Human geography, also known as life geography, is a science based on the theory of man-land relationship, exploring the distribution, change and diffusion of various human phenomena, as well as the spatial structure of human social activities.

The science of studying the spatial regional distribution and spatial differences of human activities on the earth's surface and predicting their development and change patterns

Human geography is the study of the formation process, structure, characteristics and development trends of the human-land relationship regional system.

The science that explores the geographical distribution, diffusion and change of various humanistic phenomena as well as the formation and development rules of the regional structure of human social activities

Sociality

spatial characteristics

The interactive relationship between human activities and the environment, mutual influence, adaptation and transformation

Regional differences, regional distribution, regional characteristics and processes

Location, spatial change, spatial connection, spatial organization

dichotomy

rule of thirds

development characteristics

The west

China

Late 15th century to late 17th century geographical discovery

Late 18th century - early 19th century

1918-1939 between the two world wars

after WWII

People understand general methods of changing the world

That is, what ways and methods do people use to observe things and deal with problems. That is to solve the "how" problem.

Basic idea

Influence

population and industry

population size

material composition

Social Structure

Lifestyle Values ​​Population quality

spatial features

non-agricultural activities huge population High density landscape rich material complex structure

small village

Three great social divisions of labor

The birthplace of urban civilization

universal

economics

anthropology

process trend developing developed

(1) The urbanization process has been greatly accelerated;

(2) The trend of urbanization is obvious and the emergence of metropolises (3) The urbanization of developing countries is accelerating;

(4) Economic globalization and regional grouping have formed a multi-polar structure of global cities; (5) Metropolitan contiguous areas are the regions with the greatest development potential and vitality in the world; (6) The first city will dominate the world economy;

(7) The phenomenon of social polarization within international cities is prominent; (8) The world has begun to set off a wave of ecological city construction; (9) The world city network system is gradually completed.

demographic shift

Landscape/territorial space transformation

economic structural changes

cultural transformation transformation

Friedman

Urbanization I-Form Urbanization

Urbanization II-Functional Urbanization

Productivity Genshin Impact Industrialization Direct Tertiary industry follow-up economic development internal decision People participate and the system slows down

①The development of agricultural productivity is the original driving force for urbanization

②Industrialization is the direct driving force of urbanization

③The tertiary industry is the follow-up driving force of urbanization

④ Economic development is the endogenous decisive force of urbanization ⑤ Encourage more people to participate in it

⑥ Institutions (urban policies) can accelerate or delay the urbanization process

inner city urbanization

peripheral urbanization

suburban urbanization

Counter-urbanization

reurbanization

world urbanization

urbanization in china

central place theory

threshold theory

size distribution theory

economic factors

social factors

Administrative factors

Historical reasons

core area

fringe zone

gather

isolation

index

Early days: The development problem of developing countries is the problem of economic growth The primary goal of economic development is to rapidly achieve growth in gross national product or per capita gross national product.

Later period: Development not only refers to economic growth, but also involves the improvement of social welfare and modernization levels.

Economies of scale: internal savings due to an increase in the scope of economic activity External economy: important causes and consequences of the formation of growth poles

Agglomeration is uneconomical: excessive agglomeration of economic activities leads to increased economic costs and weak economic growth.

In other regions, growth in core regions usually brings positive impacts to the region

Shock therapy: Entrepreneurs divest from low-yield areas and reinvest in new activities

government intervention

stage

birth rate

fertility rate

mortality rate

Natural growth rate

life expectancy/life expectancy

Randy's Demographic Transition Theory

Blake's five-stage model

Population density

temporary move

pendulum movement

move permanently

migrate

chain migration

migration

reason

type

① Infectious diseases ② Chronic diseases/degenerative diseases ③ Genetic diseases

Cultural meaning is very broad and vague

apartheid ghetto ghetto

Medieval Times: Land controlled by a landowner or inhabited by a special group of people i.e. customary geographical administrative unit

The Netherlands Before the early 17th century: Under the influence of landscape painters, it gradually referred to the appearance of a region, especially the scenery.

Before the late 19th century, the concept of landscape was the part of the land or land that could be seen with the naked eye, including all visible objects. Emphasis on the visual side of the landscape = the object we (visual subjects) gaze at

Classroom PPT: Landscape generally refers to natural scenery such as gardens in life. When rising to the social level, landscape is a collection of visual expressions and the social relationships it contains. Landscape research not only pays attention to rural folk landscape traditions, but also pays attention to the expression of values ​​and political ideas of different classes in the landscape. For various facts, people of different classes, races, genders, nationalities or different political beliefs will have different interpretations.

Saul believes that landscape is an objective area that can be scientifically studied through observation, "an area composed of significant forms of contact including natural and cultural"

Saul emphasized the comprehensiveness of geographical research and believed that geography should study landscape complexes rather than pursue the mechanisms of geographical processes of individual elements, because various individual processes cannot be expressed individually on the earth's surface, that is, they do not have landscape significance.

background method

text method

Discourse and its interpretation

Feudalism

capitalism

British industrialization

European industrialization expanded

Primitive division of labor based on gender and age

After the natural division of labor, production division of labor based on product exchange

Division of labor departments (Industrial Division of Labor)

geographical division of labor

Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage

David Ricardo comparative cost theory

Heckscher Ohlin factor endowment theory

①The status of the United States as an industrial manufacturing country begins to decline ② Large-scale manufacturing is transferred and dispersed from the previous core areas to semi-peripheral/peripheral areas ③In the core countries/regions of the world system, a new trend of specialized division of labor has emerged: high-tech production & service industries are developing rapidly and becoming increasingly concentrated

The service industry that provides guarantee services to maintain the continuity of the industrial production process, promote industrial technological progress, industrial upgrading and improve production efficiency is a supporting service industry directly related to the manufacturing industry. It does not itself provide direct independent service utility and is dependent on It exists in manufacturing enterprises and runs through the production links of enterprises, with human capital and knowledge as the main inputs.

Finance, insurance, law, industrial and commercial services, economics and other industries that are knowledge-intensive and provide specialized services to customers

central area core areas

semi-periphery semi-periphery

fringe areas periphery

In the past 200 years, the core countries have expanded from Europe to North America and then to East Asia, and the semi-peripheral/peripheral countries have continued to expand, so that the whole world has been involved in the core-periphery structure.

Two pillars: state power and multinational corporations

Broadly speaking: a means of economic and political control adopted by powerful developed countries over the economy & society of underdeveloped countries. Controlled countries are superficially independent - not subject to any formal/direct rule and exhibit the external characteristics of independent countries, but their economies & politics are actually subject to external control

trade space

cyberspace

absolute space

relative space

related space

interpretive space

spatial distribution

spatial pattern The distribution of some geographical phenomena has obvious rules or characteristics

Spatial structure

The spatial movement of geographical phenomena all takes a certain amount of time, that is, it involves issues of time-space relationship.

Hagstrom: Use space-time paths to express a person’s movement process on the time-space coordinate system

three constraints

Time and space convergence

space-time compression

Time and space extension

place. point on the earth's surface

Sense of place. People’s subjective feelings about place, including its role for individuals and groups

place. The background and place where people interact in daily activities

Place is composed of social systems, a place for social interaction, an idle space for individuals and various social groups to realize their functions, and a region defined by the space lock of social structure.

unique

interrelatedness

① Straight line distance The concept comes from measurement and geometry, reflecting the relationship between points in space, and can be measured in units of length. The concept of straight-line distance was combined with the absolute space of early geography, the measure of which was homogeneity and constancy. ②Time distance Mainly used to express the possibility, convenience and communication status of spatial connections between geographical elements ③Psychological distance Psychological distance is people’s perception of spatial distance in the physical world, also known as cognitive distance ④Social distance The concepts used to measure spatial relationships have also been extended to complex social relationships to reflect the separation caused by hesitation or discrimination between social groups. ⑤Distance friction The diffusion of geographical phenomena and movement of elements follow the law of distance attenuation, which is mainly affected by distance friction. The so-called distance friction actually reflects the negative impact of the expected consumption of time and expense on moving behavior during the moving process.

The subjective and objective aspects of a region are determined by social division of labor, and are also affected by people's perspective of observing problems and their ability to understand problems. Since the geographical division of labor in social production is a historical and objective process, regions exist objectively.

Spiritual concepts constituted by thinking - Subjectivism American camp representative Preston James

Regions are objective - Objectivist Soviet camp representative Krosovsky

Concept: Fundamentally, it is the result of the occupation and division of space by different groups, and it gives the social and cultural connotation of the region through the social and cultural characteristics and activities of the group. Regional division is the result of the comprehensive action of various factors (there are often core areas, edge areas, and intermediate transition areas within a region)

Divided by elements: administrative divisions, economic divisions, main functional divisions, ecological divisions

By boundary: Regional boundaries, dividing lines between one spatial unit or group and another spatial unit or group

form area

Ribbon area/node area

The formal area pays attention to regional homogeneity The functional area emphasizes the functional connections within the area

①Movement: the pattern of flow and interaction of elements between regions; ②Path: The path or movement network pattern of element movement; ③Node: Network node space layout mode; ④Hierarchical system: the hierarchical structure model of nodes; ⑤ Ground: The ground spatial organization pattern formed by nodes and networks, such as different land use forms and degrees; ⑥Spatial diffusion model reflects the spatiotemporal change process of human occupation of the land surface.

①Natural factors ②Transportation factors ③Labor factors ④Market factors ⑤Agglomeration factors ⑥Social factors

Absolute position/mathematical position Such as latitude and longitude

relative position

Scale division: When facing geographical things and phenomena with large spatial scales and long time scales, it is usually necessary to divide them into different scales of space and time for understanding. Scale matching: There is a close relationship between the spatial and temporal scales of geographical things and phenomena. Generally speaking, as the spatial scale increases, the time scale will also increase. Scale correlation: geographical things and phenomena on different scales interact with each other. Geographical things and phenomena on a large scale are the background for the geographical things and phenomena on a small scale. Changes in geographical things and phenomena on a small scale may have an impact on the large scale. have an impact on geographical things and phenomena Scale effect: When observing geographical things and analyzing geographical problems, we often understand and solve them from the macro, meso and micro perspectives. Different scales, different focus and different conclusions Scale selection: The size of the scale affects the grasp of the whole and the details. When solving geographical problems, the appropriate scale must be selected according to the specific situation and goals. Scale deduction: information translation at different spatiotemporal scales or different organizational levels

Since various factors that affect the distribution of geographical phenomena usually do not act alone, it is necessary to study the spatial interaction of various factors with the help of spatial integration. Through spatial integration, the spatial interrelationships of different "phenomena" can be revealed.

Influencing factors

Concept: A system of connections and exchanges composed of nodes and connections, a carrier of spatial interaction, reflecting the interaction situation in space In human geography, usually refers to a transportation network formed by permanent facilities or time servers

measure

Basic composition

The most basic element circulation support system

Concept: ease of getting from one place to another Prerequisites for connecting geographical elements Spatial connection network forms the premise foundation

Influence

Distance from Mocha friction of distance

Migration/displacement diffusion

extended diffusion