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Biomembrane and transmembrane transport of substances (1) Mind map
This is a mind map about biological membranes and the transmembrane transport of substances (1), including the transmembrane transport of cell membranes, small molecule substances and ions, cell membrane abnormalities and diseases, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-14 22:27:54- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Biomembrane and transmembrane transport of substances (1) Mind map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Biomembranes and transport of substances across membranes
cell membrane
chemical components
membrane lipids
Classification
Phospholipids (50%)
Classification
Glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin PC)
Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin PE)
Phosphatidylserine PS
With glycerol as the skeleton, it is formed in the endoplasmic reticulum
Sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylinositol
for signal transduction
Status: Main component of membrane lipids
cholesterol
Reduce the fluidity of surrounding phospholipid molecules and improve membrane stability
Glycolipids
Location: On the non-cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
constitute
Lipids
Oligosaccharides
The simplest glycolipid
Cerebroside (major glycolipid in myelin)
Position: Structural skeleton that forms the cell membrane
Membrane Protein
Classification
Intrinsic membrane proteins (integrins, transmembrane proteins)
Severe separation conditions
External membrane proteins (peripheral proteins)
Mild struggling conditions
Lipid-anchored protein (adiponectin)
Status: One of the most important components of biofilm
membrane sugars
Classification
Carbohydrates + membrane lipids = glycolipids
Carbohydrate + membrane protein = glycoprotein
Function: defense, protection, cell recognition, interaction with surrounding environment
biological properties
membrane asymmetry
Classification
Membrane lipid asymmetry
Phospholipids and cholesterol are relatively asymmetric
Glycolipid absolute asymmetry
membrane protein asymmetry
membrane sugar asymmetry
Position: determines the directionality of membrane function
membrane fluidity
How membrane lipid molecules move
lateral diffusion
Flip movement (less)
rotational motion
bending motion
Rotation of hydrocarbon chains
Membrane protein motility
lateral diffusion
rotational motion
Its movement is controlled by the internal structure of the cell
Factors affecting membrane lipid flow
Fatty acid chain saturation degree and length
Dual regulatory effects of cholesterol
Lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (ratio decrease, cell aging)
Membrane Protein
Molecular structure models: flow mosaic model, lipid raft model
Transport of small molecules and ions across membranes
Passive transport
Features
from high concentration to low concentration
Does not consume metabolic energy
Classification
simple diffusion
No need for carrier
facilitated diffusion
Features
structure specificity
saturation phenomenon
competitive inhibition
Requires assistance from carrier proteins and channel proteins
ion channel diffusion
Ungated
Gating
Ligand gating
regulated by chemicals
voltage gating
controlled by membrane potential
stress activated channels
regulated by stress
water channel diffusion
active transport
Features
from low concentration to high concentration
Requires carrier protein assistance
Need to consume energy
Classification
ATP driven pump
for ions
P-type ion pump
constitute
2 α subunits (with ATP binding sites), 2 β subunits (regulatory role)
Classification
Na⁺-k⁺ pump
Conformation
E₁ conformation
Phosphorylation of α subunit, 3 Na⁺ pumped out
E₂ conformation
The alpha subunit is dephosphorylated and 2 K⁺ is pumped in
It can be seen that the resting potential is negative inside and positive outside, and this process consumes one molecule of ATP.
structure
There are ATP binding sites and three Na⁺ binding sites on the cytoplasmic side. There are two K⁺ binding sites on the cell surface (can be bound by ouabain)
significance
Regulate osmotic pressure, maintain membrane potential, and provide driving force for the absorption of certain substances Provides ion concentration for protein synthesis and metabolism.
Ca²⁺ pump
Hydrolyze one molecule of ATP and transfer 2 calcium ions
V-type proton pump
Exists in large quantities on the acidic membrane vesicles of eukaryotic cells, maintaining an acidic internal environment
F-type proton pump
transport molecules
ABC transporter
co-transportation
Opposite transport
total transportation
Light-Driven Pumps (Plants)
Transport of macromolecules and particulate matter across membranes
site of occurrence
Plasma membrane and various intracellular membranous organelles
Classification
endocytosis
pinocytosis
For liquids
Phagocytosis
for solids
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Function: Improve the efficiency of ingesting substances (selective concentration mechanism)
process
Formation of tegument cells and vesicles
Two layers of clothes and quilt
outer clathrin
inner adapter protein
36 three-legged proteins form a closed vesicle
Formed without vesicles and fused with lysosomes in endosomes
exocytosis
Continuous: continuous (intrinsic) secretion
in animal cells
Under organic regulation: regulated secretion
Found in cells that secrete hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters
Cell membrane abnormalities and diseases
Carrier protein abnormalities and disease
ABC transporter protein abnormalities and diseases
Membrane receptor abnormalities and diseases