·The same period: the larger z is, the more significant the increase in effective nuclear charge is.

·Same family: from top to bottom, the increase decreases

·The same period: the effective nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers remains unchanged, and the radius becomes smaller

·Same family: from top to bottom, the radius increases

·Definition: The energy consumed (absorbed) when a gaseous atom of an element loses an electron in its ground state and becomes a monovalent gaseous positive ion.

·Influencing factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, outer nuclear electron layer structure

·Change rules

·Definition: The energy released when a gaseous atom of an element acquires an electron in its ground state and becomes a monovalent negative ion.

·Influencing factors: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, outer nuclear electron layer structure

·Change rules

·The same cycle: from left to right, electronegativity increases

·Same family: from top to bottom, electronegativity decreases

·Metallicity of an element: The smaller the electronegativity or the smaller the ionization energy, the stronger the metallicity.

·Non-metallic property of an element: The greater the electronegativity or the greater the electron affinity, the stronger the non-metallic property.

·The principle of minimum energy

·Pauli Exclusion Principle

·Hunt Rules

·Supplementary rules to Hundt’s rules

·Electronic layout

·Valence shell electron configuration table

·Atomic real expressions

·Atomic orbital angle distribution diagram

·Probability density: The probability of an electron appearing in a unit volume somewhere outside the nucleus is called the probability density there.

·Shell probability: probability density at r*shell volume

·Electron cloud angle distribution map

·Principal quantum number (n): the main factor that determines the energy of electrons

·Angular quantum number (l)

·Magnetic quantum number (m): describes the extension direction of atomic orbitals in space

·Spin quantum number (ms)