Also known as diffuse hyperplastic goiter.

To the naked eye, the thyroid gland is diffusely symmetrical and moderately enlarged, generally no more than 150g (normal is 20-40g), and has a smooth surface.

Under a light microscope, the follicular epithelial proliferation is cubic or low columnar, accompanied by the formation of small follicles, less colloid, and interstitial congestion.

Also called diffuse colloid goiter. And long-term sustained iodine deficiency, a large amount of colloid accumulation

To the naked eye, the thyroid gland is diffusely symmetrically enlarged and weighs 200-300g. The surface is smooth, and the cut surface is light yellow or tan, translucent jelly-like.

Under a light microscope, the follicles were found to be of varying sizes, and most of the follicle epithelium was involution and flattened. The follicular cavity is highly enlarged, and a large amount of colloid is accumulated in the cavity, but epithelial hyperplasia of some small follicles and papilla formation can still be seen.

Also called nodular goiter. In the later stages of the disease, the follicular epithelium is focally hyperplasia, involution or atrophy is inconsistent, unevenly distributed, and nodules are formed.

To the naked eye, the thyroid gland is enlarged in an asymmetric nodular shape, with multiple nodules of varying sizes, and some nodules have clear boundaries. There is often no complete capsule. Hemorrhage, necrosis, cystic degeneration, calcification, and scar formation are common in nodule sections.

Under the microscope, part of the follicular epithelium showed columnar or papillary hyperplasia, the formation of small follicles, part of the epithelium involution or atrophy, glial accumulation, interstitial fibrous tissue proliferation, and septal encirclement, forming nodular lesions of varying sizes.

If iodine deficiency persists for a long time, on the one hand, the follicular epithelium will proliferate, and on the other hand, the thyroglobulin synthesized will not be iodized and cannot be absorbed and utilized by epithelial cells. When the follicular cavity is filled with colloid, the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.

Large amounts of calcium and fluoride in drinking water can cause goiter.

Cabbage, cassava, etc. can cause goitre.

Hydrosulfide and perchlorate prevent the accumulation of iodine into the thyroid gland.

Thioureas, sulfonamides, lithium, cobalt and perchlorate. Inhibits the concentration of iodide ions or the organicization of iodide ions.

Due to excessive iodine intake, the organicization process of iodine is blocked, and the thyroid gland becomes compensatory enlargement.

Familial goiter is caused by an inherited deficiency of enzymes involved in hormone synthesis.

The follicular epithelium was tall columnar, some showed papillary hyperplasia, and follicular epithelium was formed.

The colloid in the follicle cavity is thin, and epithelial cell absorption vacuoles of different sizes appear in the colloid surrounding the follicle.

The interstitial blood vessels are abundant and congested, and lymphoid tissue proliferates.

There is IgG deposition on the follicular basement membrane.

Thyroid adenoma is a common benign tumor arising from the thyroid follicular epithelium. It is common in young and middle-aged women, grows slowly, and moves up and down with swallowing activities.

To the naked eye, they are mostly single, round, with a complete capsule, often compressing surrounding tissues, and are generally 3 to 5 cm in diameter. The cut surface is mostly solid and dark red or brown in color. Hemorrhage, cystic changes, fibrosis, and calcification may occur.

The capsule is complete, the tumors are uniform in size, crowded, and contain colloid. Follicular composition similar to normal adult thyroid follicles.

The tumor is composed of large follicles or follicles of different sizes. The follicles are filled with colloid and can fuse with each other to form a cystic shape.

definition

naked eye view

under the mirror

It is a malignant tumor formed by the differentiation of thyroid gland into follicles. The prognosis is often worse than that of papillary carcinoma, accounting for 20% to 25% of thyroid cancers. It is more common in women over 40 years old and often metastasizes to blood vessels.

naked eye

under the mirror

Accounting for 5% to 10% of thyroid cancers, it is a malignant tumor arising from parafollicular cells and is an APUD tumor (APUD tumor refers to a tumor occurring in diffuse neuroendocrine cells). The tumor secretes calcitonin, producing severe diarrhea and hypocalcemia.

naked eye

under the mirror

Electron microscopy

Accounting for 5% to 10% of thyroid cancers, it is also called anaplastic cancer or sarcomatoid cancer and is more common in women over 50 years old.

It grows quickly, can infiltrate and metastasize at an early stage, has a high degree of malignancy and a poor prognosis.

naked eye

under the mirror