Features: long tubular shape, distributed in the limbs, divided into two ends of the body (there is a cavity inside, called the medullary cavity, the two sections are enlarged, called the epiphysis, and have smooth articular surfaces. The part adjacent to the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the metaphysis, and a piece of epiphyseal cartilage is retained in childhood )

It is shaped like a cube and is mostly distributed in the carpal bones and tarsal bones.

It is plate-shaped and mainly forms the walls of the cranial cavity, chest cavity and pelvic cavity. Play a protective role, such as sternum, etc.

Irregular shapes, such as vertebrae. Some irregular bones contain cavities. The air-containing bones are called frontal bones.

Compact bone is distributed on the surface of bones. It is composed of tightly arranged bone plates, with a dense texture and strong pressure resistance. The compact bone of the skull is called the outer plate and inner plate.

Cancellous bone is distributed in the interior of the bone in a spongy manner and is composed of staggered bone trabeculae that are parallel to the direction of pressure and tension. The spongy bone of the skull is called the lamina

Outer layer: The outer layer is dense and has many collagen fibers penetrating into the bone. Fix it to the bone surface.

Inner layer: The inner layer is loose and contains bone tissue cells that participate in bone growth. Regenerative repair and healing

Cervical vertebrae: The vertebral body is small, the vertebral foramen is relatively large, and there is a transverse process hole on the transverse process. The spinal processes of the 2nd to 6th cervical vertebrae are shorter and bifurcated at the ends. The first cervical vertebra is also called the atlas. It consists of front arch, back arch and side blocks. There is a concave shape like this in the middle behind the front arch. The second cervical vertebra is also called the pivot cone, and the cone extends upward toward the odontoid process. It forms a circumferential joint with the odontoid recess. The seventh cervical vertebra, also known as the vertebral column, has a long spinous process and no bifurcation at the end. It is easy to touch and is often used clinically as a marker to count the number of vertebrae.

Thoracic vertebrae: The cross-section of the vertebral body is heart-shaped. There are upper and lower costal concavities and transverse costal concavities respectively. The spinous processes are longer and arranged obliquely posteriorly and downwardly in an imbricated manner to adjacent spinous processes.

Lumbar vertebrae: The vertebral bodies are thick and the vertebral foramen are kidney-shaped or triangular. The spinous processes are plate-shaped, extending horizontally to the rear, and the gaps between each body process are wide. Lumbar puncture can be done clinically. L3—L4 L4—L5

Sacrum: Triangular in shape, with the base upward and the tip downward. The middle part of the front edge of the base is bulging forward, which is called the promontory. The pelvic surface is smooth and smooth. Four pairs of front holes can be seen. The back side is rough and raised. There is a median sacral ridge on the midline. There are four pairs of posterior sacral foramina on the outside of the ridge, and the vertebral foramina of each sacral vertebrae are connected to form the sacral canal, which opens downward into the sacral canal hiatus. The downward bulges on both sides of the hiatus are called sacral angles, which are signs of sacral canal anesthesia.

Coccyx: The upper end is connected to the sacrum, and the lower end is free to become the tip of the coccyx

True ribs: The front ends of pairs 1-7 are connected to the sternum by costal cartilage

Clavicle: ~-shaped, with a thick inner end called the sternal end. The lateral segment is flat and is called the acromial end. The inner 2/3 of the clavicle is convex forward and the lateral 1/3 is convex backward. Fractures are prone to occur at the junction.

Scapula; a triangular flat bone, located between the 2nd and 7th ribs. It can be divided into 2 sides, 3 edges and 3 corners. The upper corner is where the upper edge and medial edge meet, facing the second rib. The lower corner is the medial and lateral edges. The intersection of the margins is level with the 7th rib or 7th intercostal space

Humerus: Greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove The middle deltoid tuberosity is a shallow groove on the dorsal side from the inside to the outside: the radial nerve groove. A bony protrusion will be formed on the inside and outside of the lower end, which are called the internal and external epicondyle of the humerus. There will be a depression in front of the lower end. called olecranon nest

Radius: The enlarged upper end is called the radial head, the lower part of the head is slightly thinner and is called the radial neck. There is the radial tuberosity on the inner side of the lower part of the neck, and the downward protrusion on the outer side of the lower end is called the radial styloid process.

Ulna: The upper end is thick and the lower end is small. There is a trochlear notch at the upper end. The protrusions in the front and lower part and the back and upper part of the notch are called the coronoid process and the olecranon respectively. The downward protrusion on the inside is called the ulnar styloid process.

Hand bones:

Hip bone: It is an irregular bone. Composed of ilium, pubis and ischium

Femur: It is the longest bone in the human body. It is divided into two ends: the femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, medial condyle, lateral condyle, medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle.

Patella: the largest sesamoid bone in the human body

tibia

fibula

foot bones;

parietal bone

Temporal bone

frontal bone

Occipital bone

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

Nose, cheekbones, tears, maxilla, palate, inferior turbinate

jaw, plow, tongue