General deficiency: reduced dark adaptation ability, severe cases: night blindness

dry eye disease

Epithelial dryness, hyperplasia and keratinization

Growth delays in children

Caused by lack of sunlight or diet or digestion and absorption

rickets in children

adult osteomalacia

adult osteoporosis

spasticity of the hands and feet

In patients with long-term deficiency, the concentration of VE in the plasma can be reduced, the red blood cell membrane is damaged, the life span of red blood cells is shortened, and hemolytic anemia occurs.

Ingesting too much can cause symptoms of poisoning, blurred vision, headache and extreme fatigue.

The hydroxylation process of proline and lysine cannot proceed smoothly, and collagen synthesis is blocked causing scurvy.

dry beriberi

wet beriberi

beriberi in infants

oral reproductive syndrome

Long-term deficiency can also lead to growth retardation and mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia in children.

Pellagra

Adults: seborrheic dermatitis

Infants: Irritability, muscle twitching and convulsions

Health care issues for babies, teenagers and pregnant women

Retinol

Certain colored plants contain carotene, a small part of which can be converted into retinol and retinaldehyde in the small intestine and liver cells. These carotenes are collectively called provitamin A.

Light yellow crystal, insoluble in water

Stable to acid, heat and alkali

Easily oxidized, ultraviolet rays and metal ions promote oxidation

Fatty acid rancidity can severely damage VA, and antioxidants can be used to protect subtopics

maintain normal vision

Maintain the normal growth and differentiation of epithelium and maintain the normal formation of epithelial tissue cells

Maintain normal development of bones and teeth and promote growth and development

Anti-cancer effect

Participate in maintaining normal bone metabolism

Causes acute, chronic, and teratogenic toxicity

animal liver

milk, eggs

Dark vegetables and fruits

Promote calcium absorption in the small intestine

Promote renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus

Exhibits multiple effects on bone cells

Regulate gene transcription

Regulating blood calcium balance through the vitamin D endocrine system

sea ​​fish

yolk

liver

cream

protect biofilm

protect the activity of certain enzymes

Prevent aging and chemical pollution

Related to animal reproductive function and sperm production

Maintain normal immune function of the body

Plant tissues, especially nuts, vegetable oils and vegetables

Dehydrogenation in the presence of oxygen

Easy to oxidize

Maintain normal energy metabolism of cells

Promote the synthesis of collagen tissue

Participate in the body’s hematopoietic function

Anti-oxidize effect

Detoxification

Maintain myocardial function and prevent cardiovascular disease

Green leafy vegetables, tomatoes

It is stable in acidic conditions and relatively stable to temperature and oxygen. It decomposes when heated to the melting point (249).

It is extremely unstable under alkaline conditions and can be destroyed at room temperature.

Particularly sensitive to sulfites and easily cracked

Thiamine enzymes in sashimi and mollusk guts break down thiamine

Polyhydroxyphenols in red cabbage, black currants, tea, and coffee can reduce thiamine and render it inactive.

Closely related to energy metabolism in the body

Related to heart function

Neurophysiological effects

Cereals and other staple foods

light sensitive

Stable to heat in acidic and neutral solutions, easily destroyed in alkaline solutions

Participate in organizational breathing

Promote growth and development

related to behavior

protect skin

Meat, eggs and milk

It is the transporter of hydrogen and electrons in the biological oxidation process.

Coenzyme components

Maintain normal functions of skin, digestion, and nervous system

Lower serum cholesterol

It is part of the glucose tolerance factor and has the effect of enhancing insulin response.

Animal liver and kidney, lean meat, malt and malt products

Composition of various coenzymes

Related to the biosynthesis of coenzyme A and arachidonic acid

Related to the decomposition of liver glycogen and the secretion of certain hormones (insulin and growth hormone) in the body

Adjuvant therapeutic agents for certain diseases

The yellow crystal is insoluble in cold water, but its sodium salt is easily soluble

It does not exist in nature and has no biological activity. It is the precursor of biologically active folate.

Sensitive to UV rays

Necessary for protein and nucleic acid synthesis and thus play an important role in cell division and reproduction

The formation of porphyrin, a structural component of hemoglobin, and the rapid proliferation of red blood cells and white blood cells all require the participation of folic acid

Convert glycine and serine to each other, convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, histidine into glutamic acid, and cysteine ​​into methionine

Involved in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids such as DHA, the synthesis of creatine and epinephrine in the brain

Synthesize ethanolamine in alcohol into choline

Red amaranth, spinach, asparagus, asparagus, sourdough, apple citrus