters, bladder, vas deferens, fallopian tubes, uterus, etc.
2. The walls of these organs are composed of 4 or 3 layers of tissue
From the inside to the outside, they are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.
solid organ
Features
1. Most of these organs are glandular tissue
Its surface is covered with a connective tissue capsule or serosa, which penetrates deeply into the organ and divides the organ into several lobules.
Such as liver, pancreas, kidney, gonads
2. The entry and exit points for the ducts, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves of organs are often a depression.
This is called the phylum of the organ
For example: lung hilus, kidney hilus, liver hilus, etc.
The marking lines of the chest and abdomen and the divisions of the abdomen
chest mark line
front center line
sternal line
midclavicular line
parasternal line
anterior axillary line
posterior axillary line
Midaxillary line
scapular line
posterior midline
abdominal zoning
Four points
Rule of nines
digestive system
Digestive tube
oral cavity
oral cavity
Location
the beginning of the digestive tract
branch
The mouth is divided into four walls
front wall
upper and lower lips
side wall
cheek
upper wall
palate
lower wall
floor of mouth
The oral cavity is divided into the oral vestibule and the proper oral cavity by the upper and lower dental arches (including the alveolar process and dentition) and the gums.
lips and cheeks
lips
composition
skin
subcutaneous tissue
orbicularis oris muscle
Mucous membrane
among people
A longitudinal shallow groove at the midline outside the upper lip, unique to humans
nasolabial folds
A shallow groove at the junction of the outer sides of the upper lip and the cheek
Upper and lower lip ties
On the midline of the inner surface of the upper and lower lips, there is a longitudinal fold extending from the lip to the base of the gums.
cheek
composition
skin
subcutaneous tissue
buccinator muscle
Mucous membrane
parotid duct papilla
There is a parotid duct papilla on the buccal mucosa opposite the crown of the maxillary second molar.
is the opening of the parotid duct
palate
Location
It is the upper wall of the oral cavity that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
composition
The first 1/3 of the hard palate
The surface of the bony palate is covered with mucosa. The mucosa is thick and dense and closely adheres to the periosteum.
Posterior 2/3 of the soft palate
constitute
muscle
tendon
Mucous membrane
The front part is horizontal
The posterior part is called the palatine velum obliquely posteriorly.
palatine lobes
The posterior edge of the palatal velum is free, and the downward protrusion in its middle is called the palatal uvula or uvula.
palatoglossal arch
Two mucosal folds are formed from both sides of the palatine velum downward and extend to the lateral base of the tongue and the lateral wall of the pharynx. The symmetrical palatoglossal arches in front
Tonsil fossa
triangular depression between two arches
Accommodates palatine tonsils
isthmus
The palatal lobes, the free edge of the velum palatine, the palatoglossal arches on both sides and the base of the tongue together form the pharyngeal isthmus
It is the boundary between the oral cavity and pharynx
The soft palate hangs downward when at rest. When swallowing or speaking, the soft palate is lifted up and pressed against the posterior wall of the pharynx, thereby isolating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
tooth
location and function
Location
Teeth embedded in the alveoli of the upper and lower jaws
It is the hardest organ in the human body
effect
Chew food
auxiliary pronunciation
eruption of teeth
A person has two sets of teeth in his life
first set of teeth
deciduous teeth
Eruptions begin when six months old and are complete at about three years old.
There are 10 in the upper and lower jaws. They start to fall off and be replaced around the age of 6.
second set of teeth
permanent teeth
The first molars erupt around the age of 6-7, and by the age of 12-14, other permanent teeth gradually erupt to replace all the deciduous teeth.
Only the third molars erupt until the age of 18 to 28 or later, so they are also called late teeth or wisdom teeth.
All permanent teeth in the upper and lower jaws are fully erupted, 16 each, 32 in total.
Teeth name and tooth type
baby tooth name
5 on the left and right sides of the upper and lower jaws, 20 in total
They are called deciduous central incisors, deciduous lateral incisors, deciduous canines, and first deciduous molars respectively.
name of permanent tooth
8 on the left and right sides of the upper and lower jaws, 32 in total
They are called central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, second molars, and third molars respectively.
Teeth
In order to record the position of teeth clinically
tooth shape
dental crown
It is the part exposed in the mouth and beyond the gums
The crowns of the incisors are flat and chisel-shaped
Canine crowns are tapered
The crown of the premolar is larger, square and round, and has 2 small nodules on the chewing surface.
The crown of the molar is the largest, square, and has 4 small nodules on the chewing surface.
Each crown can be divided into five different sides
Buccal surface
tongue surface
Adjacent
chewy noodles
Lip surface
tooth root
is the part embedded in the tooth socket
Incisors and canines have only one root
Premolars generally have only one root
Mandibular molars have 2 roots
Maxillary molars have 3 roots
Tooth neck
It is the part between the crown and root of the tooth, surrounded by the gums
dental cavity
root canal
meaning
Thin tubes in the root of the finger
apical foramen
A root canal is a hole that opens at the tip of the root of a tooth.
crown cavity
Refers to the space inside the crown of the tooth
dental pulp
dental tissue
dentin
It is a tissue that makes up the main body of the tooth. It is light yellow in color and its hardness is second only to enamel, but >cementum.
enamel
A layer of hard, white tissue covering the dentin surface of the tooth crown
cementum
A layer of tissue covering the dentine of the tooth root and neck
dental pulp
It is the blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue in the tooth cavity. The blood vessels and nerves enter through the apical foramen of the tooth.
Pulp inflammation often causes severe pain
periodontal tissue
composition
alveolar bone
The alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible
gums
It is the part of the oral mucosa covering the tooth neck and nearby alveolar bone.
Rich in blood vessels
Light red
subtopic
periodontal ligament
effect
Protect, fix and support teeth
function of teeth
Incisors and canines
Biting, cutting and tearing food
Molars and premolars
Grind and crush food
tongue
basic structure
skeletal muscle
mucous membrane covering the surface
Function
Assist with chewing
Swallowing food
feel the taste
auxiliary pronunciation
tongue shape
Tongue body
Occupying the front 2/3 of the tongue, its front end is the tip of the tongue
base of tongue
Occupies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Fixed to the hyoid bone and mandible by the tongue muscle
Lingual tonsils
In the mucosa on the back of the tongue base, there are many protrusions of varying sizes composed of lymphoid tissue.
tongue tie
The midline under the tongue forms a mucosal fold that connects downward to the floor of the mouth.
If the tongue tie is too short, it can affect the movement of the tongue
sublingual caruncle
There are small mucosal bulges on each side of the root of the lingual frenulum.
It is the opening of the submandibular gland duct and the large sublingual gland duct
sublingual fold
A strip-like mucosal fold extending from the sublingual caruncle to the posterolateral side of the floor of the mouth
There are sublingual glands hidden in its deep surface
Lingual gland canaliculus opens into sublingual fold
tongue mucosa
Tongue papilla: There are many small protrusions on the tongue mucosa (light red)
filiform papillae
Features
The biggest amount
Smallest size
White
branch
subtopic
fungiform papillae
Features
Slightly larger
smaller number
red
branch
Scattered between filiform nipples
More common on tongue tip and lateral margins
foliate papillae
Located posteriorly on the lateral edge of the tongue, humans have degenerated
Contoured nipples
Features
maximum
About 7-11
branch
Arranged in front of the boundary ditch, with a bulge in the center and an annular ditch around it
tongue muscle
Glossary muscle is a skeletal muscle
Intrinsic tongue muscles
The starting and ending points are inside the tongue
There are longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscles
When contracting, the shape of the tongue can be changed
external tongue muscle
Originates from the bones around the tongue and ends in the tongue
There are genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus muscles
Changes tongue position when contracting
salivary glands
branch
located around the mouth
Function
Able to secrete saliva
Classification
major salivary glands
parotid gland
Features
maximum
Irregular shape, can be divided into shallow and deep parts
shallow part
Slightly triangular
Up to the zygomatic arch, down to the mandibular angle, and anterior to the superficial surface of the posterior 1/3 of the masseter muscle.
Deep
Deeply extending between the mandibular ramus and the sternocleidomastoid muscle
parotid duct
It originates from the front edge of the superficial part of the parotid gland, runs horizontally under the zygomatic arch, crosses the surface of the masseter muscle forward, bends inward to the front edge of the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle obliquely, and opens into the buccal mucosa level with the crown of the maxillary second molar. parotid duct papilla
submandibular gland
It is located in the submandibular triangle surrounded by the lower edge of the mandibular body and the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Its duct emerges from the medial surface of the gland, travels along the deep surface of the oral floor mucosa, and opens at the sublingual caruncle.
sublingual gland
Features
smaller
There are two types of catheters
Boss
There is one
Opens into the sublingual caruncle together with the submandibular gland duct
small tube
About 10 pieces
Opening on the surface of the sublingual fold
branch
Located deep to the sublingual fold
minor salivary glands
Located in the mucosa of various parts of the mouth
labial glands
buccal gland
palatine gland
lingual gland
pharynx
Pharynx shape and position
form
It is a funnel-shaped muscular tube that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly.
Location
Starting from the base of the skull, going downward to the lower edge of the sixth cervical vertebra and continuing to the esophagus
anterior pharyngeal wall
Incomplete, with openings
Connected to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and throat cavity respectively
posterior pharyngeal wall
Flat, close to the front of the 6 cervical vertebrae
divisions of pharynx
The pharyngeal cavity is the common passage between the digestive tract and respiratory tract
The pharynx is bounded by the free edge of the velum palatine and the plane of the upper edge of the epiglottis, and is divided into
Nasopharynx
Location
It is located behind the nasal cavity, up to the base of the skull, down to the plane of the free edge of the velum palatini, and forward through the posterior nasal cavity to the nasal cavity.
Equivalent to about 1cm behind the inferior turbinate
Eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice
On both sides of the pharyngeal cavity, there are pharyngeal openings of the Eustachian tube
The pharyngeal cavity communicates with the tympanic cavity of the middle ear through the Eustachian tube.
Eustachian tube pillow
The arc-shaped ridges anterior, superior, and posterior to the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube
It is a sign to find the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube
pharyngeal recess
The deep longitudinal fossa between the posterior part of the eustachian tube and the posterior pharyngeal wall
It is a common site for nasopharyngeal cancer
Eustachian tube tonsils
Lymphoid tissue located in the mucosa near the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube
Pharyngeal tonsils
Lymphoid tissue in the mucosa behind the upper wall of the nasopharynx
It is relatively developed in early childhood and begins to shrink at the age of 6 to 7 years.
Oropharynx
Location
It is located between the free edge of the velum palatini and the upper edge of the epiglottis. It communicates with the oral cavity through the pharyngeal isthmus forward, continues the nasopharynx superiorly, and connects the laryngopharynx inferiorly.
front wall
The anterior wall of the oropharynx is mainly the posterior part of the tongue base
side wall
There are palatine tonsils in the tonsillar fossa on the lateral wall of the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
meaning
is a lymphoepithelial organ
Function
Has defensive function
form
Oval in shape, its inner side faces the pharyngeal cavity, its surface is covered with mucosa, and there are many deep depressions
Tonsil fossae
bacteria
tonsil bursa
Supratonsillar fossa
pharyngeal lymphatic ring
The pharyngeal tonsils, eustachian tube tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils together form the pharyngeal lymphatic ring
Has defensive functions in the digestive tract and respiratory tract
hypopharynx
Location
It starts from the plane of the upper edge of the epiglottis, goes down to the plane of the lower edge of the sixth cervical vertebra, continues with the esophagus, and passes forward through the throat opening to the laryngeal cavity.
Piriform recess
There is a deep pit on each side of the throat
A place where foreign objects often stay
The structure of the pharyngeal wall
Mucous membrane
fiber membrane
Muscle layer
Pharyngeal constrictors
superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
hypopharyngeal constrictor muscle
The three muscles are arranged in an imbricated shape. When swallowing, they contract from top to bottom to push the food bolus into the esophagus.
levator pharyngeal muscle
Location
Located deep in the pharyngeal constrictor muscle, the muscle fibers run longitudinally
composition
stylopharyngeal muscle
Eustachian tube pharyngeal muscle
palatopharyngeal muscle
Contract the levator muscle
throat
Function
To assist in swallowing and sealing the throat
adventitia
esophagus
The location and divisions of the esophagus
meaning
The esophagus is a muscular tubular organ that is flattened anteroposteriorly.
When the esophagus is empty, the front and back walls are close to each other, with a total length of about 25cm
Location
The upper end continues in the pharynx at the lower edge of the 6th cervical vertebra, and the lower end is connected to the cardiac cardia of the stomach on the left side of the 11th thoracic vertebra.
branch
neck
About 5cm long, from the beginning to the plane of the sternal jugular notch
Chest
About 18-20cm long, from the sternal jugular notch level to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
abdomen
1 to 2cm long, from the esophageal hiatus to the cardia
The esophageal hiatus is aligned with the tenth pair of thoracic vertebrae
esophageal stricture
first narrow
It is the beginning of the esophagus, about 15cm from the central incisor.
second narrowest
It is the intersection of the esophagus behind the left main bronchus and about 25cm from the central incisor.
third narrow
It is the esophageal hiatus where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, about 40cm from the central incisor.
These strictures are often the sites where foreign bodies in the esophagus are prone to be retained and tumors occur.
When performing intraesophageal intubation, care should be taken not to scratch the wall of the stricture
The structure of the esophagus
Esophageal wall
Has the typical 4-layer structure of the digestive tract
Mucous membrane
Formation of several longitudinal folds
The folds relax and flatten as the food bolus passes
Endoscopic observation shows that the mucosa is light red or yellowish in color
The submucosa contains numerous mucus glands
Muscle layer
inner ring
External vertical
The upper 1/3 segment is skeletal muscle
The lower 1/3 segment is smooth muscle
The middle 1/3 is composed of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles
adventitia
Made of loose connective tissue
Stomach
The shape and divisions of the stomach
The structure of the stomach wall
Stomach location and adjacency
Types of stomach
small intestine
duodenum
Jejunum and ileum
small intestine
the large intestine
the large intestine
Cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal
digestive glands
liver
liver
liver shape
Location and adjacency of liver
Body surface projection of liver
Lobes and Segments of the Liver
extrahepatic biliary tract
extrahepatic biliary system
gallbladder
bile duct
pancreatic
respiratory system
respiratory tract
nose
Nose position
external nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
throat
function of larynx
laryngeal cartilage
throat connection
laryngeal muscles
laryngeal cavity
trachea
Location and function
bronchi
lung
The location and shape of the lungs
bronchopulmonary segment
pleura
Pleura and pleural cavity
Body surface projection of pleura and lungs
mediastinum
urinary system
kidney
shape
structure
Location
membrane
Blood vessels and renal segments of the kidney
ureter
bladder
forms and divisions
location and proximity
urethra
reproductive system
Male genitalia
internal genitalia
genitals
testis
An organ that produces sperm and secretes male hormones
Location
Located in the scrotum, one on each side
form
It is a slightly flat ellipsoid with a smooth surface and a white color, weighing 10 to 15 g.
Divided into inner and outer layers. Anterior and posterior edges. upper, lower end
structure
albuginea
There is a thick and dense fibrous membrane on the surface of the testicles
Cover the entire testicle
testicular mediastinum
The tunica albuginea thickens at the posterior edge of the testicle and protrudes into the testicle to form the testicular mediastinum.
testicular lobule
Many testicular septa arise from the mediastinum, radially dividing the testicular parenchyma into 100-200 testicular lobules.
Each leaflet contains 2-4 coiled seminiferous tubules
Sperm are produced from the seminiferous tubules
The connective tissue between the tubules contains interstitial cells that secrete androgen
The seminiferous tubules enter the testicular mediastinum and intertwine to form the rete testis.
12-15 testicular efferent ducts originate from the rete testis
Enter the caput epididymis through the upper part of the posterior edge of the testis
Pipeline
epididymis
Sperm is stored in the epididymis
form
Crescent-shaped, close to the upper end and posterior edge of the testicles
constitute
upper end
Caput epididymis (enlargement)
It is formed by the curved and coiled efferent tubules of the testis.
The efferent tubules eventually merge into an epididymal duct, which twists and turns to form the epididymal body and cauda epididymis.
central
Epididymis
lower end
Cauda epididymis (thinning)
The tail of the epididymis is folded backward and upward to act as the vas deferens
Function
Store sperm
Secrete liquid to nourish sperm and promote their maturation
The epididymis is a common site for tuberculosis
vas deferens
form
It is a direct continuation of the epididymal duct, with a total length of about 50cm
Thick wall and thin lumen
When touched in vivo, it appears as a round cord.
constitute
Testicle
spermatic cord
Vasectomy performed here
inguinal canal
Basin
The longest section of the vas deferens
ampulla of vas deferens
vas deferens distal end enlargement
ejaculatory duct
About 2cm long. It penetrates the prostate parenchyma diagonally forward and opens into the seminal fluid of the prostate in the urethra.
spermatic cord
form
It is a pair of soft round rope-like structures
constitute
vas deferens
testicular artery
pampiform venous plexus
plexus
Lymphatic vessels
remnants of peritoneal sheath process
membrane
from outside to inside
external spermatic fascia
cremaster muscle
internal spermatic fascia
accessory glands
seminal vesicle
form
It is a pair of oblong sac-like organs with an uneven surface.
Location
Located behind the base of the bladder and lateral to the ampulla of the vas deferens
constitute
circuitous pipeline
Its excretory duct and the end of the ampulla of the vas deferens form the ejaculatory duct
The secretions from the seminal vesicles become the main component of semen
prostate
meaning
are unpaired solid organs
constitute
glandular tissue
muscle tissue
form
Chestnut shape with slightly flat front and back, hard, slightly grayish red
prostate base
prostate apex
Location
bulbourethral gland
Cowper's glands, also known as Cowper's glands, are a pair of pea-sized spherical glands.
Location
Located on the posterolateral side of the membranous part of the urethra, enclosed within the deep transverse muscle of the perineum
semen
meaning
It is a mixture of sperm produced by the testicles and fluid secreted by accessory glands and transport ducts.
Features
Milky white
Weakly alkaline
A normal adult male ejaculates about 2 to 5 ml of semen at one time, containing about 300 million to 500 million sperm.
Secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands participate in the composition of semen
Provide sperm nutrition and increase sperm motility
external genitalia
scrotum
Accommodates testicles and epididymis
penis
It’s the male’s copulatory organ
constitute
two corpora cavernosa
a urethral corpus cavernosum
male urethra
Location
constitute
prostate
meaning
It is the part of the urethra that passes through the prostate and is about 2.5cm long.
Features
The diameter of the pipe is largest in the middle
It is the widest part of the urethra
urethral crest
There is a longitudinal bulge at the midline of the back wall
jingfu
There is a small hill in the middle of the crest
prostate cyst
There is a small depression in the center of Jingfu
There is a small ejaculatory duct opening on each side of it
There are many openings of the prostate excretory ducts on the Jingfu and nearby mucous membranes.
membrane part
definition
It is the part of the urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm, about 1.5cm long
Features
The smallest diameter
Surrounded by membranous urethral sphincter
It's striated muscle
Has the function of controlling urination
corpus cavernosum
definition
It is the part of the urethra that passes through the corpus cavernosum, the longest, about 15cm long
bulb of urethra
the enlarged portion of the urethral bulb
The duct of the bulbourethral gland opens here
navicular fossa of urethra
Near the external orifice of the urethra, the urethra is enlarged and is called the scaphoid fossa.
There are many urethral glands in the submucosal tissue of the urethra, and their excretory ducts open into the urethral mucosa.
three narrow
internal urethral orifice
membrane part
external urethral orifice
narrowest
Three expansions
urethra and prostate
bulb of urethra
navicular fossa of urethra
two bends
pubic subcurvature
pubic lordosis
Function
urination
ejaculation
The adult urethra is 16 to 22 cm long, with an average diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 cm.
female genitals
internal genitalia
Location
located in pelvic cavity
composition
Gonads
ovary
is the organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen
Location
located in pelvic cavity
meaning
for paired solid organs
form
Flat oval, gray-red
The ovaries of young girls are very small and have a smooth surface.
Adult ovaries are about the size of a thumb
Due to constant ovulation, many scars appear on the surface and appear uneven.
After the age of 40 to 50, as menstruation stops, the ovaries gradually shrink.
Fixtures
ovarian suspensory ligament
proper ovarian ligament
Pipeline
oviduct
It is the conduit that transports eggs and fertilization
meaning
Location
constitute
fallopian tube uterus
fallopian tube isthmus
Tubal ligation is performed here
fallopian tube ampulla
It is the longest section of the fallopian tube
Most egg cells are fertilized here
Place of ectopic pregnancy
fallopian tube funnel
fallopian tube fimbria
It is the iconic structure used to identify the fallopian tube during surgery.
The longest one is called the ovarian fimbriae
It has the function of guiding eggs into the fallopian tube through the abdominal cavity of the fallopian tube.
Uterus
Pregnancy of the fetus and regular discharge of menstrual blood
definition
form
structure
Location
Fixtures
broad ligament of uterus
round ligament of uterus
cardinal ligament of uterus
sacrouterine ligament
Pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue surrounding the uterus
vaginal
definition
constitute
Mucous membrane
Muscle layer
adventitia
effect
female genital organ
Import semen
expulsion of menstruation
delivery of fetus
form
external genitalia
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
vaginal vestibule
clitoris
vestibular ball
Bartholin gland,
Also known as Bartholin gland
breast
meaning
form
Location
structure
perineum
pelvic diaphragm
meaning
constitute
levator ani muscle
coccygeus muscle
Superior and inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm
anal triangle
external anal sphincter
ischioanal fossa
urogenital triangle
peritoneum
The relationship between the peritoneum and the covered organs
structures formed by the peritoneum