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Minerals - Macroelements
This is a mind map about minerals-macroelements, including trace elements, macroelements, physiological functions, etc. Hope this helps!
Edited at 2023-11-13 11:14:07- bacteria
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Minerals - Macroelements
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Minerals
Physiological function
important components of body tissue
Components of intracellular and intracellular fluids, maintaining appropriate osmotic pressure of intracellular and intracellular fluids
Maintain acid-base balance in the body
Participate in the formation of functional substances
Maintain normal excitability of nerves and muscles and permeability of cell membranes
constant elements
The content in the body is relatively high (>0.01% of body weight), and the daily dietary requirement is more than 100 mg of magnesium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium.
calcium
Physiological function
Forms and maintains the structure of bones and teeth. 99% is concentrated in bones and teeth, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate
Maintain normal activity of muscles and nerves. Calcium ions are related to the excitation of nerves and muscles, the conduction of nerve impulses, and the normal beating of the heart.
Participate in the blood coagulation process
Regulates or activates the activity of various enzymes, affecting cell phagocytosis and hormone secretion.
Effects on the body
Excessive intake
Increased risk of kidney stones
Milk-alkali syndrome, including hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal dysfunction
Interfere with the absorption and utilization of other minerals
Intake too low
Rickets in childhood, osteoporosis in adults
dietary reference intake
Adult RNI: 800mg/d
Conducive to calcium absorption: appropriate amount of vitamin D, certain amino acids, lactose, appropriate calcium to phosphorus ratio
Not conducive to calcium absorption: phytic acid in cereals, oxalic acid in certain vegetables, too much dietary fiber, alkaline phosphate and fat, antacids tetracycline and heparin, excessive protein intake, and increasing age
Main food sources: Milk and milk products are the best food sources. Legumes, nuts, green vegetables, and various melon seeds are good sources. A few types of shrimp skin kelp are particularly high in calcium.
magnesium
The total content of normal human body is 20-38g, of which 60%-65% is present in bones and teeth, and 27% is distributed in soft tissues. Mainly distributed in cells, magnesium in extracellular fluid does not exceed 1%
Physiological function
Activates the activity of various enzymes. Participate in more than 300 enzymatic reactions
Inhibit potassium and calcium channels and prevent potassium outflow
Maintain bone growth and neuromuscular excitability
Maintain the function of the gastrointestinal tract. Choleretic, cathartic, antispasmodic, antiphysostigmine
Effects on the body
Excessive intake: magnesium toxicity, diarrhea, drowsiness, muscle weakness, weak knee tendon reflexes, muscle paralysis, complete heart block or asystole
Too low intake: neuromuscular hyperexcitability, hypomagnesemia, premature atrioventricular contractions, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, and osteoporosis
Dietary Reference Intake: Adult RNI: 330mg/d
Food sources: green leafy vegetables, coarse grains, nuts, meat, starchy foods, milk. Young people and adults have higher magnesium intakes than women and the elderly.
phosphorus
The content of phosphorus in the human body is about 1% of body weight, 85% of which is found in bones and teeth, 14% is distributed in soft tissues and body fluids, and the remaining 1% is in extracellular fluid.
Physiological function
components of bones and teeth
Raw materials for many important components in tissue cells
Involved in many important physiological functions
Transfer of energy and maintenance of acid-base balance
Effects on the body: Phosphorus deficiency only occurs in special circumstances: premature infants who are exclusively breastfed develop rickets-like bones
Dietary Reference Intake: Adult RNI: 720mg/d
Absorption: Increased intestinal acidity and vitamin D facilitate the absorption of phosphorus
Food source: Widely distributed. However, most of the phosphorus in grains is phytate phosphorus, which has a low absorption and utilization rate.
Potassium
One of the important cations in the human body, mainly found in cells
Physiological function
Maintain normal metabolism of sugar and protein
Maintain normal intracellular osmotic pressure
Maintain neuromuscular stress and normal function
Maintain normal function of myocardium
Maintain normal acid-base balance inside and outside cells
Prevent high blood pressure
Effects on the body
Excessive intake: muscle paralysis, arrhythmia, severe cardiac dysfunction
Insufficient intake: potassium deficiency, muscle weakness, arrhythmia, rhabdomyolysis, renal dysfunction
Dietary nutrient reference intake: Adult AI: 2000mg/d
Food sources: Vegetables and fruits are the best sources of potassium
sodium
Physiological function
Regulate body water and osmotic pressure: excessive sodium causes tissue edema
Maintain acid-base balance
sodium pump
Maintain normal blood pressure
Enhance neuromuscular excitability
Dietary nutrient reference intake: Adult AI: 1500mg/d
Food sources: salt, soy sauce, salted or cured meats, smoked foods, pickles, fermented soy products, salty snack foods
chlorine
The main and most important anion in the human body. Sodium chloride is mainly found in extracellular fluid.
Physiological function
Maintain the volume and osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
Participate in blood CO2 transport
Gastric acid formation activates salivary amylase to decompose starch, stimulates liver function, promotes the discharge of metabolic waste in the liver, and stabilizes nerve membrane potential.
Dietary nutrient reference intake: Adult AI: 2300mg/d
Food sources: Dietary chlorine comes almost entirely from sodium chloride and only a small amount from potassium chloride
trace elements