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MindMap Gallery Lipids and biological membranes
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Lipids and biological membranes
This is a mind map about lipids and biofilms, a large class of organic compounds in living organisms that are insoluble in water but easily soluble in non-polar organic solvents, including fatty acids, biofilms, etc.
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Lipids and biological membranes
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- Outline
Lipids and biological membranes
definition
A large class of organic compounds in living organisms that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents
Chemical component classification
1. Pure lipids
triacylglycerol wax
2. Complex lipids
In addition to fatty acids and alcohols, it also contains non-lipid components (linic acids, nitrogenous bases, sugars)
Glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin
3. Derivatized lipids
Derivatives of simple lipids and complex lipids
Fatty acids, glycerol, sterols, terpenes and prostaglandins
Triacylglycerol
(Fat)/Triglycerides
The main form of energy storage in organisms
The chemical essence of animal and vegetable oils is fatty acylglycerol
The alcoholic hydroxyl group of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol is dehydrated to form
General structural formula
R1, R2 and R3 are the same as simple triacylglycerols
R1, R2 and R3 are different mixed triacylglycerols
Physical and chemical properties
Pure ones are generally colorless, odorless and tasteless, and are commonly extracted with non-polar organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, benzene and petroleum ether.
Animals have a high content of saturated fatty acids, a high melting point, and are solid at room temperature. They are called fats.
Plants have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, a low melting point, and are liquid at room temperature. They are called oils.
Triacylglycerol also known as fat
hydrolysis
Under the action of acid, alkali or lipase, triacylglycerol is gradually hydrolyzed into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acids
saponification reaction
Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils
Generate fatty acid salts commonly known as soap
Hydrogenation and halogenation
The double bonds in triacylglycerol can undergo addition reactions with hydrogen or halogens.
Hydrogenated oil: Vegetable oil and Ni form solid or semi-solid state
Iodine value
The amount of halogen absorbed in the halogenation reaction is expressed by the iodine value
The higher the degree of unsaturation, the higher the iodine value
rancidity
Oils and fats that are exposed to the air for too long can oxidize and produce an unpleasant odor (turn into clams).
The degree of rancidity is expressed by iodine value (value)
fatty acid
definition
Many lipid components, most of which exist in bound form in triacylglycerol, with a small amount of free
Structural features
The number of carbon atoms is between 12-24, with 16 and 18 being the most common
Common in saturated fatty acids
Palmitic acid
stearic acid
unsaturated fatty acid
Oleic acid
Number of double bonds
The unsaturated fatty acids of a few plants contain conjugated double bonds - diketooleic acid
monounsaturated fatty acids
There is only one double bond in the molecule
Oleic acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
Two or more double bonds
Linoleic acid, arachidonic acid
Molecular Structure
cis structure
Mostly unsaturated fatty acids
trans structure
Minor unsaturated fatty acids
Excessive intake increases the risk of arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease
essential fatty acids
Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by themselves and must be obtained from diet, especially plant-based diet
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Vision and brain development in infants and children, improved blood circulation in adults
eicosanoids
20 carbon PUFA derived
prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes
Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipid
Amphipathic molecule, the largest membrane structural lipid
Pure It is a white waxy solid, soluble in most non-polar solvents containing a small amount of water (except absolute ethanol) - for example, chloroform-methanol mixed solvent extraction
Phosphatidic acid
Parent compound, precursor for the biosynthesis of other glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin)
The most abundant lipid substance in the cell membrane
Phosphatidylserine
platelet factor 3
activate prothrombin
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
ether glycerophospholipid
Plasmalogen
platelet activating factor
Sphingomyelin
Sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids
The second largest membrane structural lipid
Ceramide
protect nerves
Structural matrix of all sphingolipids
Found in animal cell plasma membranes, especially myelin sheaths
Glycosphingolipids
Does the sugar base contain sialic acid or sulfuric acid?
neutral glycosphingolipid
cerebroside
red blood cell glycosides
acidic glycosphingolipid
gangliosides
Sulfatide
Steroid
Steroids
Many plants
cholesterol
The most abundant sterol in animal tissues
amphiphile
C3 combines with higher fatty acids to form cholesterol esters
One of the main components of lipoprotein complexes in blood
Vitamin D, precursor of bile acids
Plants have phytosterols
Inhibit cholesterol absorption
biofilm
Plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, mitochondrial membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lysosome membrane, Golgi membrane...
Related to material transport, energy conversion, cellular immunity, cell recognition, signal transduction, neurotransmission, metabolic regulation
Classification
membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipid
Glycolipids
Animals: Glycosphingolipids
Bacteria, plants: glyceroglycolipids
sterol
Animals: Cholesterol
Plants: β-sitosterol, stigmasterol
Bacteria generally do not contain sterols
polymorphism
amphiphilic nature
Membrane Protein
intrinsic membrane protein
Embedded, accounting for 70%-80%
Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral, accounting for 20%-30%
membrane sugar
Oligosaccharide-protein complex (glycocalyx)
structure
intermolecular forces
electrostatic force
hydrophobicity
Van der Waals forces
1. Asymmetric distribution of membrane components
2. Membrane fluidity
Liquidity
The length of the fatty acid chain in the phospholipid molecule
The longer the chain, the higher the degree of unsaturation and the greater the fluidity
sterol content
Sterols block the orderly arrangement of fatty acyl chains
structural model
flow tessellation model
lipid raft model