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EdrawMindSteps and techniques for postgraduate entrance examination reading questions (divided into question types)
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Steps and techniques for postgraduate entrance examination reading questions (divided into question types)
This mind map is full of useful information about the steps and techniques (divided into question types) for reading and writing questions for the postgraduate entrance examination. Interested friends can refer to it!
Edited at 2023-11-20 17:09:10- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Steps and techniques for postgraduate entrance examination reading questions (divided into question types)
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Steps and techniques for postgraduate entrance examination reading questions (divided into question types)
Full text title
After analyzing the subject words and directions of the question stem, you can do the subject questions
🌟When doing full-text questions, you must extract the key words yourself
The answer to the full text question is more likely to be after the turning point.
If there is no full-text title, it means that it is not important whether the main idea of the article is clear or whether you grasp it.
If there is a full-text question, you need to observe the author's emotional tendency towards the things in the article from the details.
Adverb (Unfortunately, exactly, wisely, successfully)
Modal verb (must may should)
Logical connectors (but, even)
Subjunctive
subject question subject/mainly talk about
Comparison of old and new, the main idea is new 0802
The main idea may be the last sentence of the first paragraph plus the last paragraph.
If a conflict is mentioned in the article, find both sides of the conflict. This point will be used to come up with various interference options.
Determine the subject sentence and read the first and last sentences together: read the first sentence of each paragraph, extract the subject word (English) from these sentences, and then look for it among the options, so as not to be led by the options. 2015 P1 The last question
title best title
How to do the questions
Summarize the title yourself first
best title =keyword author attitude
Before doing this question, you can summarize the main idea of each paragraph.
Look at the options again
Lock items with intersecting content
exclude
Some titles only summarize certain paragraphs and cannot be selected if they do not summarize the entire text.
Selected from journals, based on newness, change, and strangeness, so you cannot choose the option of bringing the past with you.
Just in case take a look at the other options
P77 2012T1 25 questions
author's attitude/feels
When answering, in addition to paying attention to the last paragraph, you should also contact the full text and try to figure out the author's attitude from the words.
Adverb (Unfortunately, exactly, wisely, successfully)
Modal verb (must may should)
Logical connectors (but, even)
Subjunctive
For judicial articles, the Supreme Court and the justices are the embodiment of justice, and the author's attitude is generally highly consistent with the Supreme Court's judgments. If the Supreme Court has not yet ruled, the author may not have chosen to take a side.
The author's attitude is rarely neutral and cannot be ruled out directly.
objective; partial
Emotionally intense articles
If the full text involves two opposing sides, the author will often support one side and oppose the other, but this is not always the case.
Words expressing disapproval/criticism/doubt
critical; negative; disapproval; doubtful; suspicious; skeptical; opposed; dissatisfied; pessimistic;
🍃 satire satire
For example, feeling sorry for things or phenomena that are declining, feeling a sense of crisis or being happy, approving or criticizing things that are rising, approving or criticizing certain views
Words that support
positive; optimistic; supportive; approval; appreciate; consensus; sympathy (can mean "support")
The author's attitude cannot be confused because he knows exactly what he wants to write.
Puzzled, caution, tolerant, indifferent, irritant (angry) are also generally not selected.
P37 Question 25: Exclude similar options, exclude puzzled words about green leaves. The author cannot be confused when writing an article. Choose A doubtful because there is a question mark in the positioning sentence.
Full text judgment: the following are true/not true
Detailed questions
As long as it is a detailed question (not illustrations and references), you must look at the positioning sentence. The first sentence of the second paragraph of 2010 P3 is divided into two clauses by a colon. Because the two step flow is in the previous sentence, the positioning sentence can be simplified to the previous sentence. .
Vocabulary questions
Know the meaning of the option words, at least the direction and root affix of the option
1. First find the sentence where the word is located, translate it, leave the unknown words blank, and see if there are logical words in the sentence (intra-sentence logic is given priority)
Pre-referring logical words (look forward when you see them), such as pronouns: those that
For example, too ➡️The content before and after is consistent
2. If the intra-sentence logic cannot determine the meaning of the word, the inter-sentence logic and paragraph structure must be used. Usually the vocabulary under test will be explained in the next sentence (for example, if 0901ruts=old habits cannot be judged, you must find the next sentence roads pathway)
It would be better if you know the general meaning of the word
Another method to reproduce the theme 2005P4 T37
Literary concept questions
Analyzing conditions
A non-author’s name appears in the question stem
The point of view of a type of person, what a character behind this type of person said in the article, and the answer is in the introduction of this person.
Example questions 2009P1 t2, 2010P1t3
step (note the synonymous replacement of the option and positioning)
1. The direct quotation at the position is the answer
2. After the word expressing the opinion at the position, see as claim
3. Directional words at positioning (positive and negative directions cannot refer to a neutral person). Pay attention to transition words.
The positioning is difficult to find. Find the subject words of the paragraph and clarify the logical relationship of each sentence: Who does the pronoun this and that refer to? If the question requires a conclusion, find the conclusion.
The attitude of a literary person is tolerant and does not choose
For example, 2009P1 t5 literary concept inference
Feature questions
Common expressions: by claimed by being .be characterized by
After completely matching the key words in the question one-to-one, we found that they were asking about the characteristics of newspaper comments, and the original text has an adjective unfocused that just modifies it in front of newspaper comments, so this word is the key to solving the problem.
The options are usually within three words. In this case, synonymous substitution will be considered.
Synonymous substitution refers to using phrases composed of other parts of speech of synonyms to express the same meaning as the original phrase.
The meaning of the phrase and the modified subject cannot be changed. Please note that the option will steal words near the positioning sentence to change the concept, such as replacing stylish with style. In other words, you cannot replace stylish arts criticism with casual style. Therefore, when answering questions, you should be careful to choose which word style you see, regardless of the meaning of the word.
Converting options into antonyms magnifies differences
For example, when choosing between casual style and free themes
The antonym of casual is formal.
free antonym restricted limited
The opposite of unfocused is focused.
Focused ≈ restricted so choose free themes
2009P1 T1 (perfect application of the test steps)
Illustration question
If a cite/quote reference appears in the question stem, it is mentioned to what it is used for example/ instance /case /story experience. Or capitalize professional nouns (example)
If the question contains author (asking about the author's point of view): Three views are correct, after a turning point, the minority. p3
1.Look at the location of the example
At the beginning of the chapter 0804T1
Look at whether there is a transition after the example. If there is, it means that the before and after the transition are divided into two parts, and the argument is in the sentence before the transition.
If there is no transition, the example is to prove the main idea. The main idea is usually after the example, that is, the last sentence of the first paragraph or the first sentence of the second paragraph.
In the paragraph 🌟
According to Western writing habits, arguments usually precede examples.
For easy questions, choose the original word of the previous sentence (2009 39), and for difficult questions, choose the synonymous substitution of the previous sentence (2004 33)
At the end of the sentence (the second half of the sentence, usually after the last punctuation mark), when the answer is within the sentence
2. The example itself cannot be used as an illustration. The answer to the question cannot be selected with the content in the example. Based on this principle, it can be used to eliminate wrong options.
Referential question
For example: those people
look forward
Inference questions
Find the right option
🔮The correct answer is usually the theme sentence of the paragraph (find the theme sentence in the original text, if there is no transition after it, it is in the first sentence, if there is a transition, it is usually after the transition). The original subject sentence can be further refined into subject, predicate and object with modifications and conditions.
Special situation: If a paragraph is divided into several arguments and there are several key words, you need to mark them out when doing the questions in order to distinguish the arguments and arguments for elimination.
🔮Extract the theme words that appear repeatedly in the paragraph (rewritten with various synonyms). It is usually included in the correct options.
🔮When euphemistic expressions (such as may/might/not necessarily) appear in the options, the probability of correct answers is higher;
Make good use of the elimination method, use wrong answers as arguments, find positioning sentences for each option to eliminate, and make good use of inter-sentence logic to deduce the relationship between the option and the question stem. If you feel that none of them are appropriate, it may be that the purpose of the positioning paragraph is vague. Look for the next paragraph and the previous paragraph.
Multiple paragraph inference questions
If the two paragraphs are tested together, then the two paragraphs have the same theme, and you can solve the problem by understanding either paragraph. So you can find out the topic sentences of the two paragraphs, compare them, and choose the options.
The title of the question is usually in the last paragraph, and the focus is on the first sentence of the last paragraph, which connects the previous paragraph and the next. Turning points are often used as correct answer proposition points.
Reason question
If you want to find if there is a word similar to explain in the original text, you should look forward when you see it is this.
Pay attention to the logical relationship between positioning sentences and nearby sentences. Some are juxtaposed with positioning sentences. They are not the causes of the positioning sentences and do not constitute a causal relationship. Instead, the summary part may mention the reasons.
Typical detail questions
There are no other detailed question features in the question stem
For detailed questions, find the location...A, such as.... The best answer is something it summarizes, rather than looking behind such as
For detailed questions, after finding the positioning sentence, if you don’t understand it, find an argument or argument that matches it. According to foreigners’ habits, the argument comes before the argument.
Steps to do the questions
(1) Paragraph number
(2) Read the question stem
1. Underline the positioning words (content words: noun, verb, form, couple, number, capitalization, punctuation)
2. Determine the question type (specific positioning; best option)
3 Underline the reading logic words in the question stem (the focus of the question review)
author
If the question contains the author (asking about the author's point of view): Three views are correct, after a turning point, the minority. p3
If the author does not appear, where is the positioning sentence and where is the answer, not necessarily after the transition?
The adverbs in the question stem (P45 T1 expressing frequency, degree, and range), the time concept in the question stem now (present (tense), past (time expression)) must be the focus of the review
For example, recently P35 question 26 in 2010 can locate now in the second paragraph and exclude the content after the first sentence of the first paragraph "Over the past decade"
4. Determine the possible theme (word or direction) through the five question stems, and then read the article itself or find the recurrence of the theme word (the cohesion and connection of the full text) while reading the article itself or making choices.
(3) Positioning (read sentences in sentence units, find the positioning sentence, the answer is here):
First take a look at what the first sentence at the beginning of each paragraph is about to find the exact paragraph. Question 2 on page 221 of Huangpi.
1. First put the period (the function of separating sentences, the logic between sentences within the paragraph), then the comma (the logic within the sentence, which is helpful to find the main sentence (stem) through the components within the sentence), and then other punctuation
Complete list of punctuation marks
The colon is the symbol of the subject: there must be subject words before and after the colon in the positioning position or in the first and second paragraphs.
A semicolon is equivalent to a period and plays the role of separating sentences (pay attention to whether it is followed by a complete sentence (predicate verb)). More expressions of juxtaposition and explanation (explanation after semicolon and before semicolon) P23: T23
Quotes p20
The content is relatively short. It simply means quoting other people’s opinions and has no meaning in the question.
Quotes (longer, quoting someone else’s words)
If it is a literary question, the answer is in the quotation. Other question types, skim reading
Brackets usually indicate supplements or reasons, which are the key points p6
question mark
1) The question mark indicates that the attitude is suspicious, at least negative (suspicious/skeptical/questionable/doubtful)
Question 25 on page p37, exclude similar options, exclude the puzzled word green leaf. The author cannot be confused when writing an article. Choose A doubtful because there is a question mark in the positioning sentence.
2) If the question mark appears at the beginning of the article or paragraph, it corresponds to the main point of the article or the main point of the paragraph #theme is where
P28
P71
English book title, substantive words (noun, verb, form and verb), first letter capitalized, italics
If a book title number appears near the positioning point, focus on the tendency of the book title to be related to the main theme P53 T3
Auxiliary positioning: Literary concept questions, the person in the article is the author of a book, then the title of the book is his point of view
Exclamation mark expresses praise and support P37 T21
inter-sentence logic
Same direction: parallel, progressive, example, explanation
Reverse direction: turning,
Contrast: more…than…/…rather than…/…instead of…/…as opposed to…
2. Divide the sentence components of the positioning sentence
Look at the predicate verb, then the subject (some sentences have a passive relationship, it is better to analyze the sentence components and translate the highlighted part on page 220 of the Yellow Book) (to determine whether it is a complete sentence); if the main part of the sentence (usually the main information is in the main part) is not related to If the answer matches, then look at the attachment (modifying component: attributive adverbial appositive).
Precautions
Starting from the appearance of the first positioning word until all the question stem information is found, the sentence with the most complete information or the last positioning information appears is the positioning sentence. Sentences without positioning words will not be read first.
If the original word of the positioning sentence appears in an option (synonymous replacement, the same below), select it
There are all original words, choose the one with more original words.
If the number of original words is similar, reverse elimination is required
Regarding positioning, if it is positioning the entire article, try to find as many expressions in the question stem as possible
If the article has more than 7 paragraphs, some paragraphs may not have answers, and one question may correspond to two paragraphs (there is no transition between the two paragraphs, but one question cannot correspond to three paragraphs)
If the option is within three words, it is usually a synonymous substitution at the positioning location.
Interval positioning method: When a question is difficult to locate accurately, it can be positioned based on the interval between the previous question and the next question.
For example, question 1 is in the first paragraph, question 3 is in the fourth paragraph, then the second question can be found in paragraphs 2 and 3.
Skimming (minor information):
A parenthesis is any content that appears between two words, phrases, or structures that should be together. If it is integrated with two commas, the commas should be omitted when deleting the parenthesis. P4
except with the exception of= in addition to =apart from followed by skimming
skimming following according to according to to in tom's opinion
Rather than at the beginning of the sentence means "not". The sentence with "rather than" in the sentence can be skimmed
The function is to demonstrate the point of view and can be skimmed.
Quotations (except literary questions)
Figures according to a recent study published in Nature, 68% of young adults prefer to communicate with their families and friends via the internet and call phone Essay data argument (according to nature, 68% of successful people possess this quality and virtue)
Capitalize the first letter of content words (noun, verb, form and verb) in italics. English book title number, simply capitalize the first letter. Example
logical connectives
rather than
At the beginning of the sentence, it is "not".
The sentence with "rather than" in the sentence can be skimmed
instead turning
(4) Comparison: Try not to translate the entire sentence of the positioning sentence. What is compared is the relationship between the positioning sentence and the four options.
If the question asks because because, the positioning sentence has something to express, such as to do.
If there are options consistent with secondary information, exclude them
If an acronym appears in the question stem, be sure to find its meaning from the original text.
Green leaf words note:
① Absolute option--by using absolute words, the original correct statement becomes incorrect. The original text must find the basis.
all, every, no, never, always, forever=for good;
only=exclusive;equally equal, evenly;
Semi-absolute words: no longer, disappear, vanish, replace
2. Contains comparatives and superlatives (choose carefully unless there is a clear comparison in the original text)
1. Consistent:
The original word agrees
synonymous substitution
Same direction P45 T2
logically consistent
2 Inconsistent distractors
Stealing the concept (the original words are included in the options)
Not answering the question
Substitute the subject and the predicate and object are consistent with the original text P21 T23
Substitute the object (the verb or preposition is consistent with the original text)
Substitute verb
Synonymous substitution in the same direction
Concepts with different directions are swapped
Secretly change the comparison object P9 T21
Substitute modifying ingredients
modified content
modifier
reverse interference
Pay attention to the not in the original text or options
Logical opposite
3 has nothing to do with the precise positioning sentence not mentioned
4 Best Multiple options are consistent with the positioning sentence
Criteria for best options
Read Lessons Learned
On how to read sentences:
The pronouns in the context must make it clear who they are referring to.
Pay attention to the pronouns in the context of key sentences. If you understand them clearly, it will be easier to choose options, such as 2010P4 36T
New words: If you don’t know the words, take them apart and read them (write them out)
Read the key sentences, pick out the fixed collocations and sentence patterns, and read them from above
If the key sentence is reversed, it should be restored to normal word order and translated.
Restrictive pronouns without commas cannot be omitted because omitting them will expand the scope of the antecedent.
For detailed questions, find the location...A, such as.... The best answer is something it summarizes, rather than looking behind such as
For detailed questions, after finding the positioning sentence, if you don’t understand it, find an argument or argument that matches it. According to foreigners’ habits, the argument comes before the argument.
If you can’t find the key sentence, read through
Even if you don’t understand, you can still get it right. Find tendencies.
Negative words in reading
The author disagrees
plausible seems reasonable (the treasure of immortality)
seemingly seem to seem to
intuitively intuitively
so called supposed
suspicious/skeptical /questionable/doubtfulsuspicious
concern - concern - negative
challenge challenge
problem problem
critical/criticism criticism
objection
disapproval disagree
few =little=not means negation
Infer sentence meaning. First look at the connecting word. If it is But, this sentence is the opposite of the previous attitude. Get the attitude of this sentence and eliminate the options that do not match the attitude from the options. If necessary, read the sentences after this sentence again and guess the general meaning of this sentence based on this sentence.
About reading passages
Reading each paragraph is faster or slower
For example, the first paragraph ends in suspense, and the third paragraph refers to the second paragraph. In this case, although the second paragraph does not have a question, you can scan the second paragraph in order to understand the content.
If there is a theme question, you should write down the meaning of the paragraph.
Question stem and options:
Question stem
When translating the question stem, if the option is a gerund phrase, you need to find the person who made the action, that is, the subject of the question stem, before you can select the option.
recruiting more first generation students has
If the stem of the detail question is just a noun, you should pay attention to putting the subject in the option to translate the entire sentence (optional). For example, if there is a conflict with someone in the option, you must find out who the conflicting parties are in the original text, and who is not the noun in the question stem. Use this to eliminate options and reduce confusion
Pay attention to circle the key words in the question stem that are easy to miss.
🌟Mark all positioning words on the positioning sentence! If a certain positioning word cannot be found, it means that the replacement word cannot be found. However, in fact, this positioning word is very close to other positioning words, and may even be in a sentence.
Options
The correct option should correspond one-to-one with the original sentence
When you can't choose, map the keywords in the four options to each positioning sentence in the paragraph, and then exclude the options one by one. ❗️Pay attention to the negative words in the sentence. If you don’t pay attention, you will get the opposite result.
If it is a very convoluted option, you should write the logical derivation on paper instead of in your head.
Details follow the main idea, and you should tend to choose options that contain the main idea.
For example, the main theme of 2010P4 is that accounting standard decision-makers are forced to change the standard rules. Then the correct options of all the questions in this article have a high probability of containing rules.
If there is something that is not in the original text, do not forcefully replace it with synonyms in the options.
Remember: the answers are in the original text and are not made up by yourself. The examples you give do not count as answers, not to mention that the verbs are opposite to the correct answers. Do not over-reason. Choose the answer that only requires comparison (very intuitive reasoning) and don’t dig deeper.
If you feel that none of the options are right, then rule them out again.
The simple answer is definitely the precise synonymous substitution at the position.
About the focus
Read structure first, then words (look for what you see)
Look for that when you see so. Look for that when you see it. Look for to without that. Without to, look for but. When you see not, look for but. The answer is right after but.
When you see between, look for and. When you see more/less, look for than.
Look for pronouns when you see them
The focus of the turning point
Transition at the beginning of the sentence: previous sentence and next sentence
for a socean epidemic to occur, however, each person is also the beginning of the sentence.
Intra-sentence transitions: These are all my own opinions, and the key points after the transition
Turning point at the beginning of a paragraph: The transition is between this paragraph and the previous paragraph.
Red Flowers and Green Leaves Ci (read as appropriate)
Red Flower Words: Choose when you see them
🌸not all becomes partial negation all that glitter is not gold. Not everything that glitters is gold.
in fact 🌸 means to emphasize that the front and rear directions are the same
Green leaf words are eliminated after seeing them
1. Absolute option - by using absolute words, the original correct statement becomes incorrect. If you must choose, the original text must find the basis.
all, every, no, never, always, forever=for good;
only=exclusive;equally equal, evenly;
Semi-absolute words: no longer, disappear, vanish, replace
2. Contains comparatives and superlatives (choose carefully unless there is a clear comparison in the original text)
grammar
Passive priority
the red lantern was used to celebrate
People celebrate with red lanterns
he was seen to enter the building
He was seen entering the building
for sb/sth to do sth
The function of an infinitive with a logical subject in a sentence is the function of the infinitive.
adverbial of purpose
"when" after "time" is determined
Synonymous substitution of "change"
modify=shift=alter=change=switch=transform=reform=adjust=adapt