Upper end: wide and thin

Lower end: narrow and thick

The front is more convex, facing anterolaterally

The back is flatter and close to the posterior abdominal wall

Medial edge: central depression

Lateral edge: ridge

The left side is high and the right side is low. Affected by the liver, the right kidney is 1 to 2cm lower than the left kidney.

The upper end of the left kidney: level with the lower edge of the 11th thoracic vertebra. The lower end of the left kidney: level with the lower edge of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.

The upper end of the right kidney: level with the upper edge of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The lower end of the right kidney: level with the upper edge of the 3rd lumbar vertebra.

It is mainly located in the superficial part of the renal parenchyma and is rich in blood vessels. Fresh specimens are reddish brown granular

About 2/3, located deep in the renal parenchyma, are light red and have few blood vessels. It is mainly composed of 15 to 20 renal pyramids. The tips of 2 to 3 renal pyramids form the renal papilla. There are papillary holes on it, through which urine flows into the renal calyces.

Abdomen of the ureter: the end of the renal pelvis, descends along the posterior abdominal wall in front of the psoas muscle, to the entrance of the small pelvis, Enters the pelvic cavity and moves into the pelvis.

Ureteral pelvic part: The ureteral pelvic part starts from the entrance of the small pelvis, goes back and down along the pelvic side wall, turns anteromedially at about the level of the ischial spine, and reaches the bottom of the bladder. In men it crosses the vas deferens at the base of the bladder. Female crosses the uterine artery. (Uterine artery ligation during uterine surgery can easily damage the ureter)

The inside of the ureteral wall: It is the part that penetrates the bladder wall diagonally about 1.5cm, with the ureteral orifice opening into the inner surface of the bladder.

Superior stenosis: located at the transition between the renal pelvis and ureter

Medium stenosis: located at the upper opening of the small pelvis and crosses the iliac vessels

Inferior stricture: located inside the wall of the ureter

Prostate part (wide)

Membrane part (narrowest)

corpus cavernosum

Subpubic curvature: located below the pubic symphysis, concave forward and upward

Pubic lordosis: located anteriorly and inferiorly of the pubic symphysis, concave posteriorly and inferiorly (can disappear)

Renal corpuscle: vascular pole: with blood vessels entering and exiting Urinary pole: opposite to the vascular pole and connected to the renal tubules

Renal tubules: reabsorption and excretion of raw urine

Arcuate collecting duct: short, located in the cortical labyrinth, one end connected to the distal convoluted tubule, The other end enters the medullary line in an arcuate shape

Collecting duct straight: runs downward along the medullary line, and is renamed papillary when it reaches the renal papilla.

Papillary duct (renal papilla): opens into the renal calyces

renal tubules