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Prokaryotic microorganisms mind map
Regarding the mind map of prokaryotic microorganisms, prokaryotic microorganisms are sorted out. Bacteria have various shapes and structures. Different shapes and structures give bacteria different characteristics and functions.
Edited at 2023-11-11 14:03:13- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Prokaryotic microorganisms mind map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
prokaryotic microorganisms
definition
The cell nucleus is not enveloped by a nuclear membrane and contains only naked DNA called nucleoids.
Classification
eubacteria
Broad bacteria
bacteria
It is a unicellular prokaryotic microorganism with simple structure and tough cell wall that mainly reproduces by binary fission and is highly aquatic.
Bacteria sensu stricto
Actinomycetes
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Rickettsia
Archaea
floating theme
floating theme
floating theme
floating theme
floating theme
floating theme
floating theme
Reproduction and group morphology
group characteristics
solid culture
Colony: On a solid medium, a group of visible colonies centered on the mother cell. A population of daughter cells with certain morphological, structural and other characteristics
Bacterial lawn: If multiple cells of a certain type of bacteria are dispersedly inoculated onto a solid medium After cultivating for a period of time, a large number of bacterial colonies will grow into one piece.
Common characteristics of bacterial colonies: moist, smooth, transparent, viscous, easy to extract, uniform texture, uniform color on the edges and center of the front and back of the colony
liquid culture
Anaerobic bacteria
form a precipitate
Aerobic bacteria
Biofilm floats in liquid surface
facultative anaerobic bacteria
form a uniform Turbid liquid
reproduce
Reproduction method
binary split
Two equals split
No waiting for binary fission
three splits
complex division
A few can also germinate
Lipopolysaccharide effect
Adsorption of divalent cations
selective barrier
Determine the diversity of G-bacterial surface epitopes
G-bacteria pathogenic substances - endotoxin
Phage adsorption site
abnormal form
Physical and chemical factors stimulate
hinder normal cell development
Cultivate and grow
cellular senescence
nutritional deficiencies
Excessive accumulation of self-metabolites
Factors influencing when measuring microorganisms
Individual Differences
Drying and fixation shorten the cells by 1/4-1/3
Staining method (negative staining method)
bacterial age
nurturing environment
Bacterial morphology and structure
form
cocci
Monococci, diplococci, streptococci, tetradococci, Sarcina, staphylococci
According to the arrangement after splitting
bacilli
Bacteria with both ends flush: Bacillus anthracis
Blunt rounded ends: Azotobacter Vickersi
Sharpened ends: Fusobacterium spp.
Spirobacter
Those that bend less than one circle are Vibrio bacteria
Flagellum at one end
Those with a curvature greater than one circle are called spiral bacteria
Flagella are born at both ends
A spiral that exceeds 6 turns and moves through the contraction of the axoneme is called a spiral body
Caulobacter, Pseudomonas spp.....
subtopic
structure
Basic structure
cell wall
effect
Fix cell shape and improve mechanical strength
Assist flagellar movement
Block the entry of macromolecules such as antibiotics and proteases
Give bacteria certain antigenicity, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to phages and certain antibiotics
Dyeing method
Gram stain
A fixed bacterial smear is first stained with crystal violet, then stained with mordant iodine solution, then destained with 95% ethanol, and finally stained with counterstain safranin. Under a microscope, bacteria are divided into Gram-negative and Gram-positive because they appear two colors after staining.
Appearing red is negative G-
Lipopolysaccharide specific
Dark purple is positive G+
The bacterial cell wall is thick and consists of 25-40 layers of peptidoglycan (60%-95%) and 10%-30% teichoic acid stacked together.
teichoic acid action
By concentrating Mg2 around cells through a large number of negative charges on the molecules, Mg2 increases the activity of synthetases on the cell membrane that require M and C acridine
Storage of phosphorus
Can regulate the activity of intracellular autolysin and prevent cell death due to autolysis
Specific uptake of bacteriophages
Material basis of specific surface antigens of Gram-positive bacteria
As a basis for bacterial classification
Enhance the adhesion of certain pathogenic bacteria to host cells, avoid being phagocytized by white blood cells, and have anti-complement effects
plasma membrane
The basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer (skeleton) with a hydrophilic layer on the outside and a hydrophobic layer on the inside; peripheral proteins and integrins
Function
Control the transport and exchange of substances inside and outside cells
Maintains normal intracellular osmotic pressure as a barrier
Synthesis of various cell wall components and capsule sites
Capacity production base for oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation
Send message
It is the insertion site of the flagellum basal body and the energy supply position for flagellum rotation.
cytoplasm
Ribosome
Site of peptide and protein synthesis
inclusions
metachromatic granules
Poly beta-hydroxybutyric acid
glycogen
sulfur body
magnetosomes
bubble
Only aquatic cells have it
Pseudo-core
It carries most of the genetic information of bacteria and is the control center of bacterial growth and development, metabolism and genetic variation.
Since DNA replication precedes cell division, there are often 2 to 4 nucleoids in a bacterium. When growing at a low rate, 1 to 2 nucleoids can be seen.
special structure
capsule
flagellum
Elongated, wavy, hair-like appendages extending from the cell membrane
Small diameter, large length
Visible by flagellar staining (bolded diameter)
Mainly composed of protein, with a small amount of polysaccharides or lipids
pili
The cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria and a few Gram-positive bacteria consists of some flagella that are thinner, shorter and straighter than flagella.
spores
The most stress-resistant life form in the entire biological world, whether it can eliminate spores is the most important indicator for measuring various disinfection and sterilization methods.
Most of the spores that can produce spores are bacilli, and only a few of cocci and spirochae can produce spores.
A dormant structure formed outside the vegetative cell (not reproductive)
Spores can remain dormant for a long time or can transform into vegetative cells under certain conditions. Artificial activation can use short-term high temperature, low pH, strong oxidant treatment, etc. Stress resistance decreases during the germination process, and it is most easily eliminated at this time. (for artificial elimination of spores)
Germination includes activation, germination and growth
sugar quilt
Smooth shape (S) Rough shape (R)
the difference
The genetic material of eukaryotic microorganisms is a group of one or more chromosomes composed of double helix DNA, forming a eukaryotic nucleus, surrounded by a nuclear membrane with holes and nucleoli, which is obviously different from the surrounding cytoplasm, and Histones bind to it
The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is surrounded by a cell membrane, and has a large number of folds and invaginations of the cell membrane to form an inner membrane structure (used for cell respiration), and does not contain other obviously differentiated organelles. Eukaryotic cells also have cell membranes but they are not indented and contain a variety of organelles.
Both have ribosomes (which synthesize proteins), but they are different sizes. The sedimentation coefficient of prokaryotic ribosomes is 70S, the sedimentation coefficient of eukaryotic ribosomes is 80S, and the sedimentation coefficient of organelle ribosomes is 70S. Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits, 50S and 30S, and eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits, 60S and 40S.