1.1 Right heart failure is the most common, accompanied by edema

1.2 Rest can increase renal blood flow, increase urine output, and reduce the burden on the heart. A low-salt diet is also required

2.1 Left heart failure is the most common

2.21️⃣The earliest symptoms of exertional dyspnea 2️⃣Typical manifestations of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 3️⃣The most serious manifestation of acute pulmonary edema is coughing up pink frothy sputum

2.3 High pillow lying position, semi-sitting lying position or upright lying position

3.1 Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction are the most common

4.1 Arrhythmia is the most common

4.2 Palpitations are generally not dangerous

4.3 Nursing measures: Avoid lying on the left side

5.1 Nearly syncope and amaurosis fugax occur when the blood supply to the heart is suspended for more than three seconds. Fainting occurs for more than five seconds and convulsions occur for more than ten seconds, which is called A-S syndrome.

1.1 The main cause of death in chronic heart failure Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is the most common cause of chronic heart failure in my country.

1.2 Left heart failure: Mainly manifested by pulmonary circulation congestion

1.3 Right heart failure: Mainly manifested by systemic circulation congestion

2.1 Acute left heart failure is the most common, mostly caused by acute pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock.

2.2 Oxygen therapy: high flow (6~8L/min), high concentration (45%~53%) ethanol humidification (20%~30%), intermittent nasal cannula oxygen inhalation To reduce the surface tension of foam in the alveoli and improve alveolar ventilation.

2.3 Quickly establish an intravenous channel and give the correct medicine: 1️⃣morphine 2️⃣rapid diuretics 3️⃣vasodilators 4️⃣cardiotonics 5️⃣aminophylline

1.1 Dyspnea is the most common early symptom. In acute pulmonary edema, capillaries rupture and a large amount of pink foamy sputum is coughed up.

1.2 Signs include severe mitral valve appearance and palpable diastolic tremor at the apex. Mid-to-late diastolic rumble-like murmur in the apical region is the most typical symptom.

2.1 First, fatigue and weakness appear, and the symptoms include a loud and rough high-pitched wind-like holosystolic murmur in the apex area.

3.1 Dyspnea, angina, and syncope are the typical triad of aortic stenosis. Exertional dyspnea is the first symptom.

3.2 A loud and rough systolic wind-like murmur can be heard.

4.1 Strong pulsating sensation in the head, and left heart failure may occur in the late stage.

4.2 High-pitched sigh-like diastolic murmur in the third and fourth intercostal spaces at the left sternal border

4.3 Congestive heart failure is a common cause of complications and death in advanced rheumatic heart valves.

4.4 Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia.

4.5 Thromboembolism: Left atrial embolus is most common with cerebral artery embolism.

4.6 Echocardiography is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method.

1.1 Blood pressure is significantly increased (>180/120mmhg)

1.2 It is accompanied by symptoms of dysfunction of important targeted organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys.

2.1 refers to a significant increase in blood pressure without damage to the target organ.

1.1 The basic cause is coronary atherosclerosis.

1.2 The typical symptom is paroxysmal chest pain, which usually lasts three to five minutes and rarely exceeds 15 minutes.

1.3 Relief methods: Relief can be achieved by resting or taking nitroglycerin sublingually.

1.4 Auxiliary examination: 1️⃣Electrocardiogram examination: It is the most commonly used method to detect myocardial ischemia and diagnose angina pectoris. 2️⃣Radionuclide examination: It is currently the most reliable method to estimate myocardial viability. 3️⃣ Coronary angiography is currently used to diagnose coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. This effective method and the most important means is called the "gold standard" in the medical community.

1.5 Drug treatment: 1️⃣β-blockers: Long-term use can reduce the risk of death and myocardial infarction in patients with angina pectoris. 2️⃣Nitrate preparations: thereby reducing the frequency of angina pectoris attacks and alleviating symptoms. 3️⃣Calcium channel blockers: Reduce heart rate contraction rate, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, improve myocardial blood supply and reduce cardiac load.

1.6 Provide low-calorie, low-salt, low-fat, low-cholesterol, and high-vitamin foods with appropriate amounts of fiber and protein that are easily digestible.

2.1 Myocardial blood supply is sharply reduced or interrupted for more than 20 to 30 minutes.

2.2 Loss of warning: New angina pectoris or aggravation of existing angina pectoris is the most prominent.

2.3 Pain: The earliest, most prominent, and lasting for several hours or days. Resting and taking nitroglycerin cannot relieve it. accompanied by a sense of near-death.

2.4 Arrhythmia: It is most common within 24 hours, so arrhythmia, especially early eating, is the most common. It becomes a precursor to ventricular fibrillation, which is the main cause of death in this disease.

2.5 Heart failure: mainly acute left heart failure

2.6 Electrocardiogram detection: the most characteristic pathological q wave.

1.1 is the most common type of clinical cardiomyopathy.

1.2 Viral infections are most common such as coxsackie virus group B

1.3 The main physical signs are enlargement of the heart boundary and fast heart rate, which can be called galloping rhythm.

1.4 Echocardiography: It is the most commonly used treatment method for diagnosis and evaluation.

2.1 is a hereditary cardiomyopathy and one of the leading causes of sudden death during exercise in adolescents.

2.2 Exertional dyspnea and fatigue are the most common A rough squirting sound was heard in the third to fourth intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum. Systolic murmur.

1.1 Viruses are the most common

1.2 Precordial pain is the main symptom, which is sharp pain.

1.3 Signs: Pericardial friction rub is the most valuable sign for acute pericarditis.

1.4Beck's triad and hypotension, dull heart sounds, jugular vein distension

1.5 Symptoms: Dyspnea is the most prominent symptom.

1.6X examination of the heart shadow: expanded to both sides, taking on a flask shape.

2.1 Tuberculous pericarditis is the most common

2.2 Common symptom is exertional dyspnea

2.3 Pericardectomy is the only treatment for constrictive pericarditis.

When a high-voltage current is applied to the heart for a period of time, all or most of the new machines are depolarized instantly and re-control the heart rhythm.

It is an interventional treatment method that effectively controls the frequency fluctuation of cardiac compression charging flow.

It is an examination method to understand the structure and function of the heart valves and blood vessels.

It is currently the most reliable method for diagnosing coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.

It is the most basic means of coronary interventional treatment.

1.1. Is the most common symptom of respiratory disease

2.1. bronchial disease Lung disease Caused by circulatory system diseases Tuberculosis is the most common

2.2. Suffocation is the main cause of direct death from hemoptysis If you have a small amount of hemoptysis, you should lie down and rest. If you have a large amount of hemoptysis, you should definitely stay in bed.

2.3. Pituitaryin is used to stop bleeding in patients with massive hemoptysis Contraindicated in suppressing breathing with morphine

2.4. Rescue 1️⃣The patient is in a prone position with his head down and feet high at 45 degrees, with his head tilted to one side. 2️⃣Quickly remove blood clots in the mouth and nose 3️⃣Tracheal intubation if necessary 4️⃣High-flow oxygen inhalation

3.1. Pain characteristics: 1️⃣Squeezing pain behind the sternum or precordium, Radiates to the left shoulder and inner side of the left arm, seen in angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction 2️⃣Sudden severe chest pain after holding your breath or coughing violently, accompanied by difficulty breathing, is seen in spontaneous pneumothorax

4.1. Category: 1️⃣Inspiratory dyspnea accompanied by "three concave signs" 2️⃣Expiratory dyspnea 3️⃣Mixed dyspnea

1.1 It is usually a viral infection, and hemolytic streptococci are more common.

1.2 Acute herpetic angina: mostly caused by coxsackie virus group A, more common in summer, more common in children

2.1 People with wet rales and phlegm should not be given strong antitussives such as codeine. Pay attention to rehydration and drink plenty of water.

1.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia is the most common

1.2 1️⃣Lobular (bronchial) pneumonia the most common pneumonia 2️⃣Lobar (alveolar) pneumonia, the most common pathogenic bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae

1.3 1️⃣ Sputum examination: Sputum culture can determine the pathogen. 2️⃣X-ray examination: large inflammatory infiltration shadow or consolidation shadow. 3️⃣Penicillin G is the first choice, the course of treatment is 5~7 days, and the drug should be stopped three days after the fever subsides💊

1.1 Have symptoms of cough, sputum, and wheezing.

1.2 Coughs mostly occur in the morning

1.3 A lot of phlegm in the morning or changes in body position can stimulate phlegm.

1.4 Some people with obvious wheezing may be accompanied by bronchial asthma.

2.1 When patients with chronic bronchial emphysema experience airflow limitation, they can be diagnosed as COPD.

2.2 The barrel-shaped chest is inspected, the tremor is weakened by palpation, the voice is too clear by percussion, and the expiration time is prolonged by auscultation.

2.3 Long-term home therapy requires oxygen flow of 1~2L per minute and oxygen inhalation time of 10~15 hours per day.

2.4 Respiratory function exercises: abdominal breathing and pursed-lip breathing

3.1 Formation of pulmonary hypertension: Hypoxia is the most important and critical factor in the formation of pulmonary hypertension.

3.21️⃣Pulmonary and heart function compensation phase: signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiac pulsation under the xiphoid process. 2️⃣Pulmonary and heart function decompensation stage 1. Respiratory failure is the most prominent manifestation. Difficulty breathing at night. Severe cases may cause pulmonary encephalopathy and confusion. 2. Left heart failure: positive hepatic jugular reflux sign Pulmonary encephalopathy is the leading cause of death among patients

1.1 Type I respiratory failure pao2＜60mmhg, reduced or normal Type II respiratory failure pao2<60mmhg and paco2>50mmhg

1.21️⃣Dyspnea is the earliest symptom of respiratory failure 2️⃣Cyanosis is a typical manifestation of hypoxia

2.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most common, and respiratory infection is the most common cause.

2.2 Dyspnea. Dyspnea is the earliest and most important manifestation. Cyanosis is a classic sign of hypoxia.

2.3 Neuropsychiatric symptoms: Pulmonary heart and encephalopathy manifests as apathy, lethargy and coma.

2.4 Blood gas analysis: It is the most important indicator for diagnosing respiratory failure and judging acid-base disorders.