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EdrawMindChapter 4 Blood Circulation
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Chapter 4 Blood Circulation
A mind map about blood circulation in Chapter 4 of Physiology, including the regulation of cardiovascular activity, the electrophysiology and physiological characteristics of the heart, etc.
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Chapter 4 Blood Circulation
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- Outline
blood circulation
heart pumping function
cardiac cycle definition
pumping process
atrial systole
ventricular systole
isovolumetric contraction phase
rapid ejection period
slow down ejection phase
ventricular diastole
isovolumetric diastole
rapid filling period
slow down filling phase
Cardiac output and heart pumping reserve
stroke volume
ejection fraction
Stroke volume as a percentage of ventricular end-diastolic volume
Output per minute
heart index
Cardiac output calculated per unit surface area. It can be used to compare the cardiac function of individuals with different body types.
Heart pump function reserve (cardiac reserve)
stroke volume reserve
systolic reserve
diastolic reserve
The difference between ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes.
heart rate reserve
Factors affecting cardiac output
ventricular muscle preload
Preload brings skeletal muscles to a certain initial length before contraction
Ventricular end-diastolic volume is equivalent to ventricular preload
The amount of venous return to the heart is the main factor that determines the size of ventricular preload.
Myocardial heterologous autogenous regulation
Definition: The regulation of changes in myocardial contractility by changing the initial length of the myocardium.
Anti-overextension properties of normal ventricular myocardium
Physiological significance: Finely adjust small changes in stroke volume to maintain a balance between ventricular ejection volume and venous return blood volume, thereby maintaining ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure within the normal range.
ventricular contraction afterload
Aortic blood pressure is the afterload experienced by the ventricles during contraction
High arterial blood pressure (hypertension) leads to left ventricular hypertrophy, dilation and even left heart failure
myocardial contractility
Enhancement can shift the ventricular function curve to the upper left
Isometric adjustment
Regulation of cardiac pumping function by changing myocardial contractility
heart rate
Electrophysiology and physiological properties of the heart
Cardiomyocytes
working cells
atrial myocytes
ventricular myocytes
period
Phase 0 (rapid depolarization phase)
The ascending limb of the action potential is very steep
Phase 1 (rapid repolarization phase)
Phase 2 (platform phase)
Reasons for the longer action potential duration of ventricular myocytes
3 (end of rapid repolarization)
Phase 4 (complete repolarization phase)
Sodium pump, Na-Ga exchanger activity is enhanced
Has a stable resting potential and mainly performs contraction function
autonomous cells
sinoatrial node cells
Issue 0
Caused by calcium ion influx
Issue 3
Depends on Ik repolarization
Issue 4
automatic depolarization
Progressive decay of Ik
Purkinje cells
Issue 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
longest duration
Phase 4 depolarization relies on the enhancement of If
There is no stable resting potential and can automatically generate rhythmic excitement
fast response cells
atrial myocytes
ventricular myocytes
Purkinje cells
Depolarization speed and amplitude are large Excitement conduction speed is fast The slow divisible time course of the repolarization process long duration
slow responding cells
sinoatrial node cells
Subtopic 1
atrioventricular node cells
Depolarization speed and amplitude are small Excitation conduction speed is slow The repolarization process is slow and has no clear time course
Myocardial physiological properties
Excitability
cyclical changes
Valid refractory period
relative refractory period
supernormal period
Relationship between periodicity and contractile activity
Myocardium does not undergo complete tetanic contraction
Pre-term excitement
preterm contraction
compensatory interval
conductivity
gap junction
room delay
Ensures that ventricular contraction occurs after atrium contraction is completed, which is conducive to ventricular filling and ejection
Determining and influencing factors
Action potential phase zero depolarization speed and amplitude
membrane point level
Excitability of membranes adjacent to unexcited areas
automatic rhythmicity
pacemaker
normal pacemaker
sinoatrial node
sinus rhythm
potential pacemaker
ectopic pacemaker
Influencing factors
4-stage automatic depolarization speed
maximum repolarization potential level
threshold potential level
Contractibility
Synchronous contraction
No tetanic contraction occurs
Dependence on extracellular calcium ions
Surface electrocardiogram
p wave
QRS complex
PR interval
QT interval
ST segment
Regulation of cardiovascular activity
neuromodulation
innervation of heart
cardiac sympathetic nerve
Innervates the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular junction, atrioventricular bundle, atrial myocardium, ventricular myocardium
posterior cardiac sympathetic fibers
Norepinephrine (NE)
β1 receptor
Positive changing force, changing time, changing conduction effect
β1 receptor blocker-metoprolol
Treatment of hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmia
cardiac vagus nerve
Innervates the sinus node, atrioventricular junction, atrioventricular bundle and its branches
retrovagal fibers
Acetylcholine (ACh)
M receptor
Complexity, changing force, changing time, changing conduction effect
The weakening effect on atrial muscle is much more obvious than that on ventricular muscle
nervous
The cardiac vagus nerve is dominant over the cardiac sympathetic nerve at rest
innervation of blood vessels
Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers (mostly affected only)
Norepinephrine
alpha receptor
vasoconstriction
Sympathetic vasodilatory nerve fibers (a few are still affected)
acetylcholine
M receptor
vasodilation
cardiovascular center
spinal cord
Activity is mainly controlled by the activity of high cardiovascular centers
Medulla oblongata
The most basic center that regulates cardiovascular activity
When neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the medulla oblongata are excited, the vagus nerve activity is enhanced and the sympathetic nerve activity is inhibited.
cardiovascular reflex
Carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreflex
The frequency of incoming impulses is directly proportional to the degree of vasodilation
Baroreceptor reflex set point 100mmHg
physiological significance
Sensitive to rapid blood pressure changes but insensitive to slow blood pressure changes
Jugular and aortic body chemoreceptive reflexes
Feel the stimulation of decreased oxygen partial pressure, increased carbon dioxide partial pressure and increased hydrogen ion concentration in arterial blood
Not obvious, it only plays a regulatory role in situations such as hypoxia, asphyxia, blood loss, hypotension, and acidosis.
cardiovascular reflexes caused by cardiorespiratory receptors
mechanical stretch stimulation
Chemicals - prostaglandins, adenosine and bradykinin
body fluid regulation
renin-angiotensin system
Renin
angiotensin
Adrenaline(E)
β1 receptor (heart)
Increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractility, increased cardiac output
Norepinephrine (NE)
Alpha receptors (blood vessels)
Extensive contraction of blood vessels throughout the body, increased peripheral resistance, and increased blood pressure
Vasopressin VP (antidiuretic hormone)
V1 receptor (vascular smooth muscle)
cause vasoconstriction
V2 receptor (collecting duct endothelium)
Promote water reabsorption
Vasoactive substances produced by vascular endothelium
autogenic regulation
metabolic autogenic regulation
myogenic autogenic regulation
Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure
Renal-Humoral Control System
Vascular Physiology
Functional classification of blood vessels
elastic reservoir vessel
Refers to the aorta, main pulmonary artery and their largest branches
The tube wall is thick, rich in elastic fibers, and has obvious elasticity and expansibility.
Convert the intermittent ejection of the ventricle into a continuous flow of blood in the blood vessels, reducing the amplitude of blood pressure fluctuations during the cardiac cycle
distribute blood vessels
middle artery
Transport blood to various organs and tissues
precapillary resistance vessels
arteriole, arteriole
Diastolic activity can significantly change blood vessel caliber, blood resistance, and blood flow.
precapillary sphincter
Control the number of open capillaries within a certain period of time
exchange blood vessels
capillaries
The main place for material exchange
postcapillary resistance vessels
venule
Affects the ratio of front and back resistance of capillaries, thereby changing capillary blood pressure, blood volume and filtration, affecting the distribution of blood inside and outside blood vessels.
volumetric vessels
venous system
blood bank
short circuit blood vessel
direct anastomotic branches of arterioles and venules
Distributed on fingers, toes, auricles, etc.
related to body temperature regulation
Hemodynamics
blood flow
blood flow velocity
blood flow resistance
The largest factor r, mainly produces resistance site arterioles
blood pressure
The decrease in blood pressure in each segment of a blood vessel is proportional to the resistance of that segment to blood flow.
Arterial blood pressure and arterial pulse
arterial blood pressure formation
Cardiovascular system filled with blood
Average filling pressure 7mmHg
Heart ejection (required)
peripheral resistance
Elastic reservoir function of aorta and large arteries
arterial blood pressure
systolic blood pressure
100～120mmHg
diastolic blood pressure
60~80mmHg
pulse pressure
The difference between the two is 30~40mmHg