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Sparta
This is a mind map of Sparta, including its reputation for harsh discipline, aristocracy, and militarism. Sparta's system of government was an oligarchy.
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Sparta
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Sparta
basic knowledge
Sparta was known for its harsh discipline, aristocracy, and militarism. Sparta's system of government was an oligarchy. In the Peloponnesian War, Sparta and its allies defeated the Delian League led by Athens and occupied all of Greece. However, Sparta was defeated by the emerging Thebes soon after dominating Greece. After the rise of Macedonia in the north, Sparta lost its influence in Greece.
Sparta was a country ruled by slave-owning aristocrats
National institution
King (two people, hereditary from two families)
Presiding over national sacrifices and handling cases involving family law
During the war, one king went out to lead the troops to fight, and another king stayed in the city-state. The two kings checked and balanced each other.
Citizens' Assembly
Composed of Spartan men over 30 years old. The citizens' assembly does not have the right to propose proposals. The Presbyterian Council proposes a proposal, and the Citizens' Assembly only has the right to discuss and vote. The vote is decided by the loudness of the shout, and the louder voice means approval.
Council of Elders
elected by citizens' assembly
is the highest authority
tenure
All major national affairs are discussed and decided by the Elders Council and then submitted to the Citizens' Assembly for approval. If it cannot be passed, the elders have the right to adjourn the meeting.
It is also the highest judicial organ, and all civil, criminal and state cases are heard by it.
Prosecutor
There are five people in total, elected by the citizens' assembly once a year, and any citizen over 30 years old can be elected.
Their duty is to supervise the king, try the king's wrongdoings, and monitor the lives of citizens.
From the 5th century BC, their power continued to increase, and they replaced the king with the power to preside over the Council of Elders and Citizens' Assembly. The power originally vested in the Council of Elders to hear civil law cases also fell into their hands.
tyranny
tyranny
Tyranny is dictatorship. The tyrant does not need to explain his actions, and no one dares to ask him to do so
no sense of responsibility
Both tyrants and monarchs rule the city-state by one person, but the monarch takes into account and promotes the interests of the people in the state, while the tyrant only focuses on his own personal interests and ignores the rights and interests of the people in the state. Tyranny is a perverted government, while monarchy is an orthodox government.
collective responsibility
As members of the city-state, it is their unshirkable duty to fight bravely in the army.
Spartan social class
Spartan. Full citizens in a city-state lived entirely on the exploitation of slave labor.
Pileasians. They mostly lived around city-states or along the coast and were engaged in handicrafts and commerce. They had personal freedom but no political rights. They had to pay taxes and serve the Spartan slave owners, and could not enjoy the rights of other full-time Spartans. When serving in the military, you can only serve as a soldier.
Helots. Slaves owned by the Spartan city-state
Persian War (Persian War)
The collective name for a series of wars that broke out between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states and lasted for half a century. The Greek coalition wins. The Greek city-states and institutions survived, but the Persian empire never recovered. The impact of this war on the economies and cultures of the East and the West was far greater than the war itself.
The reasons why wars often occurred in Greek city-states
1. The population of city-states increased, and Greeks immigrated and colonized coastal areas.
2. The state’s food production is limited, and seizing enemy crops often occurs
first invasion
Send troops to Greece
The Persian Empire decided to send troops to Greece on the pretext that Athens and Eretria had aided Miletus.
result
However, most of its ships were destroyed by a hurricane at Cape Athos, and they were also attacked by Thracians on land and were forced to retreat.
Battle of Marathon
Greek infantry occupied favorable terrain
The Persian army was twice the size of the Athenian army
The origin of marathon running
After winning the Marathon, Felipedes ran back to Athens to deliver the message. Because he ran more than 40 kilometers at top speed, he fell to the ground and died after reporting the victory.
The Battle of Marathon became one of the examples in the history of ancient warfare where a small number defeated a large number. But this was not a major blow to the huge Persian Empire, so the Persian Empire was still looking for opportunities to attack Greece after this war.
second invasion
Persia attacks again
Darius I died and was succeeded by Xerxes I.
Faced with the Persian army, Athens once again pressed the border, and the whole city immediately entered a state of preparation for war. All Greek city-states formed an alliance to fight against Persia. Even the city-state of Sparta also participated in the campaign against Persia.
The Persian army divided its land and water routes, marched westward along Thrace, occupied northern Greece, and forced some city-states to surrender. The Persian army then marched to Thermopylae.
Battle of Thermopylae
A famous battle in the Persian War and an important battle in Western history, it has extremely high historical and military significance.
The Battle of Thermopylae, in which 300 men killed tens of thousands of people twice, became a classic example of fighting more with less. His heroic deeds are also passed down to future generations and are admired by future generations.
King Leonidas I of Sparta led 300 elite Spartan warriors and some Greek city-state coalition forces to resist the Persian Empire at Thermopylae, successfully delaying the Persian army's attack and gaining valuable time for Athens and other city-states to prepare for the battle. Greece's victory was a great success. However, due to being outnumbered, all 300 (one estimate is 298) Spartan warriors and the volunteers at the rear were killed, and Leonidas was beheaded.
Result: The Persian Empire wins
Empty City Strategy
The sacrifices of the Spartan king and his soldiers bought valuable time for the Athenian army commander Themistocles. Although the Persian army quickly occupied two-thirds of the land in Greece, when it attacked Athens, it failed It was found that there was only an empty city left in Athens, and the entire city's residents had already evacuated. As a result, the Persian army had to burn the city to vent their anger.
Battle of Salami Gulf
The Persian navy rounded Cape Sounion at the southern tip of the Attica Peninsula and entered the narrow Strait of Salamis.
Athens lured the Persian king's giant warships into the bay.
The Gulf of Salami is very narrow, and the huge Persian warships cannot move freely, while the Athenian warships are only small and fast.
Result: The Persian navy suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Salamis. Xerxes I, who personally conquered Greece, was afraid that his retreat would be cut off, so he fled back home in a panic. Its army retreated to northern Greece.
third invasion
The Persian emperor again attacked Greece. Greece once again used the empty city strategy and moved to the sea. Sparta, on the other hand, led the Peloponnese Allied Forces and the Persian Army to hold a decisive battle (Battle of Plataea) near Plataea, and killed the Persian general. The Persian army was defeated and had to retreat to the east again. On the same day as the victory at Plataea, the Greek fleet destroyed the remnants of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mycale (Battle of Mykal).
The Persian expedition to Greece failed, and due to the internal conflicts within the empire, it was forced to retreat to the defensive. Greece, led by Athens, gradually turned to the offensive and took the opportunity to expand its maritime power and establish Athens' hegemony in the Aegean Sea.
Battle impact
Great fusion of Eastern and Western history and culture
The Greco-Persian War was an unprecedented integration of human history and culture, and its impact far exceeded the scope of Persia and Greece. It has greatly strengthened cultural exchanges between the East and the West, promoted the development of Eastern and Western cultures, and promoted the progress of science and art. Break the almost complete isolation between East and West, thereby promoting the development and progress of human society. This is the most important impact of the Greco-Persian War.
western history center
Greece's victory in the Greco-Persian War moved the historical center of the Western world from the Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean. Greek civilization was preserved and developed, becoming the foundation of future Western civilization.
for persia
Persia's defeat in this war frustrated its external expansion ambitions, and it gradually declined, and was finally destroyed by Alexander the Great of Macedon.
for greece
It ensured the independence and security of the Greek city-states, allowing Greece to continue to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean for hundreds of years.
for sparta
The influx of large amounts of loot and contact with the outside world caused Sparta's original economy and simple life to lose balance. Conflicts that had been subsided reappeared. Sparta's position as the military commander in the Greek city-states was challenged by Athens.
for athens
1. Quickly transferred the conflicts between civilians and nobles within Athens
The victory of the Athenian naval battle on the one hand weakened the social role of the army on which the nobility relied.
On the other hand, it improves the political and economic status of the fourth-class citizens serving in the navy, allowing democratic forces to grow.
2. The establishment of Athenian hegemony and the development of the slave economy in the late war ensured the effective implementation of the democratic system.
3. It suddenly became the overlord of the Aegean Sea region, controlled the main route to the Black Sea, and seized a large number of strategic locations along the Aegean Sea including Byzantium.
peloponnesian war
Delian League led by Athens vs Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
Almost all Greek city-states participated in this war, and its battlefields involved almost the entire Greece at that time.
Sparta won in the end
This war ended the classical era of Athens and the democratic era of Greece, and strongly changed the Greek country. The war brought unprecedented destruction to the prosperous ancient Greece, leading to the crisis of the Greek slave city-states after the war, and the whole of Greece began to turn from prosperity to decline.
Conflict of ideologies: Oligarchy (where a few people hold power without necessarily thinking about the majority) vs. Democracy
background
In the 5th century BC, Athens and Sparta once formed an alliance. Later, they jointly defeated the Persian Empire. Later, they formed an alliance to defend against another Persian attack.
Delian League
Also called the Aegean League, it was an alliance voluntarily established by the free cities of Greece during the Greco-Persian War. Its purpose was to jointly defend against the threat of the Persians.
Peloponnesian League
Sparta also led its neighbors in the Peloponnese to form a defensive alliance
Fifty years after the Greco-Persian War, the Delian League has degenerated into a tool of power and coercion for Athens to maintain and strengthen its hegemony in the Aegean Sea.
Athens gradually turned the alliance into a maritime empire to develop its own interests; it tried to reduce other allies to a vassal status. Whoever rebels, suppress it with force, treat it as a conquered country, take over its navy, and extort tribute from it.
Athens's methods were so brutal that they aroused suspicion among the Spartans. It was feared that Athens would soon extend its hegemony to all of Greece. The Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, was a rival to the hegemony of the Delian League.
In addition, Athens built a "long wall" from Athens to the port of Piraeus. The wall connected Athens with its seaport of Piraeus, making this road like a "road of life" for Athens. The area is not threatened by enemies on land.
root cause of conflict
Athenian power grows and inspires fear in Sparta
Thucydides's trap
The idea of Thucydides’ Trap warns that all rising powers threaten established powers. As China increases its power relative to the United States, the theory argues, the two nations are inevitably set on a collision course toward war.
fuse
Opposition emerged within the Spartan forces, namely: Megara withdrew from the Peloponnesian League and defected to Athens.
military comparison
Athens, the largest maritime overlord, mainly relied on its navy and alliances
Triremes and Aegean Geography
Sparta, a land nation whose strength was their spearmen
There are also a large number of helot slaves to cooperate in the battle; the military strength is strong
process
In early 431 BC, starting from the dispute between the Thebans and the Plataeans, the peace treaty between Sparta and Athens was completely torn up, and the war for hegemony between the two major powers of Greece officially began.
Sparta's strategy was to use its army superiority and encourage the members of the Delian League to rebel, in order to achieve its purpose of weakening and isolating Athens.
Countermeasures of Pericles, the ruler of Athens
They were on the defensive on land and on the offensive at sea, sending ships to invade the coastal areas of the Peloponnese Peninsula, inciting the Helots to riot and forcing the enemy to sue for peace.
The Athenians were also holding citizen assemblies. At the meeting, Pericles advised everyone to move their property from the suburbs into the city and defend the city walls.
the first year
The Spartan army advanced → the Athenians moved their property into the city and could not leave → the Spartans were angry and destroyed the plain → the Athenians strongly demanded to be fought out. Pericles insisted on the strategy of not going to fight and at the same time strengthened the city defense work; On the one hand, they often sent cavalry to attack to prevent the enemy from destroying the countryside on the outskirts of Athens. → The Spartans stayed in Attica until they ran out of food supplies, and then retreated back home.
The Athenian fleet that sailed around the Peloponnese Peninsula was still sailing along the coastline. At the right time, they went ashore, attacked the city, and won many victories.
While the war was going on, the Athenians actively carried out diplomatic work and established alliances with Thrace and Macedonia.
In the summer, the Athenians expelled the Eginaeans, their wives and children, from their homeland, blaming them primarily for the war.
Sparta set aside an area for the homeless Egina people to live in
the second year
Winter 430 B.C.
The Peloponnese retreated in panic, and in the panic some ships ran aground. The Athenians were encouraged and their confidence increased. They captured 6 enemy ships and recaptured their own ship that had been damaged by the enemy.
shortly thereafter
The Spartans' forced landing failed and they lost the naval battle, so they requested a temporary truce. However, the truce was short-lived. The battle seemed to continue indefinitely. Finally, with the help of the Messenians, the Athenians finally forced the food-starved and exhausted Spartans to surrender.
The Athenians finally forced the exhausted and food-starved Spartans to surrender. The war lasted for 72 days, from sea to land, and the Athenians suffered very little losses.
In the spring of 423 BC, the Spartans and the Athenians signed a one-year truce.
422 BC
With the promotion of the Spartan king Prestoanax and the Athenian general Nicias (also translated as Nicias), the peace talks started from winter to spring. Both sides agreed to return the other's land acquired during the war to its original owners and exchange prisoners of war. On this basis, an agreement was reached and a treaty was finally signed to maintain peace for 50 years, known in history as the "Peace of Nicias".
Battle for Sicily
generalize
In 415 BC, Athens had been mired in the Peloponnesian War for many years. In order to break the strategic dilemma, they chose to actively intervene in the conflicts between local city-states in Sicily and then conquer the island. They hoped to cut off Sparta's sources of grain and troops. But this expedition turned out to be a disastrous turning point in the Peloponnesian War. The final defeat of the battle also ended the golden age of the Athenians.
The expedition to Sicily caused Athens to lose its best army and almost all its fleet. Afterwards, although the war between Athens and Sparta continued for nearly 10 years, the disastrous defeat in Sicily had already doomed Athens' final defeat.
The Peloponnesians once again sent 2/3 of their army to invade Attica → A plague broke out in Athens (pain caused by disease + despair) → Athens broke the law → Dissatisfied with Pericles and condemned him for urging them to fight
evaluate
The Athenians exploited their allies too much and laid the foundation for their own disaster. The Spartans easily won many supporters with the slogan of liberating them.
Both sides of the war are unjust. In this battle for hegemony, Sparta was able to win only because its internal contradictions were relatively smaller than those of Athens.
This war allowed Sparta to dominate all of Greece and promote its oligarchy; the democratic forces in various states were persecuted at the same time. The tyrannical rule of the oligarchy aroused strong dissatisfaction among various countries. Many city-states rebelled, and the Peloponnesian League tended to collapse. Then, several relatively powerful city-states such as Thebes and Athens continued to fight for Greek hegemony. In the first half of the 4th century BC, there were constant wars in Greece, and the power of various countries was consuming each other. Later, it was finally destroyed by the foreign enemy Macedonia, which had long coveted it.
It brought unprecedented destruction to the Greek world, prompting the bankruptcy of the small peasant economy and handicraftsmen. Many city-states lost a large number of laborers, the land was barren, and industry and commerce stagnated and closed down. Large slave owners, large landowners, speculators and loan sharks took advantage of the opportunity to annex land, amass wealth and slaves. The small and medium-sized slave economy was gradually swallowed up, and was replaced by large real estate and large handicraft workshop owners. represented the large slave-owning economy.
A number of citizens went bankrupt, the number of soldiers decreased, and the foundation of the city-state's rule was shaken. The poor live a life of inadequate clothing and food, and are dissatisfied with the rule of the rich and powerful.
Rough process
After the Persian War, in order to compete with Athens for hegemony, Sparta led the Peloponnesian League led by it to fight the Peloponnesian War against the Delian League led by Athens. The war lasted from 431 BC to 404 BC, with several ceasefires between the two sides, and Sparta finally won. However, both sides fought to exhaustion. As a result, Sparta was defeated by the emerging Thebes not long after it dominated Greece. Later, it was conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedon, and it began to decline.
Classical age of Greece
period
Early stage
The prosperous era of city-states
later stage
The city-state system flourished and then declined
time span
start
After the victory of the Persian War between Greece and Persia
Finish
After the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, the Greek states were officially controlled by Macedonia
Philosophers (who together created today's Western philosophical thought; the Three Greek Sages)
Socrates
Antisthenes (one of Socrates' disciples)
founder of cynicism
Plato (student of Socrates)
Aristotle (pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander)