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Physiology of bacteria
This is a physiological mind map about bacteria, including the nutrition, growth and reproduction of bacteria, bacterial metabolism, physical and chemical factors that inhibit and kill microorganisms, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-13 09:14:36- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Physiology of bacteria
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Physiology of bacteria
Physicochemical properties of bacteria
chemical components
Physical properties
Optical properties: Bacteria are translucent.
Surface area: Bacteria are small in size and have a large relative surface area, which is conducive to material exchange with the outside world, so they reproduce quickly.
Charging phenomenon
semipermeable
Osmotic pressure
Nutrition and growth of bacteria
Nutrients
water
carbon source
Nitrogen source
Inorganic salt
growth factors
The mechanism by which bacteria take up nutrients
passive diffusion
active diffusion
ABC forwarding
ion coupled transport
group transfer
specific transfer
Bacterial nutritional type
Autoerobic bacteria
Heterotrophic bacteria
All pathogenic bacteria are heterotrophic and most are parasitic. There are also saprophytes.
Factors affecting bacterial growth.
Nutrients
pH
temperature
gas
Obligate aerobes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Microaerophilic bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori.
Facultative anaerobes: Most bacteria are.
Obligate anaerobes: Clostridium tetani, Bacteroides fragilis.
Special needs for carbon dioxide: Neisseria meningitidis, Brucella spp.
Osmotic pressure.
The growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Individual growth and reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is generally carried out by binary fission.
Under suitable conditions, most bacteria undergo generation in 20 to 30 minutes.
But it takes 18 to 20 hours to combine with mycobacteria to produce one generation
Group growth and reproduction
slow period
Usually 1 to 4 hours.
Logarithmic period.
This period of bacteria should be used to study the biological characteristics of bacteria.
stable period.
Metabolites such as some bacterial spores, exotoxins, and antibiotics are mostly produced in the stationary phase.
period of decline.
Decline or bacterial autolysis occurs, making it difficult to identify old culture media.
bacterial metabolism
Bacterial energy metabolism.
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway.
Aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration.
Bacterial metabolites.
Biochemical reactions of bacteria.
Sugar fermentation test.
Escherichia coli can ferment both glucose and lactose.
Salmonella typhi can only ferment glucose.
vp experiment.
Distinguish between Escherichia coli (negative) and Aerogenes (positive)
Methyl red test.
See if bacteria can convert pyruvate (negative for Aerobacter aerogenes, positive for Escherichia coli)
Citrate utilization test.
Escherichia coli cannot be used as negative.
Indole test.
Whether it can decompose chromanic acid to produce indole (positive for Escherichia coli, Proteus and Vibrio cholerae)
Hydrogen sulfide test.
See if the bacteria break down the sulfur-containing amino acids in the culture medium.
Urease test.
Check the bacteria for the enzyme urease, which breaks down urea to produce ammonia.
Anabolic products and their medical significance.
Pyrogen.
Substances that can cause fever and reactions when injected into the human body.
Pyrogen-producing bacteria are mostly Gram-negative bacteria. Pyrogen is the lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall.
Toxins and invasive enzymes.
Exotoxins are proteins released outside the body of most Gram-positive bacteria and a few Gram-negative bacteria during their growth.
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The bacteria are released after death and disintegration.
Invasive enzymes: lecithinase, hyaluronidase, etc.
Exotoxins are more toxic than endotoxins.
pigment
It is divided into two categories: water-soluble and fat-soluble pigments. Water soluble can diffuse into tissue or culture medium. Fat-soluble pigments only give the colonies their color.
Helps identify bacteria.
antibiotic.
Substances that inhibit or kill certain other microorganisms or tumor cells.
Mostly produced by actinomycetes and fungi.
Bacteriocins.
Proteins with antibacterial properties become bacteriocins. It has a killing effect only on bacteria that are related to the producing bacteria.
For example, colicin is produced by Escherichia coli. The encoding gene is located on the Col plasmid.
vitamins.
Some vitamins synthesized by bacteria can be secreted into the surrounding environment in addition to their own needs.
Artificial culture of bacteria
Methods for cultivating bacteria.
Conditions: sufficient nutrients, suitable pH and osmotic pressure. The right temperature and necessary gases.
Isolation culture.
Specimens were cultured in culture medium using the streaking method. After 18 to 24 hours, visible bacterial groups and colonies will form.
Pure culture.
Provoking a bacterial colony in another culture medium can grow a large number of pure bacteria, which is a pure culture.
culture medium.
Basic medium.
For example, nutrient broth, nutrient agar, peptone water, etc.
Enrichment medium.
Configure a medium suitable for the growth of only one type of bacteria.
Choose a culture medium.
Prepare a culture medium that inhibits the growth of some bacteria and favors the growth of others.
Identify the media.
For example, sugar fermentation tube, triple sugar iron culture medium, eosin-methylene blue agar, etc.
Anaerobic culture medium.
Meat culture medium is commonly used, and petroleum jelly or liquid paraffin is added to the surface of the culture medium to isolate the air.
Add 15g/L agar powder to the liquid culture medium to form a solid medium. Add 3-5g/L agar powder to form a semi-solid culture medium.
Pure bacteria are added to the liquid culture medium to multiply the bacteria in large quantities.
Solid media are used for bacterial isolation and purification.
Semi-solid media are used to observe bacterial motility and preserve bacteria for short periods of time.
The growth status of bacteria in the culture medium.
liquid culture medium.
Most are uniformly turbid.
A small number of chain-shaped bacteria precipitate and grow.
Combined with obligate aerobic bacteria such as mycobacteria, they form a bacterial film and grow on the surface.
solid medium
Smooth colonies. (S)
Rough colonies. (R)
Mucoid colonies. (M)
Semi-solid medium.
The viscosity is lower and flagellated bacteria can still swim freely in it.
The use of artificially cultured bacteria.
Applications in Medicine.
Etiological diagnosis.
Bacteriological research.
Biological product preparation.
Application in industrial and agricultural production.
It can be made into antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, soy sauce, MSG and other products.
Genetic engineering applications.
It is easy to operate, fast to reproduce, and the gene expression products are easy to extract and purify, which greatly reduces the cost.
Physical and chemical factors that inhibit and kill microorganisms
Commonly used terms for disinfection and sterilization.
Sterilize.
A method of destroying all microorganisms on an object, including killing bacterial spores
disinfect.
Kill bacteria on objects or in the environment, not necessarily spores
Anticorrosion.
Methods to prevent or inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.
clean.
The process of reducing microorganisms by removing dust and dirt.
Sterile.
It means that there are no viable bacteria, which is mostly the result of sterilization.
Physical disinfection and sterilization method.
Thermal sterilization.
Dry heat sterilization method.
Burn.
burning.
Damn it.
infrared.
Moist heat sterilization method.
Pasteurization.
Boiling method.
Flowing steam sterilization method.
intermittent steam sterilization
High pressure steam sterilization.
It is the most effective method of sterilization.
At the same temperature, moist heat sterilization is more effective than dry heat sterilization.
Radiation sterilization.
UV rays.
ionizing radiation.
microwave.
Filtration sterilization method.
It is mainly used for the sterilization of some serum, toxins and antibiotics that are not resistant to high temperatures.
Chemical disinfection and sterilization.
Disinfection and sterilization applications.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization.