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carbohydrate
A mind map about carbohydrates in nutrition. Carbohydrates are polyaldehydes, polyhydroxyaldehydes and their condensates.
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carbohydrate
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- Outline
carbohydrate
carbohydrate definition
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyaldehydes Ketones and their condensates.
Nutritionally it can be divided into digestible and utilized and indigestible carbohydrates.
available for digestion
Glucose: the body’s basic carbohydrate, also known as blood sugar
Fructose: metabolism is not controlled by insulin and is sweeter than glucose
Sucrose: the most consumed disaccharide, has a certain relationship with blood lipids
Lactose: Found in milk, its main function is to improve infant intestinal resistance and calcium absorption rate
Starch: one of the most abundant carbohydrates in nature. It is insoluble in cold water and becomes gelatinous when heated and is easily digested.
Glycogen: Easily soluble in water, quickly decomposed into glucose under the action of enzymes, high in animal livers, muscles and other tissues
Not available for digestion
Cellulose: non-enzymatic decomposition, maintains normal digestive function of the body
Pectin: Mainly found in soft tissues such as fruits and vegetables, it combines with inorganic salts to affect the absorption of inorganic salts.
Lignin: It cannot be digested by humans and herbivores. It stimulates intestinal peristalsis and maintains the normal digestive function of the body. It is a dietary fiber, not a carbohydrate.
Classification of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
glucose
fructose
galactose
disaccharide
sucrose
maltose
lactose
Oligosaccharides
marshmallow
stachyose
polysaccharide
starch
Cellulose
glycogen
lactose intolerance
Lack of galactosylase, unable to hydrolyze lactose into simple sugars in the small intestine, and unable to digest milk or other dairy products normally
Undecomposed lactose molecules change the osmotic pressure of the intestine, causing a large number of small molecules to be absorbed by the intestine, causing symptoms of metabolic disorders such as acute abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Dietary fiber
Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate contained in plant foods that cannot be broken down and utilized by human digestive enzymes.
The seventh nutrient is one of the essential nutrients for a balanced dietary structure
Physiological functions of carbohydrates
Provide and store energy
Make up the body
Save protein
Adequate carbohydrate intake can save protein consumption in the body and increase nitrogen storage
Regulation of fat metabolism
Antiketogenic effect
Detoxification
Promote gut health
Dietary fiber Physiological function
Enhance intestinal function and facilitate fecal discharge
Lower blood sugar and blood cholesterol
Weight control and weight loss
Prevent colon cancer
Excessive intake has side effects on human health
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
subtopic
subtopic
small intestine digestion and absorption
Starch is broken down into disaccharides by pancreatic amylase
Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by maltase, sucrase, and lactase in the intestinal mucosal cells.
Simple sugars are absorbed directly into the bloodstream
Colonic fermentation and absorption
Part of the dietary fiber is decomposed by colon bacteria to produce water, gas, and short-chain fatty acids. The short-chain fatty acids can be absorbed
DRIs and food sources
It is more reasonable for the dietary supply of carbohydrates to account for 55% to 65% of total calories.
food source
carbohydrate
cereal
Potatoes
beans
Dietary fiber
cereal
Starch
dried beans
leafy vegetables