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Microorganisms-Other prokaryotic microorganisms mind map
This is a mind map about other prokaryotic microorganisms, including mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Spirochetes etc. Hope it helps everyone.
Edited at 2023-12-02 21:31:50
Microorganisms-Other prokaryotic microorganisms mind map
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Other prokaryotic microorganisms
Mycoplasma
concept
Mycoplasma is the smallest prokaryotic microorganism that lacks a cell wall, is highly pleomorphic, can pass through bacteria filters, and can grow on non-living media. It is called mycoplasma because it can form branched filaments.
Common characteristics of mycoplasma
Smaller in size than bacteria and simple in structure
No cell wall, highly pleomorphic
Reproduces by binary fission and can also sprout
Biological traits
form and structure
No cell wall, multiple shapes: sphere, club, rod, filament, etc.
Gram stain is negative but not easy to stain, Giemsa stain is lavender.
The cell wall structure of mycoplasma has three layers, the middle layer is lipid
The main lipid in the cell membrane is cholesterol
Does not form pili and flagellum structures
Mycoplasmas are the smallest organisms among prokaryotic microorganisms. The genome is double-stranded circular DNA.
Cultivation characteristics
Mycoplasma culture has high nutritional requirements
Growth conditions: The required pH is suitable between 7.6 and 8.0. If it is lower than 7.0, it will easily die (the optimal pH of Adenoplasma pulmonaris is 5.5~6.5, because Adenoplasma decomposes urea to produce ammonia, which increases the pH of the culture medium); optimal The growth temperature is 37 degrees, facultative anaerobic growth, and some are obligate anaerobic.
Reproduction method: Mainly asexual reproduction by binary fission. Colonies: There are "fried egg-like" colonies, and some entire colonies are granular, which are "mulberry-like colonies."
Mycoplasma has many characteristics similar to those of bacterial L-type
biochemical reaction
Mycoplasma can decompose sugars, proteins and urea, reducing or increasing the pH of the culture medium.
Antigen structure
The classification and identification of mycoplasma mainly rely on biochemical reactions and antigen detection. It is of great significance for the serological identification of mycoplasma
resistance
Because mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, it is less resistant to physical and chemical factors than bacteria. Mycoplasma is sensitive to heat and can be killed at 55 degrees in 15 minutes.
Main pathogenic chlamydia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Transmitted by droplets Causes mycoplasmal pneumonia (primary atypical pneumonia)
microbiological examination
Isolation culture
Serological examination (cold agglutination test, complement fixation test and ELISA method)
Quick diagnosis
Prevention and control principles
There is no effective vaccine, non-specific prevention (early detection, early isolation, less contact, and disinfection to enhance immunity)
Macrolide antibiotics or norzone antibiotics
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Opportunistic pathogens Sexual contact transmission nongonococcal urethritis
microbiological examination
Isolation culture
serology test
Molecular biology testing
Prevention and control principles
Strengthen sexual hygiene publicity and education, ban prostitution and whoring, and prevent unclean sexual behavior to cut off transmission routes.
Treatment drugs: Antibacterial drugs such as macrolides, wanolones, and doxycycline.
Immunity
After human beings are infected with mycoplasma, the body can produce specific humoral immunity and cellular immunity.
Specific humoral immunity---anti-membrane protein antibody--sIgA
Specific cellular immunity---sensitized CD4 Th1 cells
Rickettsia
concept
A class of prokaryotic microorganisms that use arthropods as transmission media and are strictly intracellular parasites
Common Characteristics of Rickettsiae
① They are Gram-negative small bacteria; ② There is a cell wall, but the shape is diverse; ③ Obligate intracellular parasitism and reproduce by binary fission; ④Using arthropods as transmission media or storage hosts ⑤Most are pathogens of diseases that are common to humans and animals (animals). Causes febrile and exanthematous disease in humans; ⑥Sensitive to multiple antibiotics;
Biological traits
Morphology
They are polymorphous, mostly club-shaped, and are Gram-negative, but the staining is not obvious. Giemsa staining is most commonly used, and it appears purple or blue.
Cultivation characteristics
Animal vaccination, chicken embryo vaccination, cell culture
Pathogenicity
Main pathogenic rickettsiae
Rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia typhus
Orientia scrub typhus
Disease caused
Pathogenic substances
endotoxin Phospholipase A
Disease caused
Diseases caused by rickettsiae are collectively called rickettsial diseases. Their main clinical features are fever, headache, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and may be accompanied by damage to the nervous system and cardiovascular system. Patients may suffer from cardiac, Death from renal failure.
Immunity
Anti-infection immunity is mainly based on cellular immunity and supplemented by humoral immunity.
microbiological examination
Isolation culture: Cell culture, inoculated into chicken embryo yolk sac, guinea pigs, and mice.
Serological diagnosis: Waifei reaction (cross agglutination reaction)
Prevention and control principles
Eliminate the media Pay attention to personal hygiene and protection Vaccination Antibiotic treatment: chloramphenicol and tetracycline
spirochetes
concept
Spirochete is a type of prokaryotic microorganism that is between bacteria and protozoa. It is slender, soft, spirally curved and active. The biological position of spirochetes is between bacteria and protozoa.
Features
Characteristics similar to bacteria
It has a cell wall, contains teichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, reproduces by binary fission, has an amorphous nucleus (prokaryotic cell type), and is sensitive to antibiotics.
Characteristics similar to protozoa
The body is soft, and there is an elastic axoneme between the cell wall and the cell membrane. The axoneme shrinks, moves actively, and is easily dissolved by bile or bile salts.
Classification
Leptospira
Mainly Leptospira interrogans spiral dense , one or both ends are hook-shaped, referred to as hook body
Biological traits
shape
One or both ends are bent into a hook shape, and the cells are often question mark or C or S-shaped.
Antigen structure
Antigens are genus, group, and type specific antigens
power
Commonly used for dark field microscopy observation, showing rotating and lively movement
staining method
Silver-plated staining is commonly used, and the bacteria appear golden yellow or tan.
nourish
Cultured in Korthof medium, Slow growth, translucent cloud-like growth
resistance
It has weak resistance and can survive in water or soil (neutral to alkaline) for a long time. This is related to the spread of leptospira.
Pathogenicity
Disease caused
Leptospirosis, referred to as leptospirosis, is a natural foci disease. The disease is a zoonotic disease widely distributed around the world. The early stage of the disease may manifest as tenderness in the intestinal muscles of both lower limbs.
Main pathogenic substances
Endotoxin-like substances, hemolysins, cytotoxic factors.
Immunity
The human body's immunity to leptospirosis is mainly humoral immunity. There are many types, and there is no cross-immunity between types.
microbiological examination
Pathological examination
Peripheral blood is collected 7 to 10 days after onset of illness, and urine is collected two weeks later. Take cerebrospinal fluid from patients with symptoms of meningeal irritation. After centrifugation, the bacteria were collected and examined under dark field microscopy.
serology test
Microscopic agglutination test, indirect agglutination reaction test. Prevention and control principles
Prevention and control principles
Prevention: The cross-protective effect of each serogroup is limited, so multivalent vaccines are used Treatment: Penicillin is preferred, gentamicin or doxycycline is used for allergic patients
Treponema
Mainly Treponema pallidum, The spiral is regular and dense, with both ends pointed and straight
Biological traits
Morphological staining
The spiral is dense and regular, with straight ends and active movement. Fontana silver stained to tan.
Cultivation characteristics
At present, spirochetes cannot be cultured in artificial culture media, but monkeys, rabbits, and mice can be artificially infected and cultured.
resistance
The resistance is extremely weak, and it is sensitive to cold, heat, dryness, and disinfectants; it is sensitive to penicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, but it is There is resistance to macrolide drugs.
Pathogenicity
Pathogenic substances
Capsule-like substance, adhesion factor, hyaluronidase
Caused disease - syphilis Under natural conditions, humans are the only source of infection for syphilis
Immunity
The human body's immunity to syphilis is mainly based on cellular immunity, which is transmitted infectious immunity
Disease caused
congenital syphilis
transplacental infection
Cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth
Syphilitic children: have special characteristics, such as serrated teeth, interstitial keratitis, and congenital deafness
acquired syphilis
Clinical classification
Issue 1
It manifests as painless hard vaginal discharge and ulcer exudate in the external genitalia, with a large number of syphilitic bodies and is highly contagious.
It can heal on its own after 4 to 8 weeks.
season2
Manifested as syphilis rash on the skin and mucous membranes, and swollen lymph nodes throughout the body
Syphilitic rash and lymph nodes with large numbers of syphilitic bodies
Issue 3
It manifests as ulcerative destruction of skin and mucous membranes, invasion of internal organs or tissues, and chronic granulomas.
No spirochetes in the lesion
microbiological examination
Pathological examination
Intestine and syphilitic rash exudates are examined by dark-field microscopy, direct immunofluorescence or ELISA
serology test
RPR or TRUST initial screening, TPHA or TPPA confirmed diagnosis
Prevention and control principles
Prevention: Strengthen sexual health education and strict social management, but there is currently no vaccine. Treatment: Long-term treatment with penicillins.
Borrelia
Mainly include relapsing fever spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease spirochete), Spirospira enteris, etc., loose spiral Irregular, curly hair
Chlamydia
concept
Chlamydia is a type of prokaryotic microorganism that is strictly intracellular, has a unique development cycle, and can pass through bacterial filters.
Common characteristics of chlamydia
①With cell wall, round or oval ② Strict intracellular parasitism ③ Has a unique development cycle
Biological traits
Chlamydia is round or oval, with a diameter of 0.2~0.4μm, without capsule, spores or flagella. It shows purple staining with Giemsa/red or blue staining with Macchiavello. It requires chicken embryo vaccination, animal vaccination and Cell culture can grow and reproduce
Two developmental cycles of Chlamydia
Original body (ER)
Spherical, small and dense. It is the extracellular form and mature stage of Chlamydia. It has no reproductive ability and is highly infectious.
reticular body (RB)
Also known as the primordial body, it is spherical but larger than the original body. It has no cell wall on the outside and no dense nucleoid structure on the inside. Instead, it has a fine mesh-like structure, also known as the reticular body. It is the reproduction of chlamydia during the development cycle of the host cell. Type, non-infectious
Main pathogenic chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
trachoma
Channel of communication: eye to eye, eye to hand, eye to eye Chronic inflammation can cause blindness
Inclusion conjunctivitis
Newborns: birth canal infection-acute purulent conjunctivitis, also known as inclusion body pyorrhea. Adults: Contact (hands to eyes or contaminated swimming pool water) - follicular conjunctivitis (swimming pool conjunctivitis)
Urogenital tract infection
Transmitted through sexual contact. Men: non-gonococcal urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, etc. Women: vaginitis, cervicitis, oophoritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, etc.
lymphogranuloma venereum
Transmitted through sexual contact. Males: Purulent inflammation of inguinal lymph nodes and hyperplasia of granulation tissue. Women: hyperplasia and stenosis of granulation tissue in the perineum, anus and rectum.
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Source of infection: humans Transmission route: respiratory tract Caused diseases: acute respiratory tract infection in adolescents, mainly pneumonia, which may be related to coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction
Chlamydia psittaci
Waifei reaction
Comparison of Mycoplasma and L-type Bacteria