Crowd: Commonly seen in children and adolescents Medical history: Self-reported bleeding after brushing teeth or biting hard objects. There may be gum discomfort, but no spontaneous bleeding. There may be medical history of food impaction, bad restorations, mouth breathing, etc. Inspection: the free gingiva and gingival papilla appear bright red or dark red, the gingival papilla becomes rounded, blunt and enlarged, and the gingival margin becomes thickened. Probing: BOP, enlarged PD, no CAL, soft and fragile gums Imaging: No obvious alveolar bone resorption

Crowd: Common in adolescents Medical history: bleeding gums, bleeding from biting hard objects, bad breath Inspection: The gums on the labial side are obviously swollen, bright red or dark red, the gingival papilla is a ball-shaped protrusion, there is less local plaque and calculus, and the degree of gum swelling is more obvious than that of chronic gingivitis. Probing: BOP, increased PD, no CAL, soft gum texture Percussion, loose examination, imaging:-

Population: Pregnant and postpartum women. Pregnant women are more common and have a higher incidence rate. Medical history: Bleeding while eating or sucking begins 2 to 3 months after pregnancy, with or without pain. Inspection: The gingival margin and gingival papilla are bright red or dark red, swollen, enlarged and shiny. In severe cases, gingival margin ulcers and pseudomembrane may occur. Probing: BOP, PD enlargement, no CAL Percussion, loose examination, imaging:-

Crowd: no special Medical history: Long-term medication history such as anti-epileptic drugs, immunosuppressants or calcium channel blockers, most of which are pain-free Inspection: Characterized by gingival hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the color is dark red or purple, and the hyperplasia can be in the shape of mulberry or lobes. Probing: BOP Palpation: soft texture

Crowd: no special Medical history: There may be a family history, and the gums may gradually enlarge, which may affect eating. Inspection: gingival hyperplasia was evident, involving the whole mouth attached gingiva and free gingiva, with the most serious condition on the palatal side of the maxillary posterior teeth. Probing: BOP- Palpation: Tough texture, smooth surface Loose examination, percussion, imaging:-

Crowd: It can be seen in people with poor oral hygiene, pregnant women, and is more common in young and middle-aged women. Inspection: Obvious lumps can be seen on the gums, and there may be ulcers, bleeding and infection. Probing, loose examination, and imaging: Elderly patients with medical history may have periodontal pockets and loose teeth, and alveolar bone absorption may be seen on X-ray.

Medical history: Gum swelling progresses rapidly, and there may be obvious gum pain. Inspection: The gums are swollen, and there may be bleeding and ulcers. Probing: BOP, no PD enlargement, no CAL Special: Pathological biopsy can confirm the diagnosis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

oral candidiasis infection

Medical History: History of chemical, mechanical, thermal injuries Inspection: The gums are congested, red and swollen. If there are wounds, there may be ulcers caused by secondary infection. Palpation, loose examination, percussion, imaging:-

Medical history: The patient has a history of long-term stress, depression, anxiety, mania, staying up late or lack of sleep Inspection: The gums are red and swollen, and there may be bleeding. Probing: BOP, may be tender Loose examination, percussion, imaging: no special

Population: It occurs mostly in Hunan, Hainan, Taiwan and other regions in my country. Medical history: There may be a history of betel nut chewing, stimulating food or alcohol intake, and the patient may complain of burning pain in the mucous membrane, dry mouth, loss of taste, numbness of the lips and tongue, mucosal blisters, ulcers, etc., or even limited mouth opening and difficulty swallowing. Inspection: The oral mucosa is white, accompanied by leather-like texture changes, and the oral anatomical structures may be atrophied, such as shortening of the soft palate, shortening of the lingual frenulum, cheeks, soft palate, lips, pterygomandibular ligament, tongue dorsum, tongue belly, and oral cavity. palpable scar-like fibrous cords Probing: No special probing discomfort Loose examination, percussion, imaging:- Special: Pathological examination shows collagen fiber degeneration, epithelial atrophy or hyperplasia, and vacuolar degeneration of the epithelial layer.

Crowd: no special Medical history: food impaction or mechanical adverse stimulation such as toothpick or sharp food injury, adverse mechanical stimulation of the restoration, easy bleeding when touching or sucking, spontaneous swelling and pain Inspection: Gingival papillae are red and swollen Probing: The gums are obviously painful when probing, and they bleed easily, and there is no PD or CAL. Palpation: obvious tenderness

Crowd: Most common among young adults, especially male smokers Medical history: Chronic gingivitis or periodontitis has persisted in the past and has not healed, and complains of obvious pain or tooth stretching and swelling. Severe cases may have symptoms such as low fever and fatigue. Inspection: Characterized by necrosis of the gingival papilla and gingival margin, which may be covered by a gray-white pseudomembrane that is easy to wipe off, and spontaneous bleeding may be seen. Special: Can cause corrosive bad breath Probing and loose examination: Those who are not treated in time may have PD enlargement, CAL formation, and tooth loosening. Imaging: Alveolar bone resorption may occur if not treated promptly

Medical history: History of virus-related infections, which may include fever, sore throat and other accompanying symptoms Inspection: Blister-like swelling of the gums, no obvious ulcers or periodontal pockets Probing, loose examination, percussion, imaging:- Special: Virus culture has related virus replication

Medical history: food allergy, restorative material allergy Inspection: gum swelling Probing, loose examination, percussion, imaging:-

Medical history: Chief complaint of dental discomfort such as wisdom tooth pain Inspection: The gums are red and swollen, the affected tooth may have pus and bleeding, and the gum color may be dark red. Probing: There may be deep periodontal pockets and probing pain. Percussion: Pain on percussion of the affected tooth, often transient pain

Crowd: mostly middle-aged women Medical history: There may be congestion and erosion of mucous membranes throughout the mouth, or there may be no erosion. Inspection: There may be congestion and edema on the tongue, lips, gums and palate mucosa, and typical "Wickham-like lines" can be seen. Probing: There is discomfort during probing and pain during probing. Percussion, loose examination, imaging:- Special: The skin may have flat polygonal papules with thin scales on the surface.

Medical history: There may be a history of infection such as herpes virus, drug or food allergy, exposure to dust and pollen, etc., and the pain is obvious Inspection: mucous membrane congestion and edema can be seen in the oral mucosa, and there may be erythema, blisters, and even large-scale erosion and pseudomembranes. Probing: Pain on probing Percussion, loose examination, imaging:- Special: The skin may have typical "target-shaped erythema" lesions