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Obsessive-compulsive disorder mind map
·Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It is a group of neuropsychiatric diseases with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors as the main clinical manifestations. It is characterized by the coexistence of conscious compulsions and counter-compulsions, some of which are meaningless or even contrary to Thoughts or impulses of one's own wishes repeatedly invade the patient's daily life. ·Although patients experience that these thoughts or impulses originate from themselves and try their best to resist, they are still unable to control them. The strong conflict between the two makes them feel great anxiety and pain, affecting their study, work, interpersonal communication and even daily life. ·Drawing is not easy, I hope you will be happy, thank you❤️
Edited at 2023-11-06 09:24:22
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El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder mind map
- cáncer de pulmón
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
- diabetes
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
- sistema digestivo
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
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- Outline
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Overview
●A recurring and persistent obsession or compulsive behavior ●Recurring stereotyped behaviors or rituals ●Knowing that these concepts or actions are meaningless, but unable to control them ●The cause of the disease is complex, the manifestations are diverse, and the course of the disease is prolonged
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a relatively common mental illness characterized by recurring obsessive thoughts and compulsive impulses. Or compulsive behavior is the main manifestation. Most patients believe that these concepts and behaviors are unnecessary or abnormal. It was against my will, but I couldn't get rid of it, and I felt deeply anxious and painful about it.
What is the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the population?
The lifetime prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder worldwide is 0.8%~3.0%. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is relatively low in my country. According to the latest survey data, The domestic prevalence rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder is 1.63%.
The average age of onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder is 20 years old, and about 2/3 of patients have symptoms before the age of 25. Only a few patients develop the disease after the age of 35. The prevalence in women is slightly higher than in men.
People at risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder include:
·Parents, siblings, and children suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder.
·Those who have experienced traumatic life events in childhood, such as sexual assault, abuse, etc.
·Normally requires perfection in doing things, sticks to rules, has a stubborn personality, A person with a compulsive personality who sticks to details and "programs" trivial matters in life.
·Those who have been excessively engaged in high-intensity mental work or have high pressure in life for a long time.
Cause
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a multi-dimensional and multi-factor disease, with personality traits, Genetic factors, psychological environment and other factors all play a role in its pathogenesis.
What are the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
genetic factors
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is closely related to heredity, with obvious familial aggregation.
The parents, siblings, and children of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have a higher prevalence rate, which is four times that of the general population;
The chance of having the disease at the same time is as high as 65% to 85% for identical twins, and 15% to 45% for fraternal twins.
neurobiological basis
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have a specific neuroanatomical basis. The orbitofrontal cortex-striatum-thalamus circuit is pathologically pathological and exhibits obsessive thinking.
The occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is also related to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA). It is related to the dysfunction of the three neurotransmitters glutamate.
Personality Traits
Research has found that about 2/3 of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have obsessive-compulsive personality before the disease.
Usually manifested as:
Things are required to be done flawlessly, step-by-step, stick to the rules, and be methodical;
Extremely strict with oneself, difficult to accommodate, stubborn and poor in flexibility;
They often feel insecure and are afraid of negligence or mistakes when dealing with others. Frequently check or reflect on whether your actions are correct;
Pay attention to details, and even the trivial matters of life must be programmed.
What are the triggering factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Negative emotions and life events
Negative emotions and life events are often the triggers for the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Such as changes in living environment, poor interpersonal relationships, and increased responsibilities, Family discord, death of a loved one, sudden shock, etc.
pressure
Stress makes people prone to fear, anxiety, and forcing themselves to do certain fixed things. Such as fixed thinking and behavioral patterns to buffer stress.
symptom
There are two main aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder: obsessive thoughts and obsessive behaviors.
Every patient's condition is different and the severity can vary widely. Some patients may only spend 1 to 3 hours a day performing repetitive behaviors. Such as repeated hand washing and examination; while some patients will have persistent, Stubborn intrusive thoughts or uncontrollable compulsive behaviors lead to loss of social function.
What are the typical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
obsessive thinking
Refers to certain unwanted or intrusive thoughts, doubts, or impulses that repeatedly appear in the mind. The patient knows that these are of no practical significance and wants to try to ignore, suppress or use other thoughts, Movements are made to fight it, but there is no way to get rid of it, resulting in distress and anxiety.
forced doubt
Repeatedly doubting the correctness of one's words and deeds, to the point of I checked again and again, knowing that it was unnecessary, but couldn't restrain myself.
(When I go out, I repeatedly check whether the doors and windows are closed. Even if I go home and confirm again and again, I still feel that they are not closed properly;)
(Doubt whether you just said the wrong thing, and repeatedly think about the harm caused to others, etc.)
compulsive rumination
Knowing that it is meaningless, but unable to restrain myself, I think over and over again about meaningless things.
(Why is the sun round, not square;)
(Why 1 plus 1 equals 2 but not 3 and other questions.)
forced association
Hear or see a certain idea or sentence in your mind, Then I naturally think of some unpleasant things.
(When I see rain, I think of floods;)
(When I see banknotes, I think they are covered with bacteria;)
(When I see someone smoking, I think of fire, etc.)
forced oppositional ideas
When I see a sentence or a thought comes to my mind, You can't help but think of opposite words or ideas.
(If you think of "peace", you immediately think of "war";)
(When you see "cute", "disgusting" etc. immediately appear in your mind.)
forced recall
The things I have experienced appear repeatedly in my mind involuntarily. And it is impossible to get rid of it, which brings a lot of troubles to life.
Some patients will recall from the beginning if they are interrupted during forced recall.
obsessive intention
Have a strong impulse to do something transgressive Things you want to do, but they don’t actually turn into actions.
(When standing on a high place, I have the urge to jump, although I can control it. I won’t really jump, but I can’t resist the idea ;)
(While walking on the road, I want to hit a moving car, and I can imagine the scene of a car accident, etc.)
compulsive behavior
Refers to repetitive behaviors or mental activities that often appear after obsessive thinking. Or driven by it. Patients' compulsive behaviors are mostly involuntary but rarely restrained.
forced inspection
Measures taken to mitigate obsessive suspicion.
(I checked repeatedly because I doubted whether I had forgotten to close the doors, windows, power supply, natural gas, etc.)
For those with serious illness, they may not be able to feel at ease even after being checked dozens of times. Although I knew it was unnecessary, I still couldn't restrain myself from checking again.
forced cleaning
To eliminate worries about dirt or bacterial contamination, And behaviors such as washing hands, bathing or cleaning the house repeatedly, And this kind of cleaning often needs to follow certain procedures.
forced questioning
Because you can't believe what you see and hear, in order to eliminate this doubt The anxiety caused by the disorder often means asking others repeatedly for explanations or reassurances.
(Repeatedly ask others if they said something wrong, did something wrong, etc.)
forced counting
I have an obsession with numbers and am immersed in meaningless counting actions all day long.
(Counting passers-by, phone numbers and car license plates that you encounter by chance must be memorized repeatedly;)
(Counting stairs, floors, etc. over and over again, knowing that a lot of time is wasted but unable to control myself.)
compulsive ritual actions
Actions taken to reduce or prevent anxiety caused by obsessions.
(Be sure to step your left foot first when entering;)
(Shoes should be placed with your head facing east;)
(Must go to bed at 10 o'clock every day, etc.)
What symptoms may accompany obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Along with obsessive thoughts or behaviors, patients may also experience other symptoms due to anxiety and restlessness.
avoidance behavior
To reduce anxiety, patients often avoid triggering obsessive thoughts or compulsions. People, places and things that cause compulsive behavior, become hesitant and slow to do things.
As the condition progresses, avoidance behavior may become the symptom of greatest concern.
obsessive emotions
Obsessive thoughts or behaviors can cause patients to have greater emotional reactions
Such as anxiety, depression and fear, which affect daily life; Reduced work efficiency, reduced quality of life, avoidance of certain environments and situations, etc.
Even forcing others to comply with one's compulsive behavior and interfering with other people's lives
Tic symptoms
Among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder onset in children and adolescents, Often accompanied by abnormal muscle movements such as tics
Including vocal tics, local muscle or limb tics, and and involuntary repetitive behaviors, such as clapping or touching an object.
Patients generally experience local physical discomfort before tics, which can be relieved after tics.
other
For patients who wash their hands compulsively, the stratum corneum of the skin on their hands will be damaged due to long-term repeated washing;
Patients who compulsively pick, dig, and pluck hair may see damage to the corresponding parts;
A small number of patients may have fine motor coordination disorders, such as holding a pen to write, tying buttons, etc.
Seek medical advice
Diagnosis requires a very detailed process, and doctors must combine Judgment is based on patient symptoms, disease history, and physical examination results.
In the early stages of the disease, the patient's life was not significantly affected. Therefore, it is easy to be ignored and not seek medical treatment in time.
When patients experience these symptoms or conditions, they need to seek medical attention promptly:
The recurring and persistent appearance of some ideas, thoughts, impressions or impulses, etc. And I know these things are meaningless, but I can't restrain myself.
Repeated actions or behaviors such as hand washing, checking, and meaningless counting, Repeated dozens of times a day, wasting a lot of time.
Some obsessive thoughts or behaviors have begun to affect the patient's work and study, and hinder normal life.
The occurrence of diseases other than obsessive-compulsive symptoms, such as depression, tics, suicidal tendencies, etc.
Which department should I go to for treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
The daily treatment departments for obsessive-compulsive disorder are the psychiatry or psychology departments of psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals.
What are the related tests for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Examination of obsessive-compulsive disorder mainly includes some self-evaluation questionnaires or scales. Make a preliminary assessment and judgment of the patient's condition based on the assessment results. In addition, some relevant physical examinations are also required to assist in diagnosis.
Self-assessment questionnaires or scales
Psychiatrists commonly use the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and its children's version to determine whether a patient has obsessive-compulsive disorder and its severity. It mainly includes 5 questions each for obsessive thinking and obsessive behavior. The answers to each question are divided into 5 levels from light to heavy, with scores ranging from 0 to 4 points. Doctors will judge the severity of the condition based on the patient's total score. The higher the score, the more serious the condition.
In addition to Y-BOCS, a professional scale used by doctors, Patients can also self-assess using the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Revised and the Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire
obsessive-compulsive scale-revised
It contains 6 subscales, each subscale contains 3 items.
This scale is used to evaluate the patient's feelings about these obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the past month. It is divided into 5 levels according to severity, with scores ranging from 0 to 4. The higher the score, the more severe the symptoms.
obsessional beliefs questionnaire
The current version of this scale has 3 subscales with a total of 44 items. Includes: responsibility/threat assessment, perfectionism/certainty assessment, importance/control thinking assessment.
Before the assessment, patients need to understand the severity represented by the score of each question. Score accordingly based on what you think is best for the situation.
Physical examination
If there are lesions in the central nervous system of the brain, obsessive-compulsive symptoms may also occur. For differential diagnosis, Patients may also undergo some neurological examinations, routine blood and urine tests and other laboratory tests.
What diseases should be distinguished from obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder often coexists with depression, and patients with depression will have certain There are some obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder may also have symptoms of depression. The two diseases need to be carefully differentiated to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.
The identification is mainly based on which symptom occurs first and occupies the dominant position. If both depressive symptoms and obsessive-compulsive symptoms meet clinical diagnostic criteria, Two diagnoses need to be made. (In addition, there are the following differences between the two.)
From the perspective of symptoms
Obsessive-compulsive disorder belongs to the category of neurosis and is characterized by recurring thoughts or repeated actions. Patients know that these behaviors or thoughts are meaningless, but they have no control over them, so they feel distressed.
Depression is a psychological disorder, characterized by long-term obvious low mood, and belongs to the category of affective disorders. Patients often present with low mood, reduced interest, lack of energy, and pessimism, which in turn affects physical discomfort, chest tightness, and palpitations. Loss of appetite, weight loss, etc. In severe cases, hallucinations, fantasies, and even suicidal behavior may occur.
From a circadian rhythm perspective
Symptoms of patients with depression vary from day to day and night to night. Falling into a low mood will gradually improve in the afternoon or evening.
There is no such pattern in the manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
From the perspective of suicide risk
People with depression have a higher risk of suicide, and the odds of suicide are significantly higher than those with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder generally actively seek treatment, even if there are symptoms such as standing in a high place The dangerous impulse to jump downward will also be restrained, and few patients will actively commit suicide.
Judging from the course of the disease
The duration of each episode of depression is short, and antibiotics are generally given. Patients can achieve better therapeutic effects with depression drug treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder generally has a long course. Although it is treated with medication and psychological The treatment has a certain effect, but most patients find it unsatisfactory.
treat
Treatment methods for obsessive-compulsive disorder include medication, psychotherapy and physical therapy. Among them, psychotherapy and drug treatment are the most important treatment methods.
In drug treatment, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) It is currently the drug of choice for initial treatment.
Cognitive behavioral therapy in psychotherapy is also the first-line treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is very effective in improving the effects of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Specific treatment methods vary from person to person, and the doctor will decide based on the patient’s symptoms and Depending on the severity, a personalized treatment plan should be developed and regular observation and follow-up is required.
What are the general treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disease and is prone to recurring episodes. Therefore, like diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, long-term treatment is required.
acute phase treatment
Treatment in the acute phase usually lasts for 10 to 12 weeks, with SSRIs being the first choice. Start taking the medication at the higher dose recommended by the prescription.
Most patients will see significant results within 4 to 6 weeks of treatment.
If the treatment effect is not good after 12 weeks in the acute phase, you can follow the doctor’s advice If the drug dose is increased but still not effective, the drug regimen needs to be adjusted. Or choose other treatment methods such as psychotherapy and physical therapy.
Consolidation and maintenance phase treatment
After treatment in the acute phase, if the curative effect is significant, you can enter the country The consolidation period and maintenance treatment generally last for 1 to 2 years.
Continued adherence to treatment can reduce a patient's chance of relapse. When the maintenance period is completed After treatment, after systematic evaluation by the doctor, the patient can gradually reduce the dosage of medication. However, regular medical check-ups are required to monitor the response after reducing the medication and whether there is recurrence.
If symptoms recur, the original drug dose needs to be added back to extend the maintenance period of treatment.
What medications are available for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Due to large individual differences, there is no absolute best, fastest or most effective medication. In addition to commonly used over-the-counter drugs, the most appropriate drug should be selected based on the individual situation under the guidance of a doctor.
Medication is one of the main treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Commonly used medications include SSRIs, such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine, etc. In addition, there are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as clomipramine. Among them, SSRIs are currently the first-line treatment drugs. Clomipramine has adverse reactions and is rarely used clinically.
Although antipsychotic drugs are not routinely used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, when used in combination with SSRIs, Can increase the efficacy of SSRIs. Commonly used medications include atypical antipsychotics, Such as risperidone, aripiprazole, quetiapine and olanzapine.
What surgical treatments are available for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
The disease generally does not require surgical treatment.
How to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder with traditional Chinese medicine?
There is currently no evidence-based medical evidence to support the TCM treatment of this disease. However, some traditional Chinese medicine treatments or medicines can relieve symptoms. It is recommended to go to a regular medical institution and receive treatment under the guidance of a physician.
psychotherapy
The causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder are complex, and drug treatment alone is often difficult to obtain. Satisfactory therapeutic effects also require appropriate forms of psychotherapy to assist.
At present, the main treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder include cognitive behavioral therapy, Psychoanalytic therapy, Morita therapy and supportive psychotherapy, etc. Among them, cognitive behavioral therapy is considered to be the most effective psychological treatment method for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.
cognitive behavioral therapy
This method mainly changes the patient's correct view of themselves, others and things. perceptions and attitudes, thereby improving patients’ obsessive-compulsive symptoms, requiring doctors to work with Only by fully cooperating with patients and working together can we achieve good therapeutic effects.
The therapy mainly includes: thought blocking, exposure therapy and reaction prevention, Systematic desensitization, the most effective of which is exposure and response prevention therapy.
exposure therapy
This method enables patients to learn to face anxiety-provoking objects or situations.
reaction prevention
Ask patients to postpone, reduce or even give up behaviors that can reduce anxiety, Such as shortening the time for washing hands, reducing the frequency of hand washing, or even giving up washing hands.
Morita therapy
This therapy was created by Dr. Masuma Morita from Japan. It is emphasized that patients should "accept objectively and do what they should" towards symptoms. During the treatment process, Patients are asked to adopt an attitude of letting things take their own course and face the reality first. Don’t force changes; on the one hand, learn to accept symptoms without resistance; On the other hand, I gradually adapted to work and study with symptoms.
At present, there are many reports that Morita therapy is effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. It gradually became known to the Chinese people and began to be used in clinical treatment.
What other treatments are available for OCD?
When medications and psychological treatments are ineffective, treatment can be considered Physical therapy, including: modified electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, etc.
Although these methods combined with drug treatment have certain effects, However, in actual clinical operations in my country, the indications and contraindications need to be strictly observed. Unless you have refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder with severe depression and suicidal tendencies, Physical therapy should be used with caution in other patients.
prognosis
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disease with little chance of automatic remission or recovery. Only about 10% of patients will have periods of complete remission;
About 30% of patients have a fluctuating disease course, with their condition getting better and worse;
In most patients, the disease progresses gradually, with symptoms getting worse and worse. It affects the patients' daily work and study and brings a lot of inconvenience to their lives.
However, due to the characteristics of the disease itself, the time from onset to treatment is The interval often exceeds 10 years, which leads to a prolonged course of the disease and increases the difficulty of treatment.
There is no clinical cure, but most patients who persist in treatment It can improve the discomfort caused by obsessive-compulsive symptoms and lead a normal life.
Early detection and early treatment are the key to improving the prognosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
What are the possible complications of OCD?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics are closely genetically linked. 21% of adolescent patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder also have tic symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are often one of the manifestations of tics.
daily
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disease. In addition to following the doctor's instructions and insisting on long-term treatment, Healthy lifestyle and interpersonal relationships can also increase the effectiveness of treatment, Reducing the recurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder will help improve the prognosis.
During the entire treatment process for obsessive-compulsive disorder, doctors must evaluate the patient's condition at any time. In the initial stage of treatment, patients should have follow-up visits at least every 2 weeks. After entering the maintenance period of treatment, Follow up at least once a month so that the doctor can observe the treatment effect and adjust the treatment plan in a timely manner.
How to care for obsessive-compulsive disorder at home?
For patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the first thing family members must learn is to understand.
The abnormal behaviors and thoughts displayed by patients are not unreasonable and cannot be controlled by themselves. Therefore, when patients have obsessive behaviors or thoughts, family members must be more patient. Avoid using harsh words or behaviors to suppress the patient’s obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Instead, communicate with a gentle attitude to help relieve the discomfort caused by the disease.
It is necessary to soothe the patient's uneasy emotions in time and let him feel the warmth of his family.
Encourage patients to overcome obsessive-compulsive symptoms and help them build determination to defeat the disease. During the treatment process, even if the patient's condition improves slightly, It is also necessary to give timely affirmation and encouragement to help improve their anxiety.
What should patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder pay attention to in daily life management?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder can easily relapse, so patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder must follow the doctor's advice and take medication on time.
Also pay attention in life
Regular follow-up visits
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment. Patients should maintain close contact with their doctors and provide positive feedback on themselves Current treatment status in order to better control the condition.
Learn to face setbacks
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder often have personality traits such as suspicion and perfectionism. Therefore, we should gradually learn to correctly face failures and setbacks in life, work, and study, Avoid turning these difficulties into triggers for OCD relapse.
Do exercises to relieve stress and anxiety
When facing things and places that induce compulsion, you can listen to some soothing music, Walk, do yoga, take a hot bath, etc. to relieve stress and anxiety.
lifestyle changes
Patients should pay attention to regular work and rest and eat healthily. Limit or avoid drinks containing alcohol or caffeine, and be relaxed during meals. Practice moderation and don't overeat to relieve stress.
What indicators need to be monitored daily for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
As a chronic disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder is similar to hypertension, Just like diabetes, patients need to learn to live with it for a long time.
In addition to regular outpatient follow-up visits, patients can also undergo obsessive-compulsive disorder The revised version of the scale and the obsessive-compulsive questionnaire are used to evaluate changes in one's current condition. If the situation is found to be serious, you need to see a doctor in time and let the doctor adjust the treatment plan.
How to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder?
There is (currently) no effective way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder.
In order to avoid the disease causing greater harm to patients, early diagnosis and treatment are required. It can relieve symptoms, improve prognosis, and reduce the possibility of recurrence.