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Vitamins – fat-soluble vitamins
This is a mind map about vitamins - fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins are a type of low molecular weight organic compounds necessary to maintain normal life activities of the human body. They are a type of physiological regulatory substances that play an important role in material metabolism.
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Vitamins – fat-soluble vitamins
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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vitamins
definition
Vitamins are a type of low molecular weight organic compounds necessary to maintain normal life activities of the human body. They are a type of physiological regulatory substances that play an important role in material metabolism. Since it cannot be synthesized in the body or is not synthesized in sufficient amounts, although the amount required is very small, it must be regularly supplied by food.
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a type of unsaturated monohydric alcohol, including vitamin A1 and vitamin A2. The activity of A2 is about 40% of A1; all carotenoids that can be decomposed to form vitamin A are called provitamin A, the most important of which is β- Carotene; vitamin A is insoluble in water, stable to heat, acid and alkali, and easily destroyed by oxidation.
Physiological function
Maintain normal visual function
Maintain the health of epithelial tissue cells
Maintain normal bone growth and development
Promote growth and reproduction
other. Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) substances can delay or prevent precancerous lesions; β-carotene has antioxidant effects; vitamin A has an important impact on the body's immune function.
Dietary reference intake: RNI for adult males: 800 μgRAE/d; RNI for adult females: 800 μgRAE/d; UL: 3000 μgRAE/d
Effects on the body
Excessive intake
Acute toxicity: nausea, vomiting, blurred vision
Chronic toxicity: headache, hair loss, hepatomegaly, muscle stiffness, skin itching, pain at the end of long bones, double vision, bleeding, coma
Teratogenic toxicity: embryonic resorption, miscarriage, teratogenesis, birth defects
Bone mineral loss and osteoporosis risk
Insufficient intake
Ocular and visual manifestations (night blindness, dry eye)
Epithelial dysfunction (hair follicle keratinization)
Abnormalities in embryonic growth and development
Immunocompromised
Increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases
Main food sources: livers of various animals, cod liver oil, whole milk, egg yolks. Plant foods contain only beta-carotene, and the best sources are colored vegetables
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a derivative of steroids, cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene compounds, also known as anti-rickets vitamins. The two most common forms are D3 and D2. The source of vitamin D3 in the human body is converted from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermis and dermis of the skin through ultraviolet irradiation. The activity of D2 is only 1/3 of D3. Vitamin D is relatively stable to heat and alkali. Light and acid promote heptaisomerization, and fatty acid rancidity can also cause damage.
Physiological function
Promote calcium absorption by small intestinal mucosa
Promote calcification of bone tissue
Promote renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus
Dietary reference intake: RNI for adults: 10 μg/d; UL for adults: 50 μg/d
Effects on the body
Excessive intake
Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria
Soft tissue calcification and kidney stones
Severe acute poisoning can lead to death
Insufficient intake
rickets in children
Pregnant and breastfeeding women and the elderly are prone to osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Food sources: There are not many natural food sources. There are relatively many fatty fish, animal livers, egg yolks, cream and cheese.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is the general name for tocopherols and tocotrienols. There are 8 compounds of vitamin E in nature, among which α-tocopherol has the highest biological activity. Vitamin E is relatively stable to heat, light, and alkali, but high temperatures can reduce its activity.
Physiological function
Anti-oxidize effect
Maintain the integrity of red blood cells
Regulate substance synthesis in the body
Other functions. Vitamin E is related to gold production and reproductive capacity, but has nothing to do with sex hormone secretion
Dietary Reference Intake: Adult AI: 14 mg α-TE/d
Food sources: Vitamin E can only be synthesized in plants. Vegetable oil, wheat germ, hard fruits, seeds, beans and other cereals
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a class of naphthoquinone compounds. There are two types of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in nature. It is relatively stable to heat and oxidants, and sensitive to light and alkali.
Physiological function
blood coagulation
Role in bone metabolism
Dietary Reference Intake: Adult AI: 80 μg/d
Food sources: Vitamin K1 is rich in green vegetables, animal livers and fish are also high in content, meat and dairy products are moderate in content, and fruits and grains are low in content.
water soluble vitamins