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EdrawMindRegulation of visceral activity, instinctive behavior, and emotions by the nervous system
MindMap Gallery Regulation of visceral activity, instinctive behavior, and emotions by the nervous system
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Regulation of visceral activity, instinctive behavior, and emotions by the nervous system
This is a mind map about the nervous system’s regulation of visceral activities, instinctive behaviors and emotions, including the autonomic nervous system, Central regulation of visceral activity, Neural regulation of instinctive behavior and emotions, etc.
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Regulation of visceral activity, instinctive behavior, and emotions by the nervous system
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Regulation of visceral activity, instinctive behavior, and emotions by the nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system (T1-L3 spinal cord lateral horn): short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers, with diffuse innervation
Parasympathetic nervous system (cranial nuclei of the brainstem and lateral horns of the sacral segments S2-S4 of the spinal cord): long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers, with limited innervation
Blood vessels in the skin and skeletal muscles, general sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, adrenal medulla, and kidneys are innervated only by sympathetic nerves
Function
Regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glandular activity to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment
The main sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Basic characteristics of functional activities
stressful activities
In a quiet state, the autonomic nervous system continues to send out certain impulses, which is a certain degree of activity of the organs it controls.
Source: Tonic activity of central neurons, which is related to mechanisms such as neural reflexes and humoral factors in the local environment.
Dual dominance of the same effector
Antagonism: Quickly adjust organ activity to adapt to the needs of the body
Joint effects: For example, sympathetic stimulation promotes the secretion of a small amount of viscous saliva, and parasympathetic stimulation promotes the secretion of a large amount of thin saliva.
Reciprocal inhibition: Sympathetic activity is enhanced, parasympathetic activity is suppressed, and vice versa
Affected by the functional state of the effector
For example, stimulating sympathetic nerves inhibits the smooth muscle of the unpregnant uterus and excites the smooth muscle of the pregnant uterus.
Different scope of action and physiological significance
Sympathy: When the environment changes drastically, it mobilizes the body and promotes the body to adapt to the rapid changes in the environment.
Parasympathetic: protects the body, rests and recovers, promotes digestion, accumulates strength, and enhances excretion and reproductive capabilities
Central regulation of visceral activity
Spinal cord (basic center for various visceral reflexes)
Sweat reflex, urinary reflex, defecation reflex, penile erection reflex
Reflexes at the spinal cord level are rudimentary and cannot adapt well to or meet the needs of normal physiological functions. If you cannot consciously control urination, urinary incontinence
brainstem
Brainstem reticular formation: Its descending fibers innervate autonomic nervous system functions at the spinal cord level
Medulla oblongata: circulation, respiration, life center
Midbrain: pupillary light reflex center. It and the pons regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and other visceral activities.
hypothalamus
Regulation of autonomic nervous system activity
Efferent fibers from the hypothalamus reach the brainstem and spinal cord, changing the tone of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system, thereby regulating various visceral functions.
Stimulation of the posterior infundibulum causes sympathetic nervous system excitation
Thermoregulatory center: preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors exist in the anterior hypothalamus to regulate water balance
Pituitary portal system and hypothalamic-pituitary tract: regulates the synthesis, storage and secretion of endocrine hormones in the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus: a key part of the daily rhythm control in mammals (regulates the synthesis and secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland)
cerebral cortex
limbic lobe and limbic system
Neocortex: a high-level center that regulates visceral activity
If the neocortex is removed, the animal will lose sensation and body movement as well as many autonomous functions.
Neural regulation of instinctive behavior and emotions
Instinctive behaviors and emotions are primarily regulated by the limbic system and hypothalamus, and are regulated by the neocerebellum and consciousness
instinctive behavior
feeding behavior
Feeding center: lateral hypothalamus area (destruction of this area leads to food refusal) Satiety center: ventromedial hypothalamus nucleus (destruction of this area leads to increased appetite and weight) reciprocal inhibition between the two centers
Almonds are also involved in the regulation of feeding behavior
Amygdala central nucleus: Electrical stimulation promotes food intake and destroys it to cause anorexia.
Basolateral amygdala: electrical stimulation inhibits food intake, destruction promotes food intake
The neocortex and various transmitters in the brain regulate feeding behavior
Promote food intake: neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, food-increasing factors, pancreatic polypeptide, norepinephrine, dopamine
Inhibit feeding behavior: leptin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin
drinking behavior
The hypothalamus and limbic system play important roles in thirst and drinking water
Thirst arises
Stimulates anterior hypothalamus osmoreceptors to increase plasma crystalloid osmolality
The renin-angiotensin system mediates extracellular fluid reduction
sexual behavior
Medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus: Stimulating this area causes animals to exhibit sexual behaviors
Lateral amygdala and basolateral area: inhibitory behavior Medial amygdala: excitatory behavior
In humans, the cerebral cortex plays a dominant role in controlling sexual behavior
mood
Defense response area: ventromedial hypothalamus
The midline part from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the frontal cortex - the reward system (may be related to the dopamine pathway from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens)
Posterolateral hypothalamus, dorsal midbrain and entorhinal cortex - punishment system or avoidance system
emotional physiological response
Changes in functional activity of the autonomic nervous system
In most cases, the sympathetic nervous system is hyperactive Redistribute blood flow to various organs so that skeletal muscles have adequate blood supply when fighting or fleeing
Hyperactivity of parasympathetic nerves in some cases
The frequency of urination increases during anxiety, vasodilation occurs during sexual excitement, and digestive juice secretion and digestive tract movement occur during food stimulation.
Changes in functional activity of the endocrine system
Changes in multiple hormone secretions
motivation and addiction