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Mind map of the urinary system
This is a mind map about the urinary system, including the kidneys, composition, function, urine excretion process, urine production and excretion pathways, etc.
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Mind map of the urinary system
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- Outline
urinary system
composition
kidney
form
both ends
Upper end: wide and thin
Lower end: narrow and thick
both sides
The front is more convex, facing anterolaterally
The back is flatter and close to the posterior abdominal wall
Two fates
Medial edge: central depression
It is the portal through which the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis of the kidney enter and leave. It is called the renal hilum.
肾蒂：出入肾门的这些结构被结缔组织包裹成束
From front to back: veins-arteries-renal pelvis
From top to bottom: arteries-veins-renal pelvis
肾窦：肾门向内凹陷形成的腔（容纳肾小盏、肾大盏、肾盂、肾血管和脂肪组织等)
肾区：肾门约平第一腰椎，其腹后壁体表投影，在竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域, 临床上称为肾区。 当患肾炎或肾盂肾炎等肾病时，患者触压或叩击该处可引起疼痛。
Lateral edge: ridge
Location and proximity
Location: On both sides of the spine on the posterior abdominal wall
The left side is high and the right side is low. Affected by the liver, the right kidney is 1 to 2cm lower than the left kidney.
The upper end of the left kidney: level with the lower edge of the 11th thoracic vertebra. The lower end of the left kidney: level with the lower edge of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.
The upper end of the right kidney: level with the upper edge of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The lower end of the right kidney: level with the upper edge of the 3rd lumbar vertebra.
Adjacent: The upper part is adjacent to the adrenal gland, the inner and lower part is connected to the ureter by the renal pelvis, the left kidney is adjacent to the abdominal aorta medially, and the right kidney is adjacent to the inferior vena cava medially.
membrane
Fiber underwear, fat jacket, fascia-enclosed two-kidney gown
Function: Fix the kidney and maintain the normal position of the kidney
fibrous capsule
fat sac
renal fascia
structure
renal cortex
It is mainly located in the superficial part of the renal parenchyma and is rich in blood vessels. Fresh specimens are reddish brown granular
renal medulla
About 2/3, located deep in the renal parenchyma, are light red and have few blood vessels. It is mainly composed of 15 to 20 renal pyramids. The tips of 2 to 3 renal pyramids form the renal papilla. There are papillary holes on it, through which urine flows into the renal calyces.
ureter
Locations and Divisions
Abdomen of the ureter: the end of the renal pelvis, descends along the posterior abdominal wall in front of the psoas muscle, to the entrance of the small pelvis, Enters the pelvic cavity and moves into the pelvis.
Ureteral pelvic part: The ureteral pelvic part starts from the entrance of the small pelvis, goes back and down along the pelvic side wall, turns anteromedially at about the level of the ischial spine, and reaches the bottom of the bladder. In men it crosses the vas deferens at the base of the bladder. Female crosses the uterine artery. (Uterine artery ligation during uterine surgery can easily damage the ureter)
The inside of the ureteral wall: It is the part that penetrates the bladder wall diagonally about 1.5cm, with the ureteral orifice opening into the inner surface of the bladder.
narrow
Superior stenosis: located at the transition between the renal pelvis and ureter
Medium stenosis: located at the upper opening of the small pelvis and crosses the iliac vessels
Inferior stricture: located inside the wall of the ureter
bladder
Morphology: Cystic muscular organ. When empty, it is in the shape of a triangular pyramid. When the bladder is full, it is oval. It is divided into bladder apex, bladder body, bladder neck, and bladder base.
internal structure
Bladder folds: The inner surface of the bladder is covered with mucosa. When it is empty, due to the contraction of the smooth muscles in the wall, the mucosa forms many folds, called bladder folds.
Trigone of the bladder: The triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder floor between the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. It is a common site for bladder tuberculosis and tumors.
Interureteral folds: transverse folds between the two ureteral orifices, pale in color, It is the sign to look for the ureteral orifice during cystoscopy
Location and proximity
Location: Normal: behind the pubic symphysis When empty: all located in the small pelvic cavity When full: can exceed the top of the pubic symphysis The bladder of newborns is higher than that of adults
Adjacent: Upper: Covered by peritoneum, adjacent to the small intestine, uterus, etc. Anterior: pubic symphysis rear: Male: rectum, ampulla of vas deferens, seminal vesicles Female: cervix, vagina Below: Male: prostate, urethra Female: urethra, urogenital diaphragm
urethra
female
Location: Starting from the internal orifice of the urethra, diagonally forward and downward, passing through the urogenital diaphragm, and opening at the external urethral orifice at the vaginal vestibule.
Features: The female urethra is 3 to 5 cm long and about 0.6 cm in diameter. Shorter, wider and straighter than the male urethra
male
3 divisions
Prostate part (wide)
Membrane part (narrowest)
corpus cavernosum
3 strictures: located in the internal orifice of the urethra, the membranous part, and the external orifice of the urethra
2 bends
Subpubic curvature: located below the pubic symphysis, concave forward and upward
Pubic lordosis: located anteriorly and inferiorly of the pubic symphysis, concave posteriorly and inferiorly (can disappear)
Microstructure of the urinary system
renal parenchyma
Nephron: the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms urine
Renal corpuscle: vascular pole: with blood vessels entering and exiting Urinary pole: opposite to the vascular pole and connected to the renal tubules
Two poles: the entry and exit end of blood vessels is the vascular pole, and the opposite end is the urinary pole
Renal capsule: visceral layer: composed of a layer of multi-processed podocytes Parietal layer: composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium Renal capsule cavity: the space between the two layers Podocyte: primary process, secondary process, slit membrane
Glomerulus (glomerulus): A group of capillaries coiled into a ball shape, connecting the afferent and efferent arterioles. The capillaries are hole-shaped, which is conducive to the filtration of substances in the blood.
Renal tubules: reabsorption and excretion of raw urine
collecting tube
Arcuate collecting duct: short, located in the cortical labyrinth, one end connected to the distal convoluted tubule, The other end enters the medullary line in an arcuate shape
Collecting duct straight: runs downward along the medullary line, and is renamed papillary when it reaches the renal papilla.
Papillary duct (renal papilla): opens into the renal calyces
Urinary tubules
renal tubules
proximal tubule
Curvature: runs windingly around the renal corpuscle The lumen is small and irregular The tube wall epithelial cells are single-layered and cuboidal
Part straight: proximal convoluted tubule continues, goes straight into the medulla
Thin section: The tube has the smallest diameter and thin wall. It is composed of a single layer of flat epithelium, which is conducive to the permeability of water and ions.
distal tubule
Curved part: The lumen is large and regular, and the wall is a single-layer cuboidal epithelium. It is an important part of ion exchange and maintains the acid-base balance of body fluids. Straight part: It is the straight part of the medulla. The lumen is large and regular, and the wall epithelial cells single layer cuboidal epithelium
Renal interstitium: composed of a small amount of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves between the renal parenchyma
Parabulbar complex:1. Parabulbar cells: They are epithelial-like cells specialized from smooth muscle cells at the proximal vascular pole of the afferent arteriole. There are many secretory granules in the cytoplasm, which contain renin, which can cause vascular smooth muscle contraction and increase blood pressure. 2. Macula densa: an oval-shaped plaque formed by specialized epithelial cells on the wall of the distal convoluted tubule near the blood vessel. It is an ion sensor that can sense changes in Na concentration in the filtrate of the distal tubule. When lowered, juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin 3． Extraglomerular mesangial cells: located in the triangular area between the afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles and macula densa
Microstructure of the bladder
Epithelium: metamorphosed epithelium Lamina propria: Contains more elastic fibers
Muscle layer: composed of three layers of smooth muscle: inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscles
Adventitia: Except for the serosa on the top of the bladder, it is mostly loose connective tissue
Function
Excrete waste products, excess water and certain inorganic salts produced by the body during metabolism
Maintain balance and stability of the body's internal environment
urine excretion process
The waste produced during metabolism is transported to the kidneys through the vasculature to produce urine, and then transported to the bladder for storage through the ureters. When a certain amount of urine is stored, it is excreted through the urethra under the control of the nervous system.
The production and excretion pathways of urine: renal artery - afferent arteriole - glomus - filtration membrane - renal capsule cavity - renal tubule - collecting duct - papillary duct - renal calyce - renal calyce - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder —Urethra