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Mind map of the four basic tissues of histology and embryology
This is a mind map about the four basic tissues of histology and embryology, including epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, etc.
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Mind map of the four basic tissues of histology and embryology
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- Outline
Four major organizations
epithelial tissue
Covering epithelium
single layer epithelium
single layer squamous epithelium
form
Surface view - polygonal, jagged edges; core ellipse, centered
Lateral view - flat; cytoplasm is thin; nuclear part is thick; nucleus is flat
distributed
Endothelium--heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Mesothelium - the surface of the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium
Others - kidney thin segments, renal capsule wall layer, salivary gland ducts, alveolar wall epithelium
Function
Keep smooth and reduce friction; exchange of substances
single layer cuboidal epithelium
form
Surface view--cells are hexagonal or polygonal
Side view--the cells are cuboidal; the nucleus is round in the center
distributed
Renal tubules, thyroid follicles
Function
absorption and secretion
simple columnar epithelium
form
Surface view--cells are hexagonal or polygonal
Lateral view--cell columnar; nucleus oblong near base
distributed
Stomach, intestine (containing goblet cells), uterus, gallbladder, renal collecting duct, fallopian tube surface
Function
Column: absorption, secretion
Cup shape: lubrication, protection
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
form
Columnar cells (with cilia at the free end) Spindle cells Cone cells Goblet cells
The bottom of the cell is connected to the basement membrane, and the nucleus is of different heights
distributed
Inner surface of respiratory tract: pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, Eustachian tube, tympanic cavity and other cavities
Function
Secrete mucus, eliminate foreign matter, protect
stratified epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
form
Basal layer: a layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells
Middle layer: several layers of polygonal cells
Superficial layer: several layers of spindle or flat cells
distributed
Keratinized - skin
Unkeratinized--oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
Function
Friction resistance, protection, regeneration
Stratified columnar epithelium
form
Superficial columnar cells are neatly arranged
Deep polygon cells
distributed
Eyelid conjunctiva, male urethra
Function
Protect, repair, lubricate
metastatic epithelium
form
Basal layer: low columnar, cubic shape
Middle layer: polygon, pear shape
Surface layer: cells are large, rectangular and flat, with large nuclei in the middle, some with two nuclei
distributed
renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder
Features
Change, move. The number and morphology of cell layers vary with the functional status of the organ.
Function
Protect
glandular epithelium and glands
exocrine glands
acini
serous acini
form
LM
Glandular cells are cone-shaped and have round nuclei located at the base of the cells.
Cytoplasm
Darker dyeing
Top Common Eosinophilic Secretory Granules
Strong basophilic basal cytoplasm
EM
The cytoplasm contains a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and zymogen granules on the top.
Features
The secretion is thin, contains enzymes, and has a digestive effect
mucinous acini
form
LM
Glandular cells are cone-shaped, with oblate nuclei attached to the base
Cytoplasm is lightly colored and foamy
A small amount of perinuclear cytoplasmic basophilia
EM
The top cytoplasm contains abundant mucin granules
Features
The secretions are thick and contain mucus, which serve to lubricate and protect the epithelium.
mixed acini
Mixed mucinous and serous acini
Under the electron microscope, there are 1 substance and 2 nuclei, light-colored mucinous acini, and dark-colored serous acini.
catheter
endocrine glands
specialized structure of epithelial cells
free surface
microvilli
form
LM - linear (striated border, brush border)
EM - cell membrane cytoplasm (containing microfilaments)
Function - Expand cell surface area to facilitate absorption
Distribution - small intestine, proximal convoluted tubule, etc.
cilia
form
LM - tiny finger-like protrusions
EM - cell membrane cytoplasm (contains 9 2 microtubules)
Function
Rhythmic swing. Remove foreign matter and directional transportation.
distributed
respiratory epithelial cells
Lateral-cell junction
tight connection
Shape - spots, spots, strips (10~15nm)
Function - barrier function (protein particles dock with each other)
Distribution - single layer of cuboidal, columnar epithelial apex
Location: Top of side (free surface)
Intermediate connection
Form - Ribbon
The gap is filled with filaments (15~20nm)
Dense substances and filaments attached to the cytoplasm surface
Function - adhesion, maintaining cell shape, transmitting cell contractility
Distribution - epithelium, myocardium
Location: Below tight junction
desmosomes
form
Within the macular space is a dense midline with filaments on both sides.
There are attachment plates and tension filaments on the cytoplasmic surface.
Function: Strong, Supportive
Distribution: Stratified squamous epithelium
Location: Below the middle connection
gap junction
communication connection
form
Spot-like, with very narrow gaps (2~3nm)
small tubes of proteins embedded in the cell membrane
Function: material circulation, transfer of chemical information, electrical impulses
Distribution: among various cells of embryos and adults
Location: Deep in the desmosome
basal surface
basement membrane
form
Hard to read under LM
HE
PAS, silver dye (black)
EM is divided into two parts
substrate
transparent layer
Dense layer
Laminin, etc.
stencil
Function
Protective filtration supports connection and fixation, determines cell polarity, affects cell metabolism, migration, proliferation and differentiation, and facilitates material exchange.
plasma membrane infolding
Location
Renal tubules etc.
form
LM - basal longitudinal lines
EM-The cell membrane is indented with many mitochondria
Function
Expanding the basal surface facilitates material exchange
Hemidesmosome: Function ~ Strengthen the connection between epithelial cells and basement membrane
Sensory epithelium: It is an epithelial tissue with the function of receiving special stimulation, such as taste epithelium, olfactory epithelium, visual epithelium, auditory epithelium, etc.
Overview
Features: 1. Many cells and less extracellular matrix 2. Cells are closely arranged and have regular shapes. 3. Cells have polarity and are divided into free surface, basal surface and side surfaces. There is a basement membrane on the basal surface. 4. There are no blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, but there are abundant free nerve endings
Composition: Cells, a small amount of extracellular matrix
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
Classification: Covering epithelium, glandular epithelium, sensory epithelium, genital epithelium, myoepithelium
connective tissue
broad sense
blood, lymph
blood
cartilage, bone
intrinsic connective tissue
Narrow sense - intrinsic connective tissue
loose connective tissue
Features
There is a lot of matrix, many types of cells, and a small number of fibers; honeycomb shape, sparsely arranged; rich blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Widely distributed (between tissues and organs)
connection, support, defense, protection, nutrition, trauma repair
composition
cell
Fibroblasts
form
LM
The cells are larger, have many processes, and have unclear boundaries.
Cytoplasm weakly basophilic
Kernel clear and light in color
EM - rich rough endoplasmic reticulum and developed Golgi complex
Function - synthesis and secretion of fibers and matrix
Plasma cell
form
LM
Cell body round or oval
Cytoplasmic basophilia
The nucleus is round and offset, the chromatin is arranged in a wheel shape, and there is a lightly stained area next to the nucleus.
EM: Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes (in the cytoplasm), well-developed Golgi complex and centrioles (lightly stained area)
Function-synthesize, store, and secrete antibodies (humoral immune response), synthesize a variety of cytokines (regulate inflammatory response)
Source: B lymphocytes
Macrophages
form
LM
Cell shapes are diverse, mostly round or oval, with protrusions and pseudopods
The cytoplasm is rich, eosinophilic, and may contain foreign particles and vacuoles.
The nucleus is small, oval, deeply colored, and the nucleolus is not obvious.
EM
Surface → microvilli, wrinkles, small protrusions
Intracytoplasm → lysosome, phagosome, engulfing vesicle
Near the membrane → microfilaments, microtubules
Function
Chemotaxis, deformation, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, secretion function
Source: Mononuclear cells in blood
Mast cells
form
LM
Cells are larger, round or oval
The cytoplasm contains coarse granules (basophilic, water-soluble, metachromatic)
The nucleus is small, round, deeply stained, and located in the center
EM: Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, a large number of particles surrounded by unit membranes
Function - related to allergic reactions
Special granules include heparin (anticoagulant), histamine and leukotrienes (causing allergic reactions), eotaxin
fat cells
form
Single or group, spherical or polygonal
Cytoplasm → (HE) vacuolated
Nuclei are oblate and a small amount of cytoplasm→meniscus, skewed to one side
Function - synthesis and storage of fat
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Shape - like fibroblasts, small → (HE) difficult to identify
Function - value-added and differentiated
leukocyte
Morphology - Neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils are common
Function - Participate in immune and inflammatory responses
extracellular matrix
fiber matrix
Collagen fibers
form
Fresh: white, shiny, also known as white fiber
LM→(HE) light red, fiber thickness varies, wavy, branches interact to form a network
EM: Type I collagen, collagen fibrils, with alternating light and dark 64nm periodic striations.
Features - tough, soft and easy to bend, strong tensile strength
spandex
form
Fresh - yellow, also known as yellow fiber
LM
HE→light red
Aldehyde red → purple
Lichen red → brown
Thin, straight, intertwined branches, often curled ends
EM - core is elastin and peripheral microfibrils
Features - High elasticity (elastin molecules are extensively intertwined with covalent bonds to form a network and can be bent at will) (microfibrils are composed of fibrillar protein and are easily broken when exposed to sunlight) and are functionally complementary to collagen fibers
mesh fiber
form
LM
HE→difficult to distinguish
PAS → positive, purple (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
AgNO3→black, branches intertwined into a network
EM-type III collagen, with 64nm periodic striations
Characteristics - Found in reticular tissues (hematopoietic organs, lymphoid tissue, endocrine glands, etc.) (does not dissolve in water, does not swell in dilute acid, and has a certain elasticity)
matrix
Form - Colorless and transparent gelatinous substance with a certain viscosity (viscous amorphous gelatinous substance)
Composition - Proteoglycan Glycoprotein (fibronectin) + tissue fluid
Three-dimensional configuration
Hyaluronic acid molecule (skeleton)
protein molecule (branch)
Chondroitin sulfate (side chain)
Function - a place for material exchange
dense connective tissue
Characteristics - Few cells, less matrix, more fibers
Classification
Regular dense connective tissue - tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis
Irregular dense connective tissue - dermis, dura mater, sclera and the capsule of many organs
Elastic tissue - nuchal ligament, ligamentum flavum, media of elastic arteries
Adipose tissue
Composition - Large clusters of fat cells separated by loose connective tissue
Function - store fat, maintain body temperature, participate in energy metabolism
Classification
yellow adipose tissue
Shape: The cells are spherical, with only one large lipid droplet in the cell. The nucleus and cytoplasm are crescent-shaped. When stained with HE, the lipid droplets are dissolved and become vacuolated, so they are called univesicular adipocytes.
Distribution: subcutaneous, omentum, mesentery
Function: Largest energy storage, insulation, buffering, protection, support, filling
brown adipose tissue
Morphology: There are abundant capillaries, many small lipid droplets scattered in the cells, large and abundant mitochondria, and the nucleus is in the center. They are called multivesicular adipocytes.
Distribution: scapular area, armpits, back of neck of newborns; hibernating animals
Function: Cold → Intracellular lipid decomposition, oxidation, and heat generation
reticular tissue
composition
reticular cells
Star-shaped cells with processes connected by adjacent processes to form a network
The nucleus is large, round, oval, lightly colored, with 1 to 2 nucleoli.
Cytoplasm rich in filaments
mesh fiber
reticular cell production
Thin filaments, intertwined into a network
matrix
Distribution - basic components of lymphoid tissue and hematopoietic tissue (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
Function - Provide the microenvironment required by hematopoietic cells and immune cells
nervous tissue
Neurons
structure
Cell body - metabolic and nutritional center
cell membrane – unit membrane
excitable membrane
accept stimulation
Process information
generate and conduct impulses
membrane proteins
Ion channels-Na, K, Ca, Cl-
Receptor - can bind to the corresponding neurotransmitter to open the channel
Nucleus (identification point)
Large; round; centered; the nuclear membrane is obvious; there is a lot of euchromatin, so the staining is light; the nucleolus is obvious, large and round (vesicular nucleus)
Cytoplasm (perinuclear cytoplasm) – abundant cytoplasm
Nislsite
Location: Within the cell body and dendrites
LM: granular, patchy (tabby), strongly basophilic
EM: rough endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes
Function: synthesize protein
neuron fiber
LM: Silver dyed into brown-black filaments
EM: neurofilament microtubules
Function: skeleton, material transportation
protuberance
dendrites
Number: one or more
Shape: thick and short, with branched dendrites and dendritic spines on the surface
Structure: homonuclear periplasm, containing Nislsite
Function: receive stimulation and transmit information into the cell body
axon
Number: only one
Shape: Thin, different lengths, few branches
Structure: axonal hillock, axonal membrane, axonoplasm, no Nislsite
Function: Conduct impulses
Classification
According to the number of protrusions
single level neuron
bipolar neurons
pseudounipolar neuron
According to axon length
Golgi type I neuron: large neuron with long axon (>1 meter)
Golgi type II neuron: small neuron with short axon (several μm)
by function
Sensory neurons: also called afferent neurons, mostly pseudo-unipolar neurons
Motor neuron: also called efferent neuron, usually multi-level neuron
Intermediate (connection) neurons: mainly multipolar neurons
release transmitter
Cholinergic neurons: release acetylcholine
Noradrenergic neurons: release norepinephrine
Aminergic neurons: release dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, etc.
Peptidergic neurons: release neuropeptides such as substance P and enkephalin
Amino acid neurons: release Y-aminobutyric acid, glycine and glutamate, etc.
synapse
Concept: Cellular connections between neurons or between neurons and effector cells. It is the part that transmits information
Classification
According to structure: axis-tree, axis-spine, axis-body
By medium: chemical synapse, electrical synapse
By effect: excitatory synapses, inhibitory synapses
According to the thickness of the film dense material: type I, type II
chemical synapse
LM→(silver stain)→brown-black round particles
EM
presynaptic component
Presynaptic membrane: thickened, dense, and serves as the axon terminal
Synaptic vesicles: contain neurotransmitters or neuromodulators
synaptic cleft
Width 15~30nm
Contains glycoproteins, some filaments
postsynaptic component
Post-synaptic membrane: thickened, with specific receptors, Na ion channels
Often cell body or dendrite
electrical synapse
Meaning: mainly refers to the gap junction between two cells
Using electric current as an information carrier
Features: Fast conduction speed, bidirectional conduction
Function: convey information Impulse → Presynaptic components → Synaptic vesicles gather and release neurotransmitters → Presynaptic membrane → Synaptic cleft → Transmitter binds to postsynaptic membrane receptors → Postsynaptic membrane permeability changes → Postsynaptic membrane nerve Neuron (or non-neuronal cell) excitation or inhibition
Glial cells, numerous, with processes, do not conduct impulses
Central Nervous System
Astrocytes: support, insulation, nutrition, repair; blood-brain barrier ~ the glial boundary membrane formed by the brain's capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, and astrocytes, which can prevent harmful substances in the blood from entering In the brain, to maintain the stability of the nervous system environment
Oligodendrocytes: the largest number; form the myelin sheath and neural membrane of the central nervous system
Microglia: phagocytosis (belongs to the mononuclear phagocyte system)
Ependymal cells: protective, produce cerebrospinal fluid
peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells - involved in the formation of nerve fibers
Satellite cells - wrap neuron cell bodies in ganglia and protect ganglion cells
nerve fibers and nerves
myelinated nerve fibers
Peripheral nervous system (medullary and membranous)
structure
Axon - located in the center
myelin sheath
The membrane of Schwann cells repeatedly wraps around axons to form (1 pack of 1)
Fresh - bright white
LM
HE - reticular, foamy, visible nodes of Ranvier, internodal body
Osmic acid - black
EM - concentric circular layers with alternating light and dark colors
Neural membrane - the outermost membrane of Schwann cells, composed of the surrounding basement membrane
Function - jump conduction, fast conduction speed, insulation
Composition - most of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves
Central nervous system (myelinated without membranes)
structure
with peripheral nervous system
Myelin - the flat membrane at the end of multiple processes of oligodendrocytes wraps around multiple axons (multi-package)
No basement membrane, no incision
Function - same as peripheral nervous system
Composition - white matter
unmyelinated nerve fibers
Peripheral nervous system (without myelination and membrane)
thin axon
Schwann cells do not form myelin (more than 1 pack)
Central nervous system (unmedullary and membraneless)
exposed axon
without any sheath
Features
Distributed in postganglionic fibers of vegetative ganglia, olfactory nerve, and some sensory nerve fibers
Slow conduction, no insulation
nerve
Definition: It is a cord-like structural bundle formed by many nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system arranged in parallel and surrounded by a connective tissue membrane.
Structure: Nerve fibers, connective tissue endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
nerve endings
sensory nerve endings
free nerve endings
unmyelinated and exposed part
Distribution: epidermis, corneal epithelium, mucosal epithelial cells
Sensation of cold, heat, pain and light touch
tactile corpuscle
Oval body containing touch cells (flattened)
Distribution: Papillary layer of dermis of skin The skin on the palms of the fingers and soles is the richest
Touch, feel stress stimulation
toroidal body
Oval
Distribution: Deep dermis of skin Thorax, peritoneum and mesentery, etc.
pressure and vibration sense
muscle spindle
spindle-shaped bodies located in skeletal muscles
proprioceptor
Feel the changes in traction, stretching and contraction of muscle fibers
Regulate skeletal muscle activity
encapsulated nerve endings
motor nerve endings
somatic motor nerve endings
Distribution: skeletal muscle
Function: Form chemical synapses with skeletal fiber muscle membrane, called motor end plate, or nerve-muscle connection
Motor unit: The collective name for the axon of a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.
visceral motor nerve endings
Distribution: Smooth muscle of internal organs and blood vessels, as well as cardiac muscle and gland cells
Function: Form chemical synapses with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland cells
muscle tissue
Overview
constitute
Muscle cells (muscle fibers)
cell membrane-sarcolemma
Cytoplasm-sarcoplasm (myofilament)
A small amount of connective tissue blood vessels, nerves
Classification
Skeletal muscles → (somatic nerves) → voluntary muscles
Myocardium → (autonomous rhythm) (vegetative nerves) → involuntary muscles
striated muscle
Smooth muscle → (vegetative nerve) → involuntary muscle
Function - contraction, relaxation
Light microscopic structures of three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
Long cylindrical shape, 1~40nm in length, 10~100μm in diameter, with sarcolemma
The nuclei are flat oval or rod-shaped, multiple, several to hundreds, located under the sarcolemma.
The sarcoplasm is rich, eosinophilic, with myofibrils, alternating light and dark striations, and sarcomeres.
muscle
skeletal muscle fibers
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
myocardium
Irregular short cylindrical shape, branched, interconnected into a network
The cytoplasm is rich, with horizontal stripes and intercalary disks.
The nucleus is oval, centered, and may have double nuclei.
smooth muscle
Long spindle shape, 8 microns in diameter, 200 microns long (20~500 microns)
Eosinophilic cytoplasm, no striations
Nucleus oblong or rod-shaped, one, located in the center, sometimes spiral
Exist alone, in bundles or distributed in layers
Electron microscopic structures of three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
myofibrils
Myofibrils exhibit periodically arranged horizontal stripes of light and dark due to different refractive properties. The bright part is called the bright zone, also called the I zone. The dark part is called the dark band, also called the A band. There is a shallow band in the middle of the A band, called the H band. There is a deep line in the middle of the H band, called the M line. There is a deep line in the middle of the I zone called the Z line.
Myofilaments
Thick muscle filaments (blue)
H band, A band (middle of myotome), fixed on M line
myosin
Thin muscle filaments (red)
A belt other than I belt and H belt
Fixed on Z line
main
actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
The ratio of thick to thin wire = 1:6
Sarcomere
Definition: A section of myofibril between adjacent Z lines
Structure: front 1/2Ⅰ band, A band, rear 1/2Ⅰ band, about 1.5~3.5μm long
Function: The basic unit of skeletal muscle fiber structure and function. The length of the sarcomere changes with the contraction and relaxation of the muscle fiber.
Transverse tubule (T tubule)
Location - Junction of Zone A and I
Structure - the sarcolemma invaginates to form branches surrounding each myofibril, running perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle fiber
Function: Rapidly conduct excitement
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Location - between transverse tubules
structure: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum arranged longitudinally and anastomotically into a network terminal enlargement into cisterna terminalis cisterna terminalis transverse tubule → triplet
Function - store calcium ions and regulate sarcoplasmic calcium ion concentration
myocardium
Myofibrils - varying in thickness, not very clear boundaries, rich in mitochondria
Transverse tubule - thick, located at the level of Z line
Longitudinal tubules - thin, sparse, small terminal pool, with doublets
leap disc
Definition - junction of myocardial fibers
form
LM - Darkly colored horizontal or stepped thick lines
EM
Located at the level of Z line
Transverse part - adhesive zonules, desmosomes (strong connection)
Longitudinal part - gap junction (information exchange, transmission of impulses, synchronous contraction)
smooth muscle
Thick and thin muscle filaments
1:12~30, thin muscle filaments are surrounded by petals
Thick muscle filaments are cylindrical with cross bridges on the surface
Several thick and thin myofilaments form a myofilament unit (contractile unit)
The sarcolemma is indented to form pits (transverse tubules)
Has a cytoskeleton
Macula densa (subsarcolemmal)
Intermediate filaments (desmin)
Dense body (sarcoplasm, Z line)
Gap junctions between muscle fibers
important concepts
Muscle fiber: Muscle cell, named for its elongated and fibrous shape
sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle cells
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle cells
Myoglobin: a special color protein contained in the sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, calcium storage