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Economic geography mind map
An article on economic geography mind mapping, suitable for postgraduate entrance examinations and final review. The introduction is detailed and the description is comprehensive. I hope it can help interested friends learn.
Edited at 2023-12-01 19:40:03
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Economic geography mind map
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economic geography
Chapter One Introduction
Section 1 Overview of the Development of Economic Geography
1. Economic geography before the 20th century
2. Development characteristics of economic geography since the 20th century
Section 2 Economic Geography Research Objects and Subject System
1. Research objects
2. Subject system
Section 3 The relationship between economic geography and adjacent disciplines
1. The position of economic geography in geography
2. The relationship between economic geography and economics
3. The relationship between economic geography and natural sciences
4. The relationship between economic geography and technical science
Section 4 The role of economic geography in social and economic development
1. The theoretical relationship between economic geography and economic development
2. The practical significance of economic geography in economic development
3. Key issues in current economic geography research
Section 5: The guiding ideology, structure and chapter arrangement of this book
1. Guiding ideas for writing this book
2. The structure and chapter arrangement of this book
Chapter 2 Location of Economic Activities
Section 1 Basic Concept of Economic Activity Location
1. Location and location theory
(1) Location
concept
Theoretical basis of economic activity location: geographical space is limited; humans overcome the limitations of spatial movement (space friction/distance friction)
(2) Location theory
meaning
The difference between classical location theory and modern location theory
2. Location conditions and location factors
(1) Location conditions
Meaning and characteristics
(2) Location factor
Meaning and classification
Section 2 The impact of natural factors on the location of economic activities
1. The impact of land on the location of economic activities
as a labor object
As a work space or activity place
2. The impact of raw materials on the location of economic activities
3. The impact of energy on the location of economic activities
4. The impact of the natural environment on the location of economic activities
Section 3 The impact of economic factors on the location of economic activities
1. The impact of labor force on the location of economic activities
quality and quantity
2. The impact of capital on the location of economic activities
fixed capital
financial capital
general capital
venture capital
3. The impact of market factors on the location of economic activities
market potential
Market environment
Generally include market awareness, competitive environment, management order, specialized economy and diversified economy
Section 4 The impact of technical factors on the location of economic activities
1. The impact of technology research and development and application on the location of economic activities
Regional differences, geographical concentration of population and industrial activities, and differences in location choices affect enterprise location
In terms of technology application, spillover benefits industrial clusters
2. The impact of information technology on the location of economic activities
Including information collection technology, information transmission technology, information presentation technology and information use technology
Distribution of information technology affects location choice
The development of information technology changes the importance of other traditional location factors
The Internet is an advanced form of information technology that affects economic activities.
Section 5 The impact of transportation infrastructure on the location of economic activities
1. Transportation elements and their connotations
point, line, space
2. The mechanism of the impact of transportation on location selection
The impact of freight costs on location selection
Freight is mainly considered from two aspects. One is the line operating fee and the station fee.
Four pricing systems
The impact of transportation convenience on location choice
Transportation networks can be represented by density and structure
Transportation connectivity, accessibility, accessibility index, dispersion index
3. The impact of transportation modes on location selection
Road transport, railway transport, air transport, water transport
Section 6 The impact of policy factors on the location of economic activities
1. The impact of location policies on the location of economic activities
Regarding this issue of regional policy, we need to organize a special topic, mainly to collect some information at the national strategic level, such as the development of the western region along the Belt and Road Initiative, etc.
2. The impact of industrial policies on the location of economic activities
3. The impact of environmental policies on the location of economic activities
Different environmental quality standards affect the location of relevant enterprises
Chapter 3 Agriculture and Industrial Location Theory
Section 1 Dunen’s Agricultural Location Theory
1. Background and purpose of Dunen’s agricultural location theory
Background: The era of corporate agricultural management
Purpose: Reasonable geographical allocation of agricultural production methods
2. Summary of Dunen’s Agricultural Location Theory
Theoretical prerequisites (six prerequisites)
——Two problems arise——Use an isolated method to examine the problem
Formation mechanism, land rent income formula R=PQ-CQ-KtQ (market price-cost price-freight)
Spatial configuration principles of agricultural production methods: Duneng circle (six agricultural circles), concentric circle structure
Free agricultural circle, forestry circle, rotation agricultural circle, grain and grass agricultural circle, three-field agricultural circle, animal husbandry circle
3. Application research on Dunen’s agricultural location theory
The main research examples involve macroscale (national or continental scale), mesoscale (urban scale) and microscale (rural settlement scale)
4. The significance of Dunen’s agricultural location theory
agricultural geography
Natural conditions are the same, but there are spatial differences in agriculture
Agricultural production methods: relatively superior
The closer to the market, the higher the income per unit area of the layout.
? Reason: Maximum benefit
Overview: Summary
From an economic perspective
Mathematical Methods 1—Economics Research
Economic location research
space friction, land use
5. Limitations of the theory
? Revise, add?
Adding river interference factors, taking into account the impact of changes in grain prices and differences in soil quality, changes in business purposes, technological development and transportation means, and the diversity of land use patterns around modern cities, Sinclair's "Inverse Dunen Circle" "
Section 2 Weber’s industrial location theory
1. Background and purpose of Weber’s industrial location theory
Background: During the German Industrial Revolution, modern industry developed rapidly, and the concentration of industry and population in large cities was more significant.
Purpose: By exploring the location principles of industrial production activities, we try to illustrate and explain the large-scale movement of population between regions, as well as the agglomeration mechanism of urban population and industry (the three major economic activities of production, circulation and consumption are selected as research objects)
2. Summary of Weber’s theory of industrial location
basic concept
Location factors, general factors (freight and labor costs), special factors, agglomeration factors and dispersion factors
Theoretical premise
Three assumptions
The distribution of raw material supply locations is known
Product consumption location and scale are known
subtopic
Labor location is known, costs are fixed, and supply is unlimited
three phases
Theoretical focus
1. Freight direction theory
(1) Nature and weight of industrial raw materials
(2) Minimum freight principle
(3) Comprehensive isocost line
2. Labor cost orientation theory
(1) Labor cost
(2) Basic idea
3. Aggregation orientation theory
3. Application research of Weber’s industrial location theory
4. The significance of Weber’s industrial location theory
Like Du, the originator of agricultural location theory, he was the first economist to develop an industrial location theory system, an important cornerstone and guiding significance.
(1) Abstract and deductive methods are perfect and provide methodology and theoretical basis for the future.
(2) The principle of minimum cost means that we cannot escape from this law and only repair
(3) Not limited to industrial layout, pointing the theory beyond the scope and becoming a general theory
5. Limitations of Weber’s industrial location theory
freight
Perfect competition conditions do not exist
Livelihood management and enterprise management
decision maker
Technological progress and means of transportation
Improved transportation development
Regional policy factors
Summarize
Section 3 Other industrial location theories
1. Parland’s location theory
Minimize cost, where should production be located, simple model of linear market
2. Hoover’s location theory
Minimum cost, transportation cost theory, delivery price, market region and location selection
3. Liao Shi’s market location theory
Profit maximization, four assumptions, demand cone model
4. Smith’s profitability space boundary analysis theory
Maximum profit, space cost curve, space income curve, adding humanism
5. Pred’s Behavior Matrix
Behavior matrix, the role of incomplete information and non-optimal behavior on location choice
Chapter 4 Location Theory of Business and Service Industry
Section 1 Chris Taylor’s central place theory
1. Background of the formation of central place theory
The acceleration of urbanization into cities and the gathering of industry, commerce, and service industries
2. Basic concepts
Central place, centrality, supply range of goods (upper limit or outer limit of supply range, lower limit or inner limit of supply range), threshold population, central place level
3. The three principles of central place and the spatial model of central place system
1. Market principles and central place system
7
2. Transportation Principles and Central Place System
4
3. Administrative Principles and Central Place System
4
4. The significance and existing problems of Christler’s central place theory
Section 2 Retail Industry Location Theory
1. Factors affecting location decisions in the retail industry
market factors
Consumer orientation (population size, quantity), consumer income, the lower limit of the supply range of goods
Spatial distance and traffic conditions
Competition among retail industries
Mutually exclusive tend to disperse, unite in competition
The role of land price
2. Retail space types and structures
(1) Classification of retail space types
Retail spatial model: spatial distribution and functional structure model of retail activities, location model of retail activities
Louderford: five types: central business district, peripheral business district, main commercial street, adjacent commercial street, isolated store cluster
Berry: A retail space with commercial functions distributed in concentric circles and strips along roads and streets. It pursues the pursuit of a specialized space formed by the concentration of retail activities and interests in a certain location.
(2) Internal structure of the central business district
Horwood and Boyce's "core-periphery" model
Davis’ CBD Spatial Integration Model
3. Retail Gravity Model
Riley: Retail sales in a city are directly proportional to population size and inversely proportional to distance
Berry: Cities attract surrounding populations through their central functions
Huff: Introducing the Consumer Behavior Space
4. Business development and layout trends
High-level commercial centers are not necessarily located in city centers. Emerging retail formats choose urban sub-centers or surrounding areas, including online shopping, convenience stores or small supermarkets.
3. Location theory of service industry
1. Types and location characteristics of service industries
There are mainly four types. When answering questions, you should also add characteristics, examples, and layout.
Lifestyle service industry
close to consumers
Producer services
Gathering areas for various offices
Office services
central clustering
The first is the business center and offices that perform management functions
The second is the company’s subsidiaries and department centers
The third is finance, insurance and other industries
Public services
Pursue utilization efficiency and consider equal rights to enjoy public services
2. Analysis of Factors in Location Selection of Service Industry
Consider service industry location selection from three spatial scales
First, the choice of city
six factors
The second is the selection of specific areas within the city.
six factors
The third is to determine the specific location
four factors
Traffic flow and population density
3. Location selection of modern service industry
(1) Location selection for the financial industry
(2) Location selection for creative industries
(3) Location selection for e-commerce
(4) Location selection of logistics industry
Chapter 5 Multi-sector Enterprise Location
Section 1 The spatial trajectory of enterprise growth
1. Enterprise growth drivers and strategies
(1) Business growth drivers 7
achieve economies of scale
Internalize transactions
Give full play to technical advantages
pressure from competition
The sense of success brought by managers
Corporate behavior: Have strong strength and bargaining power
government support
(2) Enterprise growth strategies and methods
1.Strategy
Integrated expansion
Horizontal integration (economies of scale)
Vertical integration (economies of scope)
forward integration
backward integration
Diversification and expansion
Diversification of unrelated products
2.Method
internal development
External development (mergers, mergers, joint ventures, etc.)
2. Spatial expansion of enterprises
(1) Enterprise space growth process
1. General analysis of enterprise space growth process
Characteristics of Enterprise Space Expansion
Reasons why companies expand from near to far
Contact with the original factory, information acquisition, technological development, management development, and the gradual expansion of the market outwards
2. Spatial expansion of different growth forms
Internal growth: The characteristics of nearby layout are obvious
External growth: study and compare locations, and continuously expand location space outwards
(2) Enterprise space growth stage
Lloyd and Deacon divided corporate spatial growth into three stages (the corporate organizational structure gradually becomes more complex, the production functions gradually diversify, and the geographical scope gradually expands)
Stage ①: Single location
Stage ②: Multi-location enterprise
Stage ③: Diversification, multi-distribution structure
(3) Laws of corporate space expansion
1. The geographical diffusion law of socio-economic phenomena
Contact diffusion: from near to far
Level diffusion: Level jump spread
2. The law of enterprise space expansion
3. Enterprise space expansion under China’s special environment
channel expansion
interpersonal channel
institutional channel
production channel
distance channel
Section 2 Enterprise Space Evolution Model
1. Watts’ market area expansion model
A brief description of companies with early cost advantages that continued to expand outward in the market space by merging many neighboring small companies.
Limitation 3
2. Taylor’s tissue deformation and regional evolution model
Explains the spatial expansion process of a company within a country.
Three thresholds
Corporate event space
information space
decision space
four scales
local, regional, national and multinational
3. Hakansson’s global expansion model
This model describes the company's expansion process from a single factory to multiple factories, and from home country to overseas.
(Both levels will be considered)
4. Deakin’s global expansion model
This model shows the ideal change process of a manufacturing company from producing only in the home country to producing in multiple countries.
Compared with the previous three models, this model adds rationalization adjustments within the company, including both the investment process and the investment recovery process.
The development of multinational corporations reflected in the model is divided into five stages.
5. Model comparison and application in China
Common characteristics of the four models
In relevant research in my country, attention should be paid to the huge changes in the business environment of enterprises
Section 3 Company organizational structure types and their spatial characteristics
1. Main types of company organizational structures
Functional department structure
Product department structure
Regional department structure
Customer department structure
matrix structure
2. Spatial characteristics of the company’s organizational structure
Functional department structure: China YTO Group Co., Ltd.
Its spatial structure is relatively concentrated (mainly distributed in China)
Product Department Structure: China Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.
Its spatial structure is relatively dispersed, and its business activities involve multiple countries.
Regional department structure: Japan Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
The spatial structure is more dispersed, and the company structure presents a regional structure on a global scale.
Chapter 6 Location of Multinational Corporations
Section 1 Cross-border direct investment location selection
1. Reasons for cross-border direct investment
(1) Product cycle theory: Vernon, mainly used to explain spatial changes in international investment
three phases
new product stage
Mature product stage
Standardized product stage
limitations
(2) Compromise theory: British Dunning
1. Ownership Advantages
2. Advantages of transaction internalization
3. Location advantage
Overview
2. Country selection for cross-border investment
The reason why companies make cross-border investments in other countries is mainly driven by profit.
location cost school
location theory market school
element orientation
Company strategic orientation
3. Micro location selection for cross-border investment
three characteristics
(1) Focus on economic center layout
Multinational companies have high exploration costs, prompting investors to imitate the existing investment pattern of the host country.
Liang Lijian’s summary of the location of foreign investment in developing countries
(2) Concentrated in border areas
Investors in border areas have more relevant information
In developing countries, government policies strengthen border locations, attract foreign investment, and establish "special economic zones" and "export processing zones"
For example, the establishment of special economic zones and coastal open cities such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen, and Haikou in my country
(3) Concentrated in areas with close social connections
The language is similar to cultural habits, local customs, laws, etc., reducing obstacles.
Section 2 Location Selection of Different Components of Multinational Corporations
1. Location characteristics of company headquarters
Functions of the company headquarters: strategic decision-making, capital control, public relations negotiation
(1) Location requirements
1. Convenient transportation
2. Timely information acquisition
3. Easy access to key personnel at any time
(2) Actual location of the company’s headquarters
Tend to choose major metropolitan areas
Three advantages of metropolises
1. Possibility of face-to-face contact between companies
2. Provides convenience in financial, legal, advertising and other services
3. High proximity to other metropolitan areas
(3) Location changes of company headquarters
1. On a macro scale
Multinational companies generally rarely move their headquarters from their home country to other countries
2. Within a country
Migration between cities often occurs, and the result of migration is that company headquarters tend to be dispersed.
(4) Example of location change of company headquarters: Shell Company
2. Location characteristics of the company’s research and development (R&D) institutions
3. Location characteristics of the company’s production units
Section 3 The impact of multinational corporations on the economic development of investment areas
1. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between multinational companies and investment locations
2. Characteristics of the impact of multinational corporations on the economic development of investment areas
3. Interaction between multinational companies and investment locations
Chapter 7 Regional Economic Development
Section 1 Regional Economic Growth
1. Factors of regional economic growth
Regional economic growth concept
(1) Resource endowment
Natural resources - basic conditions
Impact category, scale and benefits
Realistic possibilities and potential for growth
Labor resources - one of the key factors
Use other resources to create wealth
Prime number of labor force
Funding – an important factor
Determine the type, quantity and quality of resource allocation
Technical factors—contribution is on the rise
Make up for deficiencies in natural resources
Improve labor productivity
Economic structural transformation and upgrading
social environmental factors
Including social traditions, values, behavior, and civilization level
(2) Resource allocation capabilities
economic system
Influence the basic methods and efficiency of regional resource allocation
Government's economic management capabilities
economic policy
Enterprise development capabilities
Institutional innovation, technical level, scale structure, quantity structure, etc. determine the development status of enterprises and determine regional economic competitiveness.
economic structure
The basic model that determines regional resource allocation
(3) Geographical location
Determine the spatial relationship of an area to other areas
Determine the larger natural environment in which an area is located
Determine the position of a region in the overall economic development pattern of the country
Therefore, geographical accessibility can be improved by improving external transportation conditions.
(4) External environment
National economic development pattern
District level economic relations
International economic background
2. Regional economic growth mechanism
(1) Growth pole theory (Perroux)
concept
Features: 4
Industrially, the organizational core of regional industrial development
Spatially, the center of gravity that governs the distribution of economic activity in the portfolio
scale, level
In physical form, central cities or urban agglomerations
Effect: 3
(1) Dominance effect
(2) Multiplier effect
(3) Polarization and diffusion effects, spillover effects
The conclusion of the above three aspects
Taking growth as the core, changing the balance state of the original space
(2) Principle of circular accumulation of causation
(Gunnar Merdell) Mutual influence, mutual connection, mutual causation
Knuckles: Vicious cycle of poverty theory
Cardo
Using relative efficiency wages to analyze changes in regional output rates
Overview: The Essence of the Principle of Circular Accumulation Causation
(3) Multiplier principle and acceleration principle
Multiplier Principle: Investment - Income
Acceleration Principle: Income-Investment
Overview: Two principles exist at the same time and interact with each other, resulting in periodic changes or fluctuations.
3. The theory of regional economic growth stages
(1) Hoover-Fisher theory
Hu and Fei published "Research on Regional Economic Growth" in 1949, pointing out that there is a "standard sequence of stages" in any regional economic growth.
self-sufficiency stage
The rise stage of rural industry
Agricultural production structure transformation stage
industrialization stage
Service industry output stage
(2) Rostow’s theory
1960 Published "Stages of Economic Growth", Six Stages
traditional social stage
The stage of creating prerequisites for take-off
Take-off stage
mature stage
High consumption stage
The pursuit of quality of life stage
(3) Theories of Chinese scholars
Chen Dongsheng published the book "Regional Economics" in 1993, 4 stages
To be developed
growing up
Mature
decline
regional decline
resource decline
structural decline
deconvergent recession
Section 2 Regional Industrial Structure
1. Regional industrial structure model
leading industry
concept
It plays an organizing and leading role in regional economic development and is the organizational core of the regional structure. It is closely related to other industries, which mainly influences and drives its development, and plays a leading role in regional economic development.
Features
The production scale is large, the product output rate is high, and it has a high proportion among similar products. Strong correlation with other industries. Different regions have different leading industries at different stages of regional economic development.
Features
Comparative advantages: large contribution to regional economic growth, large scale of factor agglomeration, and high product output rate
Other industries are closely related
Market demand is highly elastic and in the growth stage
Have innovative ability
Related industries
concept
It is an industry that is connected with the input-output, technology and other aspects of the leading industry and provides supporting and collaborative industries for the leading industry. According to the way of contact with the leading industry, it can be divided into forward contact industry, backward contact industry and lateral contact industry.
In the development of regional industries, it is necessary to rationally plan and promote the development of related industries based on the leading industry, so that the leading industry and other industries form a closely interconnected and mutually reinforcing development relationship.
Basic industries
It refers to products that provide public services for regional economic growth, social development, and people's lives. Basic industries are an important guarantee for the development of leading industries and related industries.
Classification
Consumption trend basic industries
Its products have poor transportability and are suitable for development close to major consumption areas.
widespread basic industries
Product demand is large, consumption areas are wide, and distribution is less restricted by geographical conditions
Industries where products cannot move spatially
such as transportation industry
Pillar industries and potential industries
The difference between pillar industries and potential industries
concept
2. Theory of regional industrial structure evolution
(1) Petty-Clark Theorem
Reveal the changing rules of labor transfer among the three industries
(2) Kuznets’ law
Analyze changes in the distribution structure of national income and labor force in different industries in various countries
(3) Huffman’s theorem
Reveals the law of evolution of industrial structure in the industrialization process of a country or region
(4) Theory of Flying Geese Morphology
Changes in the industrial structure of backward countries as they catch up with advanced countries
3. Evaluation of the rationality of regional industrial structure
Six comments
Regional industrial structure concept and status
Section 3 Regional Development Strategy
1. Overview of regional development strategy
(1) Concept of regional development strategy
Start understanding from a few key words of the concept
(2) Characteristics of regional development strategies
Six characteristics: overall, overall, critical, principled, long-term, and stable
2. Basic contents of regional development strategy
(1) Strategic thinking
(2) Strategic goals
Development positioning
development Goals
main target
subgoal
(3) Strategic focus
(4) Strategic steps
(5) Strategic Countermeasures
3. Regional development strategic choices
(1) Efficiency and fair choices
The basic principle
(2) Choice between balanced development strategy and unbalanced development strategy
Pay attention to goal orientation and method selection, and choose between peaceful and non-peaceful strategies.
(3) Choosing between short-term interests and long-term interests
Chapter 8 Regional Spatial Structure
Section 1 Overview of regional spatial structure
1. The concept of regional spatial structure
concept
economic significance
Economy
agglomeration economy
economies of scale
2. Components of regional spatial structure
point
Wire
network
domain
Seven combination modes
Section 2 The formation and development mechanism of regional spatial structure
1. Industrial location orientation
Table 8-2 Location orientation types of industries
concept
2. Aggregation and Diffusion Mechanism
agglomeration mechanism
three sources
Location orientation of economic activities
The inner connection of economic activities
Economic activities pursue agglomeration economy
Three functions of concentrated gravity
diffusion mechanism
three sources
Avoid agglomeration diseconomies
Seek new development opportunities
government policy role
The relationship between agglomeration and diffusion
3. Spatial proximity effect
concept
first law of geography
The causes of spatial proximity effect
Impact on the formation and development of regional spatial structure
Section 3 Patterns and Evolution of Regional Spatial Structure
1. Pattern of regional spatial structure
(1) Polar core space structure
Further proposed dual-core structure
(2) Point-axis spatial structure
Chinese geographer Lu Dadao proposed a "T"-shaped spatial structure strategy
(3) Network spatial structure
(4) Symmetrical distribution of regional cities
2. Evolution of regional spatial structure
(1) Friedman’s evolution stages of regional spatial structure
1. Regional spatial structure in the pre-industrial stage
2. Regional spatial structure in the transition stage
3. Regional spatial structure in the industrialization stage
4. Regional spatial structure in the post-industrial stage
(2) Evolution stages of regional spatial structure of roads and avenues
1. The stage in which rural areas have an absolute advantage
2. Transition stage
3. Industrialization and economic take-off stage
4. Technology industry and high consumption stage
Chapter 9 Spatial organization between regions
Section 1 The theory of inter-regional economic development relations
1. Hirschman’s polarization-trickle-down effect theory (within a country)
Explain the economic role and influence between the economically developed region (North) and the less developed region (South)
The polarization effect is reflected in
The trickle-down effect is reflected in
relationship between the two
2. Gradient shift theory (within a country)
The transfer phenomenon of innovation between regions with different gradients
gradient shift
Extended transition
Level transition
Four theories in our country
Support changing views
anti-gradient shift theory
theory of coexistence
dominant theory
3. Center-Periphery Theory (International)
Study the unequal economic relations between developed and underdeveloped countries
(1) Friedman’s theory
center-periphery theory
(2) Krugman’s core-periphery model
Introducing location-related transportation costs, from the perspective of spatial agglomeration of economic activities Explain the formation mechanism of core-periphery pattern
Basics: Monopolistic competition model and "iceberg cost" theory
Section 2 Interregional Economic Relations
1. Spatial interaction theory
concept impact
(1) Prerequisites for spatial interaction to occur
1. Complementarity between regions
2.Accessibility
3. Interference opportunity
(2) Measurement of spatial interaction
2. Regional division of labor theory
concept, reason, meaning
(1) Cost theory
Adam Smith's absolute cost theory
David Ricardo's Comparative Cost Theory
(2) Theory of factor endowment
Heckscher-Ohlin model/H-O model
(3) New trade theory
(4) Competitive advantage theory
diamond theory
four factors
factors of production
domestic demand
Supporting industries and related industries
Corporate strategy, structure and competition
Opportunities and the role of government
The difference between competitive advantage theory and comparative cost theory
3. Perspectives on regional cooperation
concept, meaning
(1) Basic principles of regional cooperation
Voluntary equality, mutual benefit
Complementary advantages and mutual coordination
The spatial proximity between regions is conducive to regional cooperation
(2) Types of regional cooperation
Industry cooperation
comprehensive regional cooperation
Three types of comprehensive regional cooperation in my country
comprehensive economic cooperation among several provinces
Comprehensive economic cooperation between adjacent regions of the province
Comprehensive economic cooperation between some regions within the province
Section 3 Regional Economic Differences and Coordination
1. Overview of regional economic differences
regional economic differences
absolute difference
relative difference
Measurement indicators and methods
1. Statistical methods
standard deviation
coefficient of variation
population weighted coefficient of variation
Range and range rate
2. Gini coefficient
3.Sil coefficient
2. Inverted U-shaped curve theory
(1) Merdell and Hirschman’s explanation of regional economic differences
(2) Williamson’s inverted U-shaped curve theory
(3) Development of the inverted U-shaped curve theory
3. Regulation of regional economic differences
(1) The inevitability of regional economic differences
(2) Adjustability of regional economic differences
(3) Viewpoints on coordinated regional economic development
concept
Five mechanisms to promote coordinated regional economic development
Markets, spatial organizations, cooperation, assistance, governance mechanisms
Chapter 10 Economic Globalization
Section 1 The concept and influencing factors of economic globalization
1. The concept of economic globalization
trade globalization
market globalization
globalization of production
2. Factors influencing economic globalization
(1) Scientific and technological progress
1. Improved production process and sales methods
2. Technological progress has reduced the time and cost of transportation
3.Changed communication links
(2) Cross-border capital flows
(3) National policy intervention
(4) International economic coordination
Section 2 Characteristics of Economic Globalization
1. Extensive impact on regional economic development
2. Different industries are affected differently
3. Transfer of manufacturing industry to developing countries
4. Service industries are concentrated in developed economies
5. Foreign investment in developing countries continues to grow
Section 3 Economic Globalization and Local Development
1. Economic globalization penetrates into local areas
(1) International capital inflows
(2) Relations between multinational companies and local enterprises
(3) Diffusion of knowledge and technology
(4) Create local employment opportunities
2. Localization spreads to the global
Chapter 11 Research Methods in Economic Geography
Section 1 Enterprise Survey and Analysis Methods
1. Enterprise questionnaire survey and quantitative analysis
Purpose of business investigation
Characteristics of business surveys
(1) Enterprise questionnaire survey method
1. Questionnaire design
Four principles to follow
Q&A
2. Selection of survey objects
3. Distribution and collection of questionnaires
2. Enterprise case investigation and qualitative analysis
(1) Characteristics of qualitative enterprise visits
(2) Selection of enterprises and visiting personnel
1. Select the company to visit
2. Select access objects
Section 2 Quantitative Analysis Methods in Economic Geography
1. Regression analysis
concepts, steps
(1) General linear regression model
Cobb-Douglas production function
(2) Count regression model
Poisson distribution probability density function
negative binomial regression model
(3) Spatial econometric model
spatial lag model
spatial error model
2. Cluster analysis
concept
four steps
3. Factor analysis
concept
4. Analytical Hierarchy Process
Concept, five applications
Section 3 GIS Analysis Methods of Economic Geography
1. Point element analysis
(1) Kernel density analysis
(2) Average nearest neighbor distance analysis
2. Line element analysis
(1) Optimal path analysis
(2) Facility location analysis
3. Area element analysis
(1) Spatial autocorrelation analysis
(2) Hotspot analysis
Geographic information system, economic geographic information system concepts
Chapter 12 New Developments in Economic Geography Theory
Section 1 The Cultural and Institutional Turn in Economic Geography
1. The background of the cultural and institutional shift
(1) The practice of economic development in major countries in the world
(2) Schools related to social sciences
(3) Changes in economic geography itself
2. Main contents of cultural and institutional transition
(1) Emphasis on the close connection between economy and culture
(2) Social and cultural embeddedness of the economy
(3) Main schools of thought in institutional transition
(4) Institutional thickness and regional development
3. The impact of cultural and institutional shifts on economic geography
(1) Impact on the way of thinking
(2) Impact on research questions
(3) Impact on subject positioning
Section 2 Economists’ New Economic Geography
1. The background and theoretical basis of new economic geography
(1) Background of the emergence of new economic geography
(2) Theoretical basis of new economic geography
1. Increasing returns theory
2.D-S monopolistic competition model
2. Main viewpoints of new economic geography theory
(1) Core-periphery model
(2) Self-organizing evolution of urban hierarchy
(3) International specialization
Section 3 Progress in Evolutionary Economic Geography
1. Concepts and theoretical framework of evolutionary economic geography
(1) The concept of evolutionary economic geography
(2) Theoretical framework of evolutionary economic geography
1. Generalized Darwinism
2. Complexity Theory
3. Path dependence theory
2. Main contents of evolutionary economic geography
(1) Enterprise organization analysis
(2) Industrial region analysis
(3) Space system research
3. Thoughts on the Development of Evolutionary Economic Geography
(1) Scientific acceptance of evolutionary economic geography thinking
(2) Correctly view the shortcomings of evolutionary economic geography
(3) Actively carry out research on evolutionary economic geography
Section 4 Reflections on Economic Geography with Chinese Characteristics
1. Continuous leap-forward development and economic geography with Chinese characteristics
(1) Economic geography at different stages of economic development
(2) Different economic geography at the same development stage
(3) Rapidly developing economic geography research in China
2. Discipline positioning and economic geography with Chinese characteristics
(1) Social science characteristics of Western economic geography
(2) Natural science characteristics of China’s economic geography
(3) Different practices of economic geography in China
3. Social and cultural environment and economic geography with Chinese characteristics
(1) The influence of China’s special political system
(2) China’s special cultural influence
4. Further discussion