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General Introduction to Metabolism and Biological Oxidation
This is a mind map about metabolism and biological oxidation in general, including metabolism, assimilation, processes, characteristics, research methods, energy metabolism rules, etc.
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General Introduction to Metabolism and Biological Oxidation
- bacteria
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- Outline
General Introduction to Metabolism and Biological Oxidation
Metabolism in general
Metabolism
The most basic characteristics of living things, the prerequisite for the existence of life
Provides energy in the form of ATP for various life activities of organisms
Generally refers to the exchange of matter and energy between organisms and the external environment.
Assimilation
The process of converting nutrients into self-generated structural compounds through biochemical reactions
Energy absorbing
Alienation
The process in which substances in the body undergo biochemical reactions and are decomposed into substances that cannot be reused and are excreted from the body.
release energy
Features
Mild conditions, enzyme catalyzed
Cooperate with each other and be strict and orderly
Height adaptable, automatic adjustment
Cell localization, specific area
process
Excretion of metabolites
Common organic chemical reaction mechanisms in metabolism
group transfer
redox
Elimination, isomerization and rearrangement
C-C bond broken
intermediary metabolism
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
Research methods
In vivo and in vitro experiments
in vitro
in vivo
isotope tracing
the most effective way
advantage
Strong specificity
high sensitivity
Simple measurement method
shortcoming
Toxic to human body
Easy to cause environmental pollution
Metabolic pathway blocking method
Antimetabolites or enzyme inhibitors
Example: Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, confirming the citric acid cycle
mutant research method
exploiting genetic defects
(gene editing)
Energy metabolism rules
Energy Metabolism
A series of energy transformations that occur along with material metabolism in organisms
First law of thermodynamics
Law of Conservation of Energy - Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
second law of thermodynamics
Any physical or chemical process spontaneously tends to increase the total entropy of the system and the environment
Free Energy
The energy used by organisms to perform work under constant temperature and pressure
Additivity of dG
The standard free energy changes of each reaction in a coupling chemical reaction are additive.
>0 Not spontaneous, requires energy
Body temperature requires work
High-energy compounds interact with ATP
high energy compounds
Compounds can release a large amount of free energy >21KJ/mol with hydrolysis reaction or group transfer reaction
bond energy
Bonds that release large amounts of free energy when hydrolyzed
type
Phosphorus oxygen type -O~P
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Acetyl phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Phosphorus nitrogen type
creatine phosphate
A storage form of high-energy phosphate bonds, but cannot be used directly
Transfer energy to ADP to generate ATP
Non-phosphoric acid
Acetyl CoA
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Carriers of acyl compounds participate in metabolism
Functional group-mercapto group
Can be converted from glucose, fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids
effect
Directly enters the citric acid cycle for complete oxidation and decomposition
Participates in fatty acid synthesis, ketone body synthesis and cholesterol synthesis as a raw material
S-adenosylmethionine
ATP
Coupling agent for intracellular energy metabolism
One phospholipid bond and two phosphoric anhydride bonds with phosphate groups >30KJ/mol
Intermediate carrier for intracellular phosphate group conversion
biological oxidation
biological oxidation/respiration
The process in which organic matter generates CO2 and H2O and releases energy under the action of oxygen in living organisms.
Features
37°
Enter neutral aqueous solution environment
Catalysis by a series of enzymes
Energy is gradually released
Capture energy in the form of ATP
direct decarboxylation
Generate CO2
Divided into mitochondrial oxidation system and non-mitochondrial oxidation
The composition of the respiratory chain and the sequence of electron transfer
respiratory chain
After the hydrogen atoms on the metabolites are activated and shed by dehydrogenase, they pass through a series of transfer bodies and are finally transferred to the activated oxygen molecules and combine with them to form the entire system of H2O.
category
Coenzyme I
NAD
flavin coenzyme
FMN/FAD
iron-sulfur center
Coenzyme Q (CoQ/ubiquinone)
Lipid-soluble small molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Cytochromes (Cyt)
Order determined
Use standard redox potential to determine the order of components in the respiratory chain
Determining the sequence of transmitters using inhibitors of specific respiratory chains
In vitro recombination experiments of electron transport confirm the sequence of the transmitter
oxidative phosphorylation
concept
Except for part of the energy produced by organisms through biological oxidation, which is used to maintain body temperature, most of it can be transferred to ATP through phosphorylation (phosphorylation accompanied by exoergic oxidation)
Formation method
substrate level phosphorylation
Electron transport system phosphorylation
transfer of chemical energy
The relationship between respiratory chain and ATP production
The P/O ratio is the number of moles of inorganic phosphoric acid consumed per 1 mol of oxygen atoms.
mechanism
chemical osmosis theory
Proton gradient intact mitochondrial inner membrane
Hydrogen transporters and electron transporters are arranged alternately
Hydrogen pumping action - accumulation of H
The inner membrane is impermeable to H - producing a potential difference
H via ATP synthase - eliminates proton gradient, releases free energy, coupled to ADP phosphorylation (formation of ATP)
conformational change theory
Electron transfer causes conformational changes in protein molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, promoting ATP production
inhibitor
respiratory chain blockers
Oxygen consumption and ATP production decrease simultaneously
uncoupling agent
2,4-dinitrophenol
Ionophore inhibitors
Valinomycin
proton channel blockers
Oligomycin
Transmembrane transport of NADH in the cytoplasm
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle system
in muscles and nervous system
1.5 ATP(30)
malic acid shuttle system
liver, kidney, heart
2.5 ATP(33)
Azide compound CN- CO
cartilage
FADH2
Amitor Rotenone
respiratory chain
NADH
NADH-Q reductase
Cytc
cytochrome oxidase
O2
energy
sun
light energy
electron transfer
Electric energy
ADP ATP
chemical energy
(CH2O)n O2 (CO2)n H2O
chemical energy
electron transfer
Electric energy
ADP ATP
chemical energy
Biosynthesis, luminescence...
Metabolism
Anabolism (anabolism)
Synthesis of large molecules from small molecules
Requires energy
Catabolism (catabolism)
Capacity
Break down large molecules into small molecules