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Foreign Art History Mind Map_1
Postgraduate entrance exams and mind maps of Chinese art history, including 18th-century European art, 19th-century European and American art, 20th-century art, etc. Hope this helps!
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Foreign Art History Mind Map_1
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Foreign Art History
1. Primitive ancient art
original art
paleolithic age
cave paintings
Lascaux Caves, France
Altamira Caves, Spain
"The Wounded Buffalo"
mother goddess statue
vienna
Venus of Willendorf
mesolithic age
Move from cave to open rock wall
petroglyphs
Nordic
Realistic
Works of fishing and hunting tribesmen
abstract
Works of farmers and herdsmen
Simplify realism into abstract figures, and finally evolve into geometric figures
Reflects a certain ability of abstraction and generalization, giving birth to the bud of arts and crafts
Lavente, Spain
Episodic paintings of human activities
Taking human hunting as the main plot, showing the characters' movement and speed characteristics
The image in motion is expressed as a silhouette or ribbon style
Lengthen limbs and exaggerate movements to emphasize momentum
Ignore details and use simple colors
Neolithic
The main achievement is megalithic architecture
“Shengtongzhi”
Round boulders in southern England
Ancient Mesopotamia Art
1. Refers to the area between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in present-day Iraq.
2. The ancient Greeks called it “Mesopotamia”
3. This is one of the earliest birthplaces of human civilization.
4. The history of this region can be divided into four periods
Sumerian-Akkadian period
architecture
① Centered on the temple
②The world’s earliest “mosaic”
③The final building needed is the “Temple Tower”
Known as "Zigurat"
sculpture
① Mainly statues of male and female gods
②"Head of the King of Akkad"
ancient babylonian period
Code of Hammurabi
Assyrian Art
Art at the service of royalty
Sculpture: "The Dying Mother Master"
Has a "tragic sublimity"
Neo-Babylonian Art
"Ishtar Gate"
ancient egyptian art
Characteristics of ancient Egyptian art
① Egypt is a typical representative of the ancient slave-owning autocratic country. It has a pyramid-shaped social structure with strict hierarchies from pharaoh to ministers, civilians, and slaves.
②Egyptian art served the Pharaoh and a few nobles. It was an integral part of social life and played a very active role in ideology.
③Her role is to praise the royal power, consolidate the power of the slave-owning country, and emphasize the hierarchy.
④An important feature of this art is its grand scale
⑤ In order to mythologise the pharaohs and nobles, they must strictly obey the ruler's requirements in terms of subject matter and expression methods. This fundamentally determines the basic laws and procedures that Egyptian art must follow. The most famous of them is the "Law of Frontality"
⑥Egyptians believed in “the immortal soul”
⑦A lot of their art serves the dead. Therefore, art historians call Egyptian art "the art of the afterlife."
Old Kingdom Art
architecture
Pyramid of Saqqara
Pyramids of Giza
sculpture
Program:
1. The posture must be kept upright, with arms close to the body and facing the audience directly.
2. Determine the size of the proportion based on the status of the character.
3. The character focuses on the head, while other parts are very simple.
4. The facial contours are realistic and idealized, the expression is solemn, and there is little expression of emotion.
5. The statues are colored and the eyes are painted black. Some eyes are inlaid with crystal or quartz lamp materials to achieve realistic effects.
The Sphinx in front of the Pyramid of Khafre
It is the largest and oldest outdoor sculptured colossus in Egypt.
"Seated Statue of Prince Lahochep and His Wife"
"Portrait of the Old Village Chief"
"Kay the Scribe"
Reliefs and murals
Common program:
1. Frontal law. When showing the head of a character, it is the front profile, the eyes are the front face, the shoulders are the front face, and the waist and below are the front profile.
2. Horizontal strip arrangement structure, using horizontal lines to divide the screen
3. Arrange the proportion, size and composition position according to the character’s dignity.
4. Filling method, filling the picture without leaving any blank space
5. Fixed color formula. Men’s skin is mostly brown, and women’s skin is mostly light brown and light yellow. Their hair is blue-black and their eye circles are black.
relief
"Slate of Namier", "Hippo Hunting"
mural
"Picture of Wild Geese"
Middle Kingdom Art
obelisk
Is a symbol of the sun's rays
"Raising Antelope"
Not bound by a program
New Kingdom Fine Arts
The centralized rule was re-consolidated, the country was strong, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, and it entered a golden age in the history of Egyptian art.
Pharaoh Amenhotep IV carries out religious reforms
1. Advocates worshiping the sun god "Aten" and names himself "Akhnaton"
2. During the reform period, art once broke away from the constraints of traditional formulas and expressed objects realistically, which brought vitality to the art of the New Kingdom.
sculpture
"Portrait of Akhenaten"
giant life-size portrait,
It is the first statue of a king in Egyptian history that is not handsome and uses realism.
Shows the impatience and fanatical character of a reformer
"Portrait of Queen Nefertiti"
The Wife of Akhenaten, one of the most beautiful works in Egyptian history
mural
Under the new king, there was an unprecedented prosperity in mural painting.
"Dance Picture" from the tomb of Snebam in Thebes
Showing the aristocratic hedonistic life
Aegean Art, Ancient Greek Art
1. Aegean Art
"Aegean Culture" or "Crete-Mycenaean Culture"
Cretan culture is the source of Aegean culture, Mycenaean culture is the inheritance of Cretan culture, and the Tiklakis Islands are the earliest origin of Greek culture.
Tikrakis Fine Arts
Art in the "Geometric Pattern Age"
The earliest origin of Greek culture
Cretan Fine Arts
Fine Arts Concentrated in the Minoan Palace
The internal structure is complex and the levels are changeable. People call it a "maze".
mural
"Parisian Girl", "Women Conversing", "Portrait of Ladies"
small sculpture
"Snake Charmer"
Characteristics of combining realism and decorative techniques
Mycenaean Art
2. Ancient Greek Art
1. It is the birthplace of European culture
2. As Engels said, without the foundation laid by Greece and Rome, there would be no modern Europe.
3. Greek Art:
①. City-states require citizens to have a strong physique and a perfect mind. The ideal image in Greek art is to have an elegant and tranquil temperament and a body like an athlete. This aesthetic standard made Greek art a model of ideal beauty in the ancient world. .
②. The development of trade and navigation made the Greeks strong, resourceful, flexible and courageous in pursuing their ideals. It also gave the Greeks the opportunity to come into contact with the cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt and other regions, thus giving birth to a large number of the best artists. .
③. Greek mythology is the soil of Greek art. Greek mythology contains people’s rational thinking about the mysteries of nature, and it breeds the germination of historical and philosophical concepts. The characteristic of "homogeneity between gods and humans" in Greek mythology makes gods have human appearances and emotions, which is a favorable factor that promotes the close connection between art and life.
④The mild Greek climate allows Greeks to have vast open-air activities and vast sports venues.
⑤ At the quadrennial Olympic Games, athletes competing naked provided artists with the conditions to shape a healthy human body, allowing them to have an earlier understanding and expression of human body beauty.
⑥It was under this environment that Greek artists created the most outstanding art in the ancient world and left the most precious legacy to the treasure house of human culture.
4. The history of ancient Greek art is usually divided into the following periods:
1. Homeric Period
①. It is named after the author of "Homer's Epic".
②. The Homeric period was the period of formation of myths and the budding period of plastic arts.
③. The earliest artistic shape is the geometric pattern style pottery bottle.
④This period is also called the "Geometric Style Period"
2. Archaic period
①. It is the formation and development period of Greek plastic arts.
②. The artistic achievements of this period were vase paintings and architecture.
Vase painting laid the foundation for episodic painting, and columnar architecture appeared in architecture.
vase painting
"Oriental style"
"Black Painting Style"
"Achilles Playing Dice with Ajax"
"Red Painting Style"
Opposite of black painting style
architecture
The main buildings in Greece are temples
Dorian
An imitation of the strong male body
Ionian
An imitation of the soft female body
Corinthian
It evolved from the Ionian style, but the capitals were more ornate, like a cradle.
③、Sculpture
"ancient smile"
In the late Archaic period, a muscular young man's body appeared, which was later called "Apollo"
Unearthed from the Acropolis of Athens
"The Calf Bearer"
④, relief
The Greeks understood relief as an art form between painting and sculpture.
The reliefs on the pediment of the Temple of Artemis are representative works of the Archaic period.
3. Classical period
It was the prosperous period of Greek art
architecture
Parthenon
Typical rectangular pillar building style
sculpture
①. Get rid of the restraint and decoration of the ancient period, produce a realistic and ideal human body, and reach the heyday of Greek sculpture art.
②. Representative figures
Early stage
Milon
The shape of the work is accurate, and it has a deep understanding and communication of the human body's bones and muscle movements.
"The Discus Thrower"
Solve the problem of the center of gravity of human body weight falling on one foot
Changed the upright format in carvings
prime period
Pheidias
1. He was the greatest sculptor of the High Classical Period and designed the Acropolis building in Athens.
2. Developed Milon's achievements and reached a higher level in realism.
3. It is a model of ideal beauty in classical sculpture.
4. Create the statue of the goddess of Athens for the Parthenon
The inside of the shield beside her
On the inside is engraved "Gods and Giants Fight"
On the outside is engraved "The Battle of the Greeks and Amaro"
5. The high reliefs created for the east and west pediments of the Parthenon are regarded as the most perfect specimens of classical sculpture.
"The Three Goddess of Destiny"
Polycletes
1. A contemporary of Pheidias, he was both a sculptor and a famous art theorist in ancient times.
2. Written in a book called "Laws"
Explained the proportions of various parts of the human body, and proposed that the ratio of the head to the human body is 1:7
3. Sculpture: "Spear Bearer"
Late stage
1. With the rise of social contradictions in Greece, the halo of ideals in art has disappeared. The artistic style has shifted from lofty heroic spirit and vigor to a more humane and diversified tendency. The characters are full of the interest of life and inner passion.
2. This stage marks the further maturity of Greek sculpture art.
3. Representative figures
Praxiteles
Mainly soft and lyrical,
"Hermes and the Little Bacchus"
The body forms an "S" shape
"Aphrodite of Nidos"
It is the first fully nude female body in Greek sculpture.
Leusippus
Proposed the standard that the ratio of the human head to the total length of the body is 1:8
4. Hellenistic period
"Panhellenic Period"
"Victory of Samothrace"
"Aphrodite of Milos"
Pergamos in Asia Minor was the center of art during the Hellenistic period
round sculpture
"The Dying Gauls", "The Gauls who killed their wives and then committed suicide"
"Laocoon"
The pursuit of external atmosphere and dramatic effects is better than the revelation of spiritual activities
"Portrait of Alexander"
ancient roman art
1. Greece was annexed by Rome in the 1st century. Since then, the cultural center of the ancient world has shifted from Greece to Rome.
The difference between Roman art and Greek art
1. Greek art is idealistic, simple, emphasizing commonality, elegant and refined
2. Roman art was pragmatic, hedonistic, individualistic, and magnificent.
Etrumean Art
Roman Art
1. The most important achievement of Roman art is architecture
①. The Pantheon is an outstanding representative of arch architecture
②.Colosim Arena
Represents the pinnacle of Roman architecture
It was the largest oval arena in ancient Rome
③. Arch of Constantine
Built to commemorate the victory of the war
It is the latest surviving triumphal arch in Rome.
④. Memorial Column
Trajan's Column is its representative
2. Sculpture
They are beautification based on highlighting individuality. The most prominent example of this kind of personalization and beautification is
"Portrait of Augustus"
Late Roman Empire
Roman portrait sculpture enters the period of realism
"Portrait of Nero"
Statue of Marco Auillo
1. A masterpiece of personalized portraits
2. The only ancient bronze equestrian statue preserved to this day
The emergence of a world-weary philosophy - Stoicism
It advocates shifting the focus from understanding the objective world to introspection, focusing on the perfection, tranquility, abstinence, and detached waiting for death in the inner world.
It's an escape from reality
roman relief
Relief on Trajan's Column
3. Painting
Mosaic
mural
1. Mosaic style
Composition of slate inlay in illusion style
2. Architectural style
Use perspective to draw on the wall,
Arrange large-scale plot paintings in the center of the wall
3. Egyptian style
Emphasis on flatness
Athenian decoration
4. Pompeii’s Baroque Style
Similar to the 17th century European Baroque style
2. European Medieval Art
background
1. Historically, the period from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 15th century is called the Middle Ages.
2. Western European society is gradually moving towards feudal society, and the history from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance is considered a dark age, an era between civilization and revival, so it is called the "Middle Ages"
3. The influence of Christianity occupied a dominant position and determined the social lifestyle and social ideology at that time.
4. It cannot be simply understood as religious art. It is a Christian art based on the fusion of Eastern culture, ancient Greek and Roman cultural traditions and barbarian culture.
1. Early Christian Art
tomb murals
The early secret religious place was called the "Mingu Church"
To avoid official searches, they were moved to a kind of public underground tomb, and the tomb murals appeared
Mainly describes the future world and salvation after death
Representative works
Ceiling mural "The Good Shepherd"
"Three Jews at the Burning"
architecture
After Christianity was legalized, buildings appeared on the ground. Because they did not have their own architectural tradition, they borrowed existing architectural forms from Rome.
"Basilica" Architecture
laid the foundation for future Christian architectural styles
2. Byzantine Art
constantinople
Became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire in history
architecture
Roman style
Representative: Hagia Sophia
After the Turkish invasion in the 15th century, the church was converted into a mosque.
most famous for its mosaics
3. Barbarian Art and the Carolingian Renaissance
5th century-11th century
barbarian art
Mainly handicrafts and arts
The formation of the monastery
From the 6th to the 8th century, monasteries generally emerged in the West, and this period can even be called the "Hermitage Era"
Book of Kells
is an irish manuscript
Carolingian Art
Emperor Charlemagne wanted to restore the prosperity of the Roman Empire, so he led the Renaissance
This approach
① Let artists imitate classical styles to create creations, forming a trend of reviving classical culture centered on the palace
②Historically called the "Carolingian Renaissance"
③The great significance of this revival lies in the successful integration of the Germanic spirit of Northern Europe and the Mediterranean civilization.
Copy painting
St. Matthew is an illustration from the Gospel of Charlemagne
Shows the realistic skills of court-style painting
4. Romanesque Art
background
1. People refer to all art before Gothic art as "Romanesque"
2. A system similar to ancient Rome's combination of vaults and beams is generally used, and a large number of "monumental" sculptures from the Greco-Roman era are used to decorate the church, so it is called "Romanesque"
architecture
cathedral of saint cernan
durham church
There is usually a semicircular recessed space on the front facade of a church, commonly known as an "angular plate"
The largest relief composition is often installed here, based on the "Last Judgment"
5. Gothic Art
background
1. The art between the 12th and 15th centuries is called "Gothic"
2. Gothic art is the pinnacle of the development of art in the entire Middle Ages.
3. Gothic art originated in France
architecture
Notre Dame de Paris
Saint Denis Church
sculpture
The statue in the Chartres church in France best reflects
painting
The glass paintings of Chartres Cathedral are typical examples of Gothic style
3. European Renaissance Art
what is renaissance
1. The Renaissance refers to a period of cultural and ideological development in Western and Central European countries from the 14th to the 16th century.
2. The original meaning of the Renaissance is "the revival of art and literature under the influence of ancient norms." The ideological basis of its changes is caring for people, respecting people, and a people-oriented world view
3. The Renaissance was a great turning point in European history. After 1,000 years of rule by the feudal church, people began to break free from spiritual shackles and slavery. The classical culture that had been imprisoned for many years attracted people's attention again, and was called dispersion. The darkness of the Middle Ages and an important weapon in establishing a new bourgeois culture.
what is humanism
1. The emergence of the capitalist mode of production not only shook the social foundation of the Middle Ages, but also established the value of individuals, affirmed the positive significance of real life, promoted the development of secular culture, and on this basis formed a culture that is closely related to religious theocracy. Opposite ideological system - humanism
2. Humanism affirms that people are the creators and masters of life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, and requires that thoughts, feelings and wisdom be liberated from the shackles of theology.
3. Humanist scholars and artists advocate human nature against divinity, human rights against divine rights, and individual freedom against personal dependence. Renaissance art developed during this period.
Dutch artist first invented oil painting technique
1. Italian Renaissance Art
Renaissance Art Beginning
Pisano
famous sculptor from pisa
The main achievement was the sculpture of the pulpit designed for the Cathedral of Pisa
Relief masterpiece "The Nativity"
Adopting the clear artistic language of realism, the abstract concept of religion becomes a concrete image of matter.
Severed the inner connection between traditional art in the Middle Ages
cimabue
Mainly murals
Altarpiece "The Virgin and Child"
Duccio
Founder of the Siena School of Painting
Altarpiece "Our Lady of Glory"
Giotto
1. The founder of the Florentine School of Painting and one of the great pioneers of Italian Renaissance art
2. Giotto’s art is the watershed between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. He not only showed excellent painting skills, but also laid the foundation of realism in Renaissance art.
3. Giotto’s main creative form is murals
Most of the murals are based on biblical themes, but Giotto understood them in a humanistic spirit and represented religious stories according to real-life characters.
4. Representative: "Escape to Egypt", "Lamentation for Christ"
Early Renaissance Art
background
1. This period mainly refers to the 15th century. The Florentine School inherited Giotto's tradition and developed realism to a new stage.
2. The emergence of Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masaccio, the three art masters in Florence, marked the advent of the early Renaissance.
representative figure
Brunelleschi
Florence Cathedral
kibulti
The making of the second door of the Florence Baptistery
Call it "Heaven's Gate"
Donatello
The most outstanding sculptor in Italy in the 15th century
Its sculptures completely get rid of traces of Gothic style
Sculpture "Equestrian Statue of Gata Melata"
Relief "Herod's Banquet"
Florentine School
Masaccio
1. Masaccio’s artistic achievements marked the arrival of the flourishing period of Italian Renaissance painting
2. Inherited and developed Giotto's artistic tradition, and applied knowledge of anatomy and perspective to painting with a scientific spirit of inquiry.
3. Representative works "Leave Paradise" and "Tax Money"
①The characters begin to break away from the elements of religious preaching and further reflect a worldly attitude.
② Try to keep the characters in a three-dimensional space with a realistic structure,
③The appearance of scenery in the picture also expands the scope of the picture, giving it a sense of vast space.
4. He began to use perspective and its mathematical principles in a regular manner and was the founder of realism of that era.
5. He embodies humanistic ideas that establish personal dignity.
Baolo Uccello
One of the founders of perspective
"Battle of San Romano"
Considered an example of the use of perspective in painting
Botticelli
"The Birth of Venus"
"spring"
Use dynamic lines to create a sense of volume and create an illusion.
Umbrian School
Francesca
paper
"On Perspective in Painting"
"On Correct Form"
Padua School
High Renaissance Art
background
1. This period mainly refers to the late 15th century to the mid-16th century, which was the heyday of the Italian Renaissance.
2. Starting from the mid-15th century, Florence lost its status as the economic, political and cultural center of Italy. It was replaced by Rome, the Christian government ruled by the Pope, and the Roman School of Painting centered on Rome was formed.
representative figure
da Vinci
He is one of the most outstanding representatives of the entire Renaissance.
Representative works
"Our Lady of the Rocks"
"The Last Supper"
"Mona Lisa"
He is a great realist painter
Michelangelo
sculptor and painter
He poured his tragic passion into his works of art
Representative works
Statue of David
This work became a symbol of the heroic nature of the Renaissance era
"Genesis" ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel
"Eating the Forbidden Fruit"
"Moses"
This image, like David, is a heroic figure in the artist's mind who saves the nation and frees it from suffering.
"Morning", "Twilight", "Day", "Night"
statue
Revealing the artist’s inner pain and hesitation
"The Last Judgment" altarpiece
Raphael
born in Umbria
Representative works
Three frescoes painted for the Vatican Palace
"School of Athens"
"Mount Parnas"
"Grand Ceremony Debate"
"Sistine Madonna"
subtopic
The style of beauty he established became one of the standards for later academic classicism.
Venetian School
background
1. The Venetian School was active in the 15th and 16th centuries and became the largest commercial center along the Mediterranean coast in the 15th century.
2. By the second half of the 15th century, art themes shifted from religious to secular
3. Secular themes make them turn their attention to beautiful natural scenery, and the comfortable and luxurious life also brings a hedonistic mood
4. Due to the humid climate in Venice, oil paintings on canvas developed well.
5. This painting school got rid of more feudal and religious shackles, and its art themes shifted from religious to secular.
representative figure
Bellini
1. Considered the founder of the Venetian School of Painting
2. Pay attention to the description of scenery, poeticize the natural scenery, and make the work full of tranquility and elegant mood.
3. Representative works
"The Feast of the Gods", "Our Lady of the Lake"
Start boldly using outdoor lighting, and the colors become brighter and brighter
Giorgio pinch
1. Bellini’s students
Representative works
"Pastoral Ensemble"
"Sleeping Venus"
This painting achieves a high degree of unity in terms of shape, color, soft lines and scenery.
The first painter of the strictly Venetian school
Titian
1. "Golden Titian"
2. We are classmates with Giorgio
3. His works appear magnificent, passionate and imaginative, with strong colors and unrestrained brushwork.
4. The characters in Titian’s paintings are more rugged, high-spirited and complete.
5. Representative works
"Love between Heaven and Earth"
"Venus of Urbino"
Further pursuing the magnificent interweaving of light and color
This painting clearly reflects Titian's realistic view of art
Other painters of the Venetian School
veronese
"Silver Veronese"
"Lemo's Family Banquet"
"Gregory's Banquet"
"Wedding Banquet in Ghana"
Tintoretto
Unique in the Venetian school of painting
His artistic idea is to "combine Titian's colors with Michelangelo's shapes"
"The Miracle of St. Mark"
Crocchio
"Holy Night"
Mannerism
background
1920s to the end of the 16th century
1. Loyal supporters of the Renaissance believe that Mannerism is a conservative trend that emerged after the decline of the Renaissance. It is an imitation of Renaissance masters such as Michelangelo, but it only pursues form and loses its spirituality.
2. Mannerism is characterized by superb techniques, but it pursues strange and exciting effects rather than tranquility and harmony.
3. Like to use fantasy compositions, like to show naked bodies, and the proportions of the human body are often exaggerated and deformed.
4. The colors are often as bizarre as the content of the picture, and they express emotions more than real nature.
5. It was eventually absorbed and replaced by the more dynamic and vibrant Baroque art.
representative figure
pontormo
"Joseph in Egypt"
Rosseau
Parmigianino
"The Long-Necked Madonna"
Vasari
1. He was a Mannerist painter and architect who admired Michelangelo, and was also an important Italian art historian.
2. "Biographies of Great Artists"
It is the most important art historical material about the Renaissance and the beginning of art history writing.
2. Dutch Renaissance Art
background
1. The medieval Netherlands included the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and some areas in northeastern France.
15th century Dutch painting
1. There is a strong religious atmosphere, and the general tendency is: serious and quiet
2. The characters are not vivid and natural enough
3. Although the works express traditional religious themes, as artists have become more interested in describing secular life and the surrounding environment, realism tendencies are sometimes reflected in the works.
4. Representative figures
Combin and Jan van Eyck
The main founder of the Dutch School of Painting
Combin
"The Nativity"
Jan van Eyck
1. Court painter
2. Representative works
"The Virgin in the Church"
Embodying secular thought and the painter's ingenious exploration of depicting interior light
Becomes an important exploration of early interior painting in the Netherlands
"Ghent Altarpiece"
It is an outstanding masterpiece of the early Renaissance in the Netherlands.
Hubert van Eyck
"Portrait of Ernolfini and his wife"
It is a full-length portrait of a newlywed couple
3. Most of his works are religious paintings, but they break through the traditional religious painting techniques and pay great attention to the portrayal of character and psychology, as well as realism.
4. It broke through the asceticism of the Middle Ages, embodied the concept of humanism, and opened the way for the Dutch Renaissance.
Verdon
"Portrait of a Young Woman"
5. Northern Painting School
In the north of the mid-15th century, the Northern School of Painting was formed with Haarlem as the center.
Delk Potts
"Christ at the House of Simon"
Geltegen Toth Sinte Youngs
"The Nativity"
6. Southern Painting School
Second half of the 15th century
Hugo van der Goss
Dutch painting at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries
unique person
Boss
1. Use fantasy cartoon images, such as mice, monkeys, demons, monsters, or half-human half-animals to allude to figures such as Catholics, senior monks, theologians, feudal lords, etc., and make a bitter satire on them.
2. Created a new painting style, stood on the standpoint of progressive humanism, and directed criticism mainly at the Catholic Church.
3. Reflects the people’s thoughts and sentiments against Catholicism and feudalism on the eve of the CCCC reform movement
4. In his paintings, some grotesque and exaggerated images often appear, which are based on real life and combined with the artist's own fantasy. At the same time, realistic expression techniques are combined with romantic expression techniques to form Bosch's unique style. The language of painting is also a major feature of his art.
Representative works "Ship of Fools", "Removal of Stones", "The Magician"
The formation of genre painting and landscape painting
1. Dutch genre painting was formed at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries.
2. Representative figures
Quentin Mathus
One of the founders of genre painting
The masterpiece "The Money Changer and His Wife"
Joachim Partinier
landscape painting
"Escape to Egypt"
"Rest on the Escape to Egypt"
"Hell Lake Landscape"
16th century Dutch painting
The formation and development of group portraiture
Jan van Scoglieri
"The Twelve Pilgrims of Jerusalem"
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1. In the 1660s, the bourgeois revolution broke out in the Netherlands
2. The art of Pieter Bruegel the Elder was born during the brewing and outbreak of the Dutch Revolution in the Netherlands.
3. Characteristics of painting
①. Peasant painters, ordinary people become the subject of paintings
②. The body is round and strong, the proportions of the human body are intentionally shortened, and the picture is simple.
③. There is no central character on the screen.
④. The pictures are full, mostly panoramic compositions.
4. Representative works
genre painting
"Peasant Dance", "Peasant Wedding"
landscape painting
"Making Hay", "Hunters in the Snow"
religious painting
"Bethlehem Household Survey", "Bethlehem Infant Massacre"
Expressions of sentiment against Spanish rule
3. German Renaissance Art
background
1. The beginning and the 15th century
2. During this period, many artists showed concern for people's living environment and life phenomena, and were enthusiastic about depicting the natural environment. The modeling of characters emphasized realism. All these reflected the Renaissance humanists' affirmation of real life and human nature. , the tendency to praise nature
3. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, due to extremely acute social conflicts, the religious reform movement and the great peasant war finally broke out.
4. Portraits and landscapes began to appear as independent painting subjects, especially printmaking, which reached the highest level in Europe at that time.
representative figure
Dürer
The greatest artist of the German Renaissance
He is not only an oil painter, but also a copper engraver, sculptor, and architect. He has also published works on architecture and painting theory.
The first painter to publish a collection of his own prints
The first person in the West to record his own appearance in a realistic way
He was one of the earliest painters to express the lives of peasants and lower class people.
represent
"The Farmer and His Wife" copper engraving
Grunewald
"Isenheim Altarpiece"
One of the treasures of German art from the 16th century
Lucas Cranach Sr.
portrait and landscape painter
"Rest on the Run"
School of painting
Danube School
In the 16th century, German landscape painting formed an independent painting subject, and the Danube School made important contributions to this
This painting school is not a painting school in the academic sense. It should be called the "Danube" style, which marks a style of landscape painting.
representative figure
altdorfer
"Saint George in the Hardwoods"
"Danube Landscape"
He is the first pure landscape without figures in German painting
Holbein
Nordic's greatest portrait painter
"The French Envoy in London"
4. French Renaissance Art
Fontainebleau School of Painting
Primasaccio
Mural "Elephant Decorated with Lilies"
Caron
1. Pay great attention to perspective and composition.
2. Use realistic still life depictions and strong metaphors to give the work a distinctly surreal flavor
3. Representative works
"Tibald the Soothsayer"
Guzan and Son
Is a renowned painter in the Fontainebleau School of Painting
Lao Guzan's masterpiece
"Eve in Pandora's Jar"
Representative works of Xiao Guzan
"The Last Judgment"
"Sister Estelle"
4. European Art of the 17th and 18th Centuries
background
1. The feudal system gradually declined and disintegrated. A group of outstanding thinkers and scientists inherited and carried forward the humanistic tradition of the Renaissance period, opposed religious superstition, advocated science, and greatly promoted the development of natural scientism. In the 18th century, The bourgeois industrial revolution began in the middle period.
2. Baroque art emerged in Italy in the second half of the 16th century, entered its heyday in the 17th century, and gradually declined in the 18th century.
3. Baroque art had a positive influence on Rococo art in the 18th century and Romanticism in the 19th century.
4. Baroque art received strong support from the church
5. There was a realist trend throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, called Caravaggioism.
6. French Rococo art became popular in the 18th century, reflecting the hedonistic taste of the court and aristocracy.
17th and 18th century Italian art
background
Three schools emerged from the late 16th century to the early 17th century:
italian academic art
Influenced the development of classical art
baroque art
Influenced Rococo and Romantic art
Realist art represented by Caravaggio
It not only influenced the realist art of various European countries, but also had a profound impact on the civic art of the 18th century and the critical realist art of the 19th century.
General characteristics of Italian art in the 17th century
Artist ranks are more divided
One trend tends toward the upper classes: mainly academic and baroque styles
A tendency towards the lower classes: generally bad luck, Caravaggio being a typical example
Caravaggio was the first to open the door to realist art
Bologna is the birthplace of academicism
17th century Italian academic art
Academy of Bologna
One of the earliest art academies in Europe
Founder: Karachi Brothers
Academic claims
① Strive to set some rules for people to follow, such as emphasizing that the highest standard in painting is: Michelangelo's human body, Raphael's sketch, Crococio's Athens and charm, the colors of the Venetian school, etc.
②Academic art has been characterized by eclecticism from the beginning
③Due to overemphasis on rules, academic painters are more conservative and lack the spirit of innovation.
④Their themes are relatively narrow, mostly depicting religion and mythology, and are not interested in secular life themes
⑤In terms of technique, he places more emphasis on sketching and despises color.
⑥ Set the tone for classical art
representative figure
karachi brothers
Caravaggio and the Regional Schools
At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, realism was the opposite of formal art and academic art.
Caravaggioism influenced the entire Europe at that time and pushed realism to a new stage. Caravaggio's art has a distinctive democratic ideological color.
Representative works
"Bacchus", "Escape to Egypt", "Fruits"? (still life)
"The Burial of Christ"
Christ here is like an ordinary person who died in poverty
Use strong contrast between light and dark to highlight the main parts of the picture
This is Caravaggio’s unique dark style
This technique was later inherited and developed by Rembrandt and Velázquez.
Academic attacks on his art as "rude natural man"
Why are Caravaggio's paintings often controversial?
① He focused his attention on the lower classes and specially painted images of those who were insulted and harmed.
② He has a critical and skeptical attitude towards the society he lives in. His suspicion and criticism are regarded by some people as a sign of rebellion, so people regard him as a "misfit".
How do you evaluate Caravaggio's art?
The pursuit of artistic authenticity repeatedly emphasizes the need to imitate nature well.
It advocates facing the future bravely, daring to truly reflect one's own era, and describing real life without whitewashing.
It is his basic creed to find beauty and wisdom in the lower class. This is not out of curiosity or joking, but because he has aesthetic ideas that are completely opposite to classicism.
some of caravaggio's followers
Gentileschi and his daughter, Leo Sparta
The formation and development of Baroque art
background
① It was produced in the second half of the 16th century, its peak was in the 17th century, and it began to decline in the 18th century.
② Originally produced in Italy, classicists believe that Baroque is a degenerate and disintegrated art.
③Although Baroque art was not invented by religion, it serves the church, and the church used by religion is its most powerful pillar.
④ It has a strong romantic color. Renaissance art emphasizes rational tranquility and harmony, while Baroque art emphasizes irrational endless fantasies and illusions, trying its best to break harmony and tranquility.
⑤The works painted by the Baroque painting master Rubens became a model for romantic artists to learn from in the 19th century.
Features
It is passionate.
Full of strong emotions, reflecting the author's inner emotional world
it has a sporty feel
Its external form emphasizes movement, and movement can be said to be the soul of Baroque art.
The strong contrast between light and dark and the complex changes in light further enhance the dynamics and instability of the works and objects.
Its expression language is comprehensive
It has a strong religious color
Baroque art has a close relationship with Catholicism. In terms of the subject matter of the works, it generally shows stories and plots of martyrdom and hallucinations.
Baroque master Bernini
"Apollo and Daphne" (sculpture)
"The Robbery of Persephone by Proudhon"
"Altar of Saint Teresa"
Marks the pinnacle of Bernini's sculptures
Bernini can be said to be a versatile artist, especially in sculpture. He has enriched the means of sculpture, is skilled in art, and is good at expressing photosynthetic movement.
limitation
Because of his high position, he became increasingly disconnected from life in artistic creation.
Italian 18th-century art
In the 18th century, various Italian art schools showed a tendency to decline. At this time, only the Venetian School continued to maintain a certain degree of prosperity.
This period mainly included art styles such as late Baroque, Classicism, Rococo and Caravaggio.
18th Century Flemish Art
background
①The art phenomenon in Flanders in the 17th century was complex, reflecting not only the aesthetic tastes of the country’s court nobles, churches, and merchants, but also the influence of foreign art, such as the Italian Venetian School, the Bologna School, and Caravaggio Realism. , and Baroque style, while also embodying the powerful Dutch national art tradition.
②These factors merged and influenced each other to form the Flemish School of Painting with distinctive characteristics
③ Baroque art received support and encouragement from the church, and was also welcomed by the court nobles and the upper bourgeoisie.
④ Baroque art was produced in Italy, and achievements in the fields of architecture and sculpture were most prominent in Italy, while Baroque painting was fully developed and reached its peak of glory in Flanders.
The relationship between Baroque art and Flanders
①The Flanders School of Painting is dominated by the Baroque style. The leader of the Flanders School of Painting is Rubens, the most outstanding representative of Baroque painting.
②Although Baroque art is a foreign art, Flemish artists did not imitate the style of Italian Baroque art. Instead, in their long-term artistic practice, they combined Baroque art style with the artistic style of their own painting school to form It has developed a new and unique painting style with romantic tendencies: free and smooth brushwork, bright and gorgeous colors, changes in composition, and vivid and natural images.
③This period not only had this style, but also included classical art, realism art, etc. Therefore, there were different artistic styles in the middle period of the Flanders School of Painting.
rubens
1615-1625 was a critical period for Rubens' creation. He painted many scenes showing violent conflicts, and his expression techniques completely turned to the Baroque style.
Representative works
"The Last Judgment"
"Battle of the Amazons"
"The Robbery of Leusipas's Daughter"
The custom of "robbing a bride" praises the bold pursuit of love and embodies humanistic ideas.
Rubens inherited the secular spirit of the Dutch School of Painting and vividly expressed the humor, optimism, and boldness of folk carnival scenes in his works.
Rubens' art has a profound relationship with traditional Dutch painting. He successfully integrated the Baroque style with the traditional Dutch art style, forming a highly decorative and romantic style.
He was a court painter, but throughout his artistic career, the most valuable thing is that humanistic ideas and secular spirit run through him throughout. His works are full of touching vitality, praising the great power of man and the majestic and eternal nature.
His artistic style and achievements had a huge influence on subsequent generations of artists, such as Van Dyck, etc.
17th century Dutch art
background
The Dutch Revolution in the 16th century was the first successful bourgeois revolution in history and formed the Dutch Republic.
Dutch School
It inherited the national art tradition of the Netherlands and was characterized by realism and simplicity, with little influence from the Baroque style that was popular in Europe at the time.
Dutch painters bravely broke away from the shackles of mythological and religious themes for thousands of years and used real life as the source of artistic creation.
The emerging bourgeoisie and middle- and lower-class civilians began to play important roles in painting, and the depth and breadth of painting art reflecting real life also greatly increased.
Hals
Outstanding Dutch portrait painter of the 17th century
The founder of the Dutch Realist School of Painting
Representative works
"The Clown Playing the Mandolin", "The Gypsy Girl"
Painters like to take half-length close-up compositions
Rembrandt
Adhere to the path of realist creation
Representative works
"Professor Dupu's Anatomy Lesson"
"The Painter and His Wife Shakespeare"
"Night Patrol"
A group portrait of the Amsterdam Shooting Company
There are two views
One theory is that the artist originally painted daytime activities, and the colors have darkened due to age and smoke, and were mistakenly thought to be night scenes by later generations.
Another belief is that Rembrandt originally described the scene of a company of shooters urgently gathering to set off at night, and he handled the relationship between light and dark very well.
Dutch minor school
The 17th century was the golden age of Dutch painting. In addition to great realist painting masters such as Hals and Rembrandt, a group of outstanding painters also emerged, known as the "Little Dutch School"
There are two reasons why they are called the Dutch Small School.
First, the work is relatively small in size and is suitable for the citizens to hang indoors to decorate their homes.
Second, it does not express major social themes, but pays special attention to the description of life details to cater to the aesthetic taste of the citizen class. The pictures mostly show women dressing up, playing the piano and singing, reading and writing letters, or doing light housework to show the flourishing of Dutch art. limitations in the development process.
representative figure
Gerald Terbauch, Peter de Hooch
Vermeer
He is an excellent genre painter and a representative painter of the "Little Dutch School"
"The Milk Maid", "The Girl in the Hijab"
Dutch Landscape Painting and Scenery Painting
The 17th century was a critical period in the development of Dutch landscape painting, and a completely independent discipline of landscape painting was formed.
Meindert Hobeima
"The Road of Middelhanis" also known as "Namiki Forest Road"
"Watermill Landscape"
Another major achievement of the Dutch School of Painting is the development of still life painting into an independent painting subject.
17th and 18th century Spanish art
Spanish Art in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
The first half of the 17th century saw the “golden age”
Three conditions for its prosperity
First, the powerful influence of Spanish literature on art
The second is the existence and development of the power of realism in Spanish regional painting schools.
The third is the influence of Italian Caravaggio art
representative figure
Subaran
Seville School
Velazquez
Representative works "Breakfast", "The Musician" and "Portrait of Pope Innocent X"
"Gong'e"
Paving the way for Spanish realism
Never whitewash or beautify, and express the inner emptiness and vulgarity of the upper class without any disguise.
Spanish Art in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
Murillo
One of the representatives of the Seville School
Works can be divided into two categories
Religious theme paintings
"Holy Family"
genre painting
"Children Eating Melons and Grapes"
"Public Realistic Spirit"
Eighteenth Century Spanish Painting
goya
"Clothed Maha"
"The Shooting of the Rebels on the Night of May 3, 1808"
Goya's art has distinct national characteristics, modernity and a sense of actual history. Its national character is reflected in its deep roots in Spanish soil and the resolute temperament of Spanish painters. At the same time, he directly inherited the excellent tradition of realist art in the 17th century
The sense of actual history in Goya's art is reflected in his showing real history to people. In the process of depicting social and historical events, he always has a clear distinction between love and hate and is full of fighting enthusiasm.
17. French art in the 18th century
17th century French painting
Classicism was formed in the 17th century
The art of service to kings and their elites incorporated ancient and modern thought, Catholic and secular thought, and gave depictions of reality a veneer of myth.
It advocates the classical spirit and shows the characteristics of solemnity, nobility and love of order.
oue
"rich"
Poussin
representative figure of classicism
"Poet's Inspiration"
"The Shepherd of Arkady"
18th century French painting
① Erotic art known as Rococo dominated the first half of the 18th century. It targeted the hedonistic life of men and women in upper-class society, depicting naked or semi-nude women and exquisite ornate decorations.
② On the one hand, it is inevitably flashy and artificial and lacks the feeling of the power of the Holy Spirit. On the other hand, it uses French lightness and elegance to completely get rid of religious themes.
③Pleasurable, cordial, comfortable and luxurious scenes replaced the painful martyrdom of the saints, thus taking a great step forward in reflecting reality.
representative figure
Watteau
"Zhou Fa Xitu Island"
Boucher
"Diana Bathing"
The technique of weakening the contrast between light and dark in sketches and enhancing the transparency of colors greatly inspired the later Impressionists.
"Landscape with a Mill"
Fragonard
"Swing"
"Bath Girl"
As the Rococo style was violently criticized, the beautification of art gradually gave way to the representation of life, rationality was opposed to laissez-faire, and return to nature was opposed to artificial genre paintings. Still life paintings replaced decorative paintings and historical paintings.
"Country Engagement"
Greuze
Still life painting "Copper Jug"
Chardin
18th century French sculpture
Wudong
"Portrait of Diderot"
Clodio
The voluptuous and uninhibited female body is his area of expertise
Rousseau, Mirabeau, Voltaire, Washington, and Franklin were all in high spirits after passing through his hands.
5. European and American Art in the 19th Century
background
1. France not only led the political and ideological movements throughout Europe in the 19th century, but also had an important impact on other European countries such as neoclassicism, romanticism, realism, impressionism, symbolism, etc.
2. The general trend of Western art in the 19th century was from reflecting social life and promoting social changes to reflecting the secular interests of citizens, from the sublime to the ordinary, and from seriousness to relaxation.
3. Artists pay more attention to the expressiveness of artistic language and formal beauty, and the trend of rebellion against the academy and the classics gradually rises.
4. By the last 30 years of the 19th century, the art field paid more attention to the expressive, symbolic and abstract nature of language, paying attention to exaggeration, deformed beauty and decorative effects.
French neoclassical art
The trend of art has changed from expressing women's sensuality to advocating the strength to look down upon death.
david
Three masterpieces praising ancient heroes
"The Hogarth Brothers' Oath"
"The Death of Socrates"
"Brutus"
"The Death of Marat"
"The Sabine Women"
Gro
"The Plague Patients of Jaffa"
Angel
"Lady in the Palace"
"spring"
"Turkish Bath"
"Of all shapes, the most beautiful is the circle."
French romantic art
Gerico
"Frightened Horse"
"The Raft of the Medusa"
This picture takes the composition of a pyramid
Delacroix
The emotion he felt when he saw Géricault's "The Raft of the Medusa" was undoubtedly the catalyst for his passion to explode.
The first roar of the romantic lion
"Dante's Boat"
"The Massacre on Chia"
Marked the arrival of the height of Romanticism
"The Death of Sadhanabal"
“What a carnage of painting!”
"The People Have Their Own Leaders"
pinnacle work of imagination
French critical realism art
Reveal the irrationality of capitalist society
1848-1870 is the era when realism shines
The generation of painters in 1848 all had a desire for novelty and an interest in direct observation, and loved the immediately accessible reality.
Courbet
make their best representation
"studio"
"Ornan's Funeral"
It can be called the "human comedy" in painting
This true beauty destroys both the ideal beauty of neoclassicism and the exaggerated beauty of romanticism, and represents the individualistic spirit of the times.
Barbizon School
1830s to 1970s
Rousseau
"Oak Tree in the Sun"
"Oak Forest"
Paved the way for the emergence of Impressionism
Daubigny
The radiant giant
The Barbizon School of Painting that had the greatest influence on Impressionism
"spring"
"The Fields of June"
"Obert Watts's Watergate"
"Beethoven Painting Water"
dupre
"Cattle Pen", "Cattle Herd"
Corot
"Memories of Montefontaine"
Miller
"The Valley Winner"
The profound social significance of Miller's art lies precisely in the simplicity and ordinaryness that epic poems cannot achieve.
"The Gleaner"
Adopt horizontal composition
"Evening Bell"
Daumier
"Third Class Carriage"
"Don Quixote"
"Celebrities"
French Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism and Post-Impressionism Art
Impressionism
1. Use photosynthetic colors as the center of understanding the world
2. Pay attention to the moment
3. Pay attention to vision
4. Pay attention to the atmosphere
Background
He entered the French painting scene with an innovative attitude from the 1860s to the 1870s.
Its edge is against Chen Chen Xiang's classical painting school and the pretentious romanticism that was indulged in medieval knight literature.
Impressionism absorbed the nutrients of Corot, the Barbizon School and Courbet's realism.
There are two groups of painters within the
One is represented by Monet
Focus on the expressiveness of color
The second is represented by Degas
Still obsessed with classical sketches
Ignoring the lasting and eternal form of objects and being obsessed with color and light will inevitably set a precedent for formalism and abstraction in painting.
representative figure
Manet
"Lunch on the Grass"
"Olympia"
"The Folies-Berger Bar"
He was the first painter to break the traditional sepia tone and make the painting bright and fresh with outdoor light.
Monet
The most typical impressionist painter
He was one of the founders of Impressionism and adhered to the Impressionist painting style throughout his life.
"Impression·Sunrise"
"Water Lilies"
group painting
"haystack"
"Rouen Church"
Reano
"Box"
"Pancake Mill"
Degas
"Preview"
Sisley
"The Floods of Port Marly"
Pissarro
The only person to have participated in eight Impressionist exhibitions
"Rural Girl Wearing a Hat"
neo-impressionism
1. Trying to use the experimental principles of optical science to guide artistic practice
2. Neo-Impressionism is also known as "Divisionism" and "Pointillism"
representative figure
Seurat
"Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte"
"commotion"
"procession"
"circus"
Signac
"From Delacroix to Neo-Impressionism"
post-impressionism
Cézanne
"Still Life with Cupboard"
van gogh
"sunflower"
"starry night"
"Night Cafe"
Gauguin
"Where do we come from?" What are we? Where are we going? 》
Known as the leader of Symbolism in French painting
French Sculpture of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
realist sculpture master
Rodin
"Monument to Balzac"
19th century German realist art
The industrial revolution began in Germany in the 1830s. With the development of science and technology, people increasingly paid attention to social real life.
Menzel
master of realism painting
"Iron Rolling Factory
A representative work that reflects the initial stage of modern industrial production in the form of oil painting
Other schools in Germany in the 19th century
Symbolism
In the 1880s, the Symbolist literary and artistic trend emerged in Europe, emphasizing the subjective creation of artists.
Painters of this school often use symbols and metaphors to express their feelings and imagination.
Many works express fantasy and dreams, and even depict night and death, which are mysterious.
British art in the 18th and 19th centuries
Reynolds
His works have a Baroque temperament and the images are real and vivid
Collect "Speeches"
Known as "The Language of Art"
Consborough
Good at blue
Portrait painting has the characteristics of Rococo art
"The Boy in Blue"
british landscape painting
turner
Deeply influenced by classicism and full of romantic passion in expression techniques
Considered one of the most outstanding talents in the history of British painting
His landscape paintings are epics of man and nature
"Slave Ship"
Constable
Delacroix hailed him as the father of modern landscape painting
Is a model of realistic landscape painting
"Prancing Horse"
"Hay Wagon"
19th century American art
hudson river school
A group of landscape painters who often used scenery along the Hudson River as their subjects were called the "Hudson River School"
This marks the beginning of American art getting rid of European influence and gradually revealing its own character.
Therefore, the Hudson River School of Painting is also known as the "American Landscape School"
Representative
Cole
"Genesis View"
Durand
"Gurgling Stream"
Innes
In his later years, he was known as the American "Impressionist" painter.
"Summer Elm"
American Art in the Second Half of the 19th Century
Homer
Considered the greatest American painter of the 19th century
"Eagle Head, Manchester, Massachusetts"
A painting of three people and a dog on the beach and a woman twisting her skirt
18, 19 Russian art
Russian art in the second half of the 19th century
traveling exhibition painting school
The most important progressive art group in the second half of the 19th century
The official name is "Traveling Art Exhibition Association" or "Traveling School" for short.
Repin, Surikov, Vasnetsov and Serov became the backbone of the traveling painting school
Kramskoy
Is the organizer and thought leader of the traveling painting school
"Christ in the Wilderness"
Expressing the Enlightenment Thoughts of the Tourist Painting School
"Moonlight Night"
"Unknown Girl"
Custom-themed paintings of the traveling school:
Historical themed paintings of the Touring School:
Repin
It is the highest achievement of realist art of the traveling painting school.
"Trackers on the Volga"
"Ivan the Terrible Kills His Son"
Surikov
Created the highest principles of the Touring School
Historical painting "The morning before the departure of the Guards"
"The Noblewoman Morozova"
These works reveal the intricate contradictions in major historical events
Russian Art from the Late 19th to the Early 20th Century
background
During this period, landscape themes developed rapidly, and works called "emotional landscapes" appeared.
The mission of "Emotional Landscapes" is to personify nature and express the human emotional world through natural states.
Levitan
The painter who established "emotional landscape" painting
"Evening on the Volga"
"Art World" Creative Alliance
Strive to strive for the aesthetic component in art and free art from the influence of "utilitarianism"
Used its eponymous publication to promote "cosmopolitanism" in the Russian art world
It promotes art with an international style, such as Baroque art, and it opposes itinerant painting and academic art.
sculpture art
modern art trends
Malevi
In 1915, he proposed the "Above" painting of purely geometric abstract forms.
"Supremacism"
It means that pure feeling is supreme in painting.
Extreme rejection of object forms in paintings
Therefore, "Suprematist" works usually use geometric patterns such as squares, crosses, circles, etc. as the objects of expression.
The field of sculpture represented by "Constructivism"
"Monument to the Third International"
6. 20th Century Art
background
1. Oppose the tradition of Western art realism and emphasize the expression of the artist’s subjective spirit and the exploration of art forms.
2. Changes in Western art concepts in the first half of the 20th century:
① From imitation and reproduction to the expression of subjective spirit
②From absolute beauty to relative beauty standards
③From cognitive functions to aesthetic and purely visual functions
④Artistic value extends from skills and content to discovery and innovation
3. This period can be divided into two stages
The first stage is from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of World War II in 1945
In the first stage, "modernism" dominated the mainstream, along with other traditional and academic schools. The center of modernism was in Paris.
The second stage is from 1945 to today
In the second stage, starting from the 1950s, an artistic trend and genre emerged that was both related to and different from modernism. People called it "postmodernism" and "late modernism"
Section 1 Western Art
1. Western modern art trends and schools before World War II
1. The art known as "modernism" or "modernism" includes various art trends and schools that have avant-garde and avant-garde characteristics and are different from traditional art since the early 20th century.
2. Concepts such as "painting is not a slave to nature", "painting is free from dependence on literature and history", "painting language has its own independent value", and "art for art's sake" that became popular at the end of the 19th century are modernism Theoretical basis of art system
3. Starting from Post-Impressionism, French art has obviously pursued the abstraction, expressiveness and symbolism of language.
4. Two tendencies that have always existed in traditional European art - emphasizing rational spirit and emphasizing emotional expression, are also reflected in modernist art.
5. Post-Impressionist painters Cézanne (emphasis on reason) and Van Gogh (emphasis on emotion) respectively became the pioneers of the two trends in modernist art.
Brutalism
Matisse, Rouault, Marche, Maurice, Flemish
Pay attention to the role of pure colors and emphasize the expressive power of colors
Matisse
Pursuing original style and full of fantasy
Use fast, rough and powerful brushstrokes to create shapes, and use pure color gamut to organize the picture, making the picture full of rhythm.
His paintings feature unique Arabic patterns, with bright colors and flowing lines that are very decorative.
"Woman in a Hat", "Joy of Life", "Red Harmony", "Dance"
Compare painting to an "easy chair"
Cubism
1. It is an art school rich in ideas.
2. Mainly pursue the beauty of a geometric form and the beauty produced by the arrangement and combination of forms.
3. It negates the traditional method of observing and expressing things from one viewpoint, and reduces the three-dimensional picture to a flat, two-dimensional picture.
4. The interest expressed in light and shade, light, air, and atmosphere gives way to the interest and sentiment of the contours formed by straight lines, curves, and the accumulation and interlacing of blocks.
5. Do not look at things from one viewpoint, but apply the shapes observed and understood from different viewpoints to the picture, thereby showing the continuity of time.
6. Also known as the art of time
representative figure
Picasso
"The Maid of Avignon"
Considered the first work of Cubist tendencies
"Girl Playing Mandolin"
"Guernica"
A large mural based on the bombing of Guernica, an important town in northern Spain, by the German fascist air force.
"The Massacre in Korea", "War", "Peace"
Brak
I used to be obsessed with Fauvism, but later I broke away from Fauvism and became obsessed with Cubism.
He was loyal to the Cubism system throughout his life and his painting style was stable.
"House of Estac"
Leger
He was an original painter in the Cubism movement.
Try combining cubism and realism to express the beauty and power of machinery
"Woman Holding a Vase"
"The Card Player"
Futurism
Futurism that appeared in Italy was different from Fauvism and Cubism. It was a broader literary and artistic movement.
Futurism believes that the rapid development of industry, science, technology, transportation, and communications in the 20th century has caused fundamental changes in the objective world. The new era is characterized by machines and technology and the speed, power and competition that go with them.
Their slogan: "Abandon all museums, libraries and science centers", oppose all forms of imitation, resist the taste of harmony and elegance, and deny the role of art criticism
Bala
Is a painter who turned from Neo-Impressionism to Futurism
"The Dynamics of a Dog on a Chain"
Boccioni
futuristic core figure
"Continuous Forms in Space"
Expressionism
Expressionist artists opposed mechanical imitation of objective reality, advocated expressing "spiritual beauty" and "conveying inner information", and emphasized the expressive power of artistic language and the importance of form.
The style of expressionism evolved from post-impressionism and was a faithful depiction of impressionism and a rebellion against reality.
It inherits the characteristics of German art since the Middle Ages that emphasize individuality, emotion, and subjective expression.
Pursue strong contrast in shape and pursue the beauty of distortion and deformation.
Representative
munch
"Scream"
"puberty"
three societies
first club
Overseas Chinese community organized in Dresden in 1905
Trying to build a community that combines life and creation.
Express the primitive nature of man and nature, praise sexual liberation, and resist the hypocritical morality of the bourgeoisie
They pursue a sense of plane and pay attention to the expressiveness of lines
second society
The Blue Rider was founded in Munich in 1911
Kandinsky
Expressionism
In 1911, he organized the "Blue Rider Editorial Office" with Marc, which led to the split of the New Artists Association and pushed the German Expressionism movement to a mature stage.
"On the Spirit of Art", "On the Question of Form", "On Concrete Art", "Point, Line and Surface"
"Several Circles"
Mark
When depicting animals, we seek spiritual harmony between humans and nature.
The painting style is based on impressionistic colors combined with elements of cubism and fauvism.
third society
new objective news agency
It is an art society in the late period of German Expressionism.
Strictly speaking, it is not the name of the art club, but the name of the exhibition.
Promote the use of realistic means to reveal objective reality
It is a fierce attack on the consequences of the war, the decadent society, the reality of dehumanization, and the vulgarity of the citizens.
Pay attention to the authenticity of details, do not reject abstract means, but make abstract language subject to the requirements of truly revealing objective reality
Russian supremacy and constructivism
Suprematism
Suprematism, which appeared in the painting world between 1915 and 1920, was a geometric abstraction with Russian metaphysics and religious overtones.
Suprematism is an artistic trend that abandons the depiction of specific objective objects and the reflection of visual experience.
Constructivism
"Monument to the Third International"
Tatlin
art nouveau
Called "youth style" in Germany
Known as "Secession style" in Austria
Art Nouveau was aesthetic in nature. It pays attention to fun, refinement and elegance
Dadaism and Surrealism
Dadaism
The concepts and behaviors of Dadaism are the most concentrated expression of this critical spirit.
Abandoning the aesthetic and artistic language pursuits of other schools, a cynical attitude confronts social reality and existing values.
Duchamp
"Nude Descending Stairs: No. 2"
Belongs to three-dimensional-futuristic style
"spring"
"L.H.O.O.Q"
Surrealism
It absorbed Dadaism and the concepts of traditional and automatic creation, and abandoned the nihilistic attitude of Dadaism's total negation.
Deeply influenced by Freud's theory
The Surrealism movement broadened the field of art expression, allowing artists to give full play to their imagination and fantasy and use various means to create paintings;
2. Western modern art trends and schools after World War II
abstract expressionism
The symbol of American modern art's leading role in the Western painting world is the rise of abstract expressionism.
Abstract Expressionism is actually an artistic trend with no unified style characteristics. It inherits the exploration results from Van Gogh to Surrealism in pursuit of abstraction, directness, automation, and expression of the subconscious self in art.
Emphasize the freedom and purposelessness of the author's actions, and elevate the creative act itself to an important position
Toby
The colors used are limited to black, white, and gray, and the brushstrokes are bold and neat, quite impressive.
Pokro
"Action Painting"
Getting rid of the limitations of the wrist, elbow and shoulder, it is easier for the painter to use the movements of the whole body to express uncontrollable inner consciousness and actions, which pioneered the action art in the West.
pop art
The artistic phenomenon known as postmodernism
Use materials and media encountered in the living environment to create images that the public can understand, so as to combine art with industrial machinery civilization, and use mass media (TV, newspapers, printed matter) to popularize it
"What makes today's families so different and so attractive?" 》
Andy Warhol
America's most famous pop artist
"Wedding ring"
Some people call it "New Dada" or "New Realism"
3. Art trends since the 1970s
Postmodernism
Promote the popular nature of art against the elitist nature of art, and oppose refined artistic taste with vulgarity and life-oriented
Features
1. Attempt to break through the aesthetic category and break the boundaries between art and life
2. Question the mainstream art trends and pay attention to the art of ethnic minorities and remote areas, advocate pluralism and recognize multi-centeredness.
3. Shift from the morphological categories of traditionalism and modernism art to methodology, and use art to express multiple ways of thinking.
4. From emphasizing subjective feelings to the objective world, ignoring or underestimating personality and style.
5. From aversion to industry and mechanical society to integration with industrial machinery
6. Advocate for the popularization of art and make extensive use of mass media
This one-sidedness and extremeness of postmodernism has actually begun to emerge in modernism, especially in Dadaism.
Important sculptors of Constructivism include Gonzalez, Archipenko, Pevsner, etc.
"bird"
Brancusi
"Reclining Human Body"
Moore
"square"
Giacometti
20th Century Realist Art
German female painter
He is an artist who has deep sympathy for the proletariat and the people.
She used oil paintings, woodcuts, copperplates, stone slabs and sculptures to express the poverty of German society, the trauma of war and the misery of workers, as well as the oppressed people's struggle to rise up.
"The Weavers' Riot"
group painting
"War", "Death"
After World War II, the "New Realism" movement emerged in the European art world
Most of them are members of revolutionary parties experienced in the anti-fascist war.
They asked artists to use new realist language to reflect life and promote the cause of people's struggle.
In France, the main figures of the movement
Fuggeron
Created large-scale oil paintings and sketches "Mining Country" and "Female Cheese Maker"
P24 Specific differences between Roman and Greek art