1. Changes in the blood circulation system of pregnant women are mainly manifested in changes in blood volume and content.

2. Changes in the digestive system of pregnant women have a greater impact on the intake of nutrients during pregnancy.

3. Urinary system: Metabolites increase, renal blood flow increases, renal burden increases, and glomerular filtration increases.

4. Endocrine system: Changes in hormone levels related to pregnancy.

5. The weight of pregnant women increases with the months of pregnancy.

1. The caloric energy consumption of pregnant women is higher than before pregnancy.

2. Approximately 900 grams of protein need to be stored throughout pregnancy.

3. The energy provided by fat accounts for 20% to 30% of the total energy, which is 60 to 70g per day.

4. Sugar can provide energy during pregnancy.

5. Inorganic salts and trace elements

6. Vitamins

1. The impact of nutrition during pregnancy on the mother’s body

2. Effects on the growth and development of fetuses and newborns

1. Dietary Guidelines for Women in Pre-Pregnancy (Pregnancy Preparation Period)

2. Dietary Guidelines for Women in Early Pregnancy

3. Dietary guidelines for women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy

1. High nutritional requirements

2. High basal metabolic rate

3. Blood hormone levels drop sharply

4. The mother’s uterus and its accessories will gradually return to their pre-pregnancy state

1. Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents recommend that lactating mothers should consume 2,300 kcal of RNI energy per day.

2. The recommended daily intake (RNI) of protein for lactating mothers in my country is 20g more than that for normal women.

3. Wetting mothers must have fat in their daily diet, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The daily fat intake should account for 20% to 30% of the total calories.

4. The recommended intake of iron for lactating mothers in my country is 24 mg, and the iodine RNI for lactating mothers is 240 μg/d.

5. The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends that the intake of vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E for lactating mothers is 1300 μg RE/d, 10 μg/d, and 17 mg α-TE/d respectively.

1. Increase animal and seafood products rich in high-quality protein and vitamin A, and use iodized salt.

2. Drink more milk and soup appropriately

3. Eat a variety of foods during the puerperium, but not too much

4. Avoid drinking alcohol, strong tea and coffee

5. Scientific activities and exercises to maintain a healthy weight

1. Rapid growth and development

2. Poor digestive system function

1. The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends the daily energy intake (RNI) for infants and young children: regardless of gender, 0~6 months: 90kcal/kg; 7~12 months: 80kcal/kg; one-year-old boy: 900kcal; girl: 800kcal; A two-year-old boy is 1100kcal; a girl is 1000kcal; a three-year-old is 1250kcal, and a girl is 1200kcal.

2. The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends that the daily intake of protein for infants and young children, regardless of gender, is 9g for 0 to 6 months, 20g for 7 to 12 months, and 25g for 1 to 3 years old.

3. The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends that fat energy source accounts for 48% of total energy (AI) for 0 to 6 months; 40% for 7 to 12 months; and 35% for 1 to 3 years old.

4. The Chinese Nutrition Society recommends that carbohydrate energy sources account for 50% to 65% of total energy for children aged 1 to 3 years old, with no added sugar.

5. The recommended intake of calcium is: 0 to 6 months (AI): 200 mg; 7 to 12 months (AI): 250 mg; 1 to 4 years old (RNI): 600 to 800 mg. The recommended iron intake is: 0.3 mg for 0 to 6 months (AI); 10 mg for 7 to 12 months (RNI); 9 to 10 mg for 1 to 4 years old (RNI). The new recommended intake is: 0 to 6 months (AI) 2 mg; 7 to 12 months (RNI) 3.5 mg; 1 to 4 years old (RNI) 4 to 5.5 mg.

6. Special attention should be paid to supplementing vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C and folic acid in the diet of infants and young children.

1.Infant feeding methods

2. Complementary food for infants and young children

3. Common problems of infants and young children

4.Infant Feeding Guidelines

1. Body composition changes and basal metabolic rate decreases

2. Reduced physiological functions of important organs of the body

3. Reduced metabolic function

4. Decreased immune function

1. Unreasonable dietary structure

2. Excess nutrition

3. Inadequate intake of nutrients

1. Eat small, frequent, soft meals to prevent nutritional deficiencies.

2. Take the initiative to drink enough water and do active outdoor exercises

3. Relieve muscle attenuation and maintain appropriate weight

4. Eat enough food and encourage company to eat with you

1. Properly add water and salt

2. Ensure a reasonable mix of energy intake and macronutrients

3. Meet vitamin and mineral needs

4. Choose food wisely

5. Reasonable dietary system

1. Ensure adequate energy intake

2. Provide high-quality protein

3. Choose foods rich in vitamins and minerals

4. Control salt intake

5. Drink enough water

1. Meet the body’s energy needs

2. Ensure adequate supply of vitamins and minerals

3. Properly hydrate to prevent metabolic disorders

4. Eat a variety of foods, eat small meals often

1. The brain is one of the organs with the highest metabolic level in the human body

2. Glucose is the main energy provider for brain cell activity.

1. Energy plays a key role in maintaining the excitability of brain neurons and the synaptic function of nerve cells.

2. Glucose is the main function of brain cell metabolism

3. The strong metabolic activity of the brain requires a large amount of protein to renew tissues.

4. Unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol constitute the main components of the brain

5. Energy metabolism in brain tissue is strong and requires the participation of multiple vitamins.

6. In the brain, iron is mainly concentrated in white matter oligodendrocytes, involved in oxygen transport, myelination and neurotransmitter metabolism. Zinc mainly serves as a prosthetic group for enzymes and participates in cellular DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Iodine deficiency leads to insufficient thyroxine synthesis and affects brain development. Selenium participates in intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities in the form of coenzymes, protecting against oxidative damage induced by free radicals and reducing cell death. Copper is involved in cellular antioxidant function and dopamine metabolism

7. Phytochemicals in food may also have a certain impact on brain function.

1. Pay attention to energy intake and prevent excess

2. Increase physical activity

3. Intake high-quality protein and increase fish intake

4. Eat more nut foods

1. Metabolism and detoxification pathways of chemical poisons.

2. Toxicity and health damage of heavy metals.

3. The toxicity and health damage of benzene.

1. Ensure high-quality protein intake

2. Control fat intake

3. Ensure carbohydrate intake

4. Eat more fruits and vegetables

5. Appropriate supplement of antioxidant vitamins

6. Selenium and zinc can reduce the toxicity of mercury

7. Pay attention to increasing foods with higher iron content

1. Reactive oxygen species cause oxidative damage to biological macromolecules, which is the main mechanism of health hazards caused by ionizing radiation.

2. Essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium have antioxidant effects

3. Polyphenols are widely found in various plant foods.

4. Vegetables and fruits are the main sources of dietary antioxidants.

1. Ensure adequate supply of energy-producing nutrients

2. Choose vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidant nutrients