Definition: Statistical methods for collecting, organizing, and describing research data.

(1) How to obtain the required data (collection) (2) How to organize and display data using charts or mathematical methods (organizing) (3) How to describe the general characteristics of the data (description)

Meaning: A statistical method that studies how to use sample data to infer population characteristics

1. Parameter estimation

2. Hypothesis testing

Also called "quantity variable", the value of the variable is the quantity. Such as company sales, number of registered employees

Categorical variables

ordinal variable

It is the observation result of a quantitative variable, and its value is expressed as a specific numerical value. For example, the company’s sales are 10 million yuan

It is the observation result of a categorical variable, expressed as a category, generally expressed in words, but can also be described numerically. For example, use 1 to represent "male" and 2 to represent "female"

It is the observation result of an ordinal variable, expressed as a category, generally described by words, but can also be described by numbers. For example, 1 represents "master's degree and above", 2 represents "bachelor's degree", and 3 represents "college degree and below"

Data collected through direct survey or measurement. Almost all statistical data related to socioeconomic phenomena are observational data, such as GDP, CPI, housing prices, etc.

Data collected by controlling experimental subjects and the experimental environment in which they are exposed during experiments. For example, data on the service life of a new product, data on the efficacy of a new drug. Most data in the field of natural sciences are experimental data

Data derived from direct surveys and scientific experiments are the direct source of data for users. Its main sources include: investigation or observation, experiment [Tip] In the socio-economic field, the main method of obtaining data during statistical surveys is It is also an important way to obtain first-hand data.

Data derived from someone else's survey or experiment. This is an indirect source of data for users.

full investigation

non-comprehensive investigation

continuous investigation

discontinuous survey

Meaning: A survey method that arranges uniformly from top to bottom and provides basic statistical data step by step from bottom to top. Statistical reports must be based on certain original data and filled out in accordance with unified table formats, unified indicators, unified submission time and submission procedures.

Types of statistical reports: 1. According to the different scope of survey objects: comprehensive statistical reports and non-comprehensive statistical reports. Most current statistical reports are comprehensive reports. 2. It can be divided into different types according to the length of the reporting period: daily report, monthly report, quarterly report, annual report, etc.; 3. According to the content of the report and the scope of implementation, it can be divided into: national, departmental, and local statistical reports.

Meaning: A one-time comprehensive investigation specially organized for a specific purpose, Such as census, economic census, agricultural census, etc. It is mainly used to understand the basic overall picture of social and economic phenomena at a certain point in time. Provide a basis for the country to formulate relevant policies.

4 features

Meaning: A non-comprehensive survey that selects some units from the population of survey objects as samples for investigation, and infers the quantitative characteristics of the population based on the sample survey results.

Features: (1) Economy: The most significant advantage is that since the sample unit of the survey is usually a small part of the overall unit, the workload of the survey is small, so a lot of manpower, material resources, financial resources and time can be saved. (2) High timeliness: the required information can be obtained quickly and timely (3) Wide adaptability: It can obtain a wider range of information and is suitable for investigating various fields and various issues. (4) High accuracy: The data quality of sample surveys is sometimes higher than that of comprehensive surveys. Because the workload is small, each link can be done more carefully, and the errors are often smaller.

Meaning: Select a few key units from the population of survey objects for investigation. The selected key units account for the vast majority of the total in terms of the index value of the survey.

Features: Key investigations have a wide scope of application and can be carried out at a faster speed with less investment. Obtain the basic situation or changing trend of the main signs of certain phenomena. The purpose only requires understanding the basic situation and development trends, and does not require mastering comprehensive data.

Examples of teaching materials: (1) In order to understand the trend of retail price changes in urban cities across the country in a timely manner, we can investigate the changes in retail prices in 35 large and medium-sized cities across the country. This is the key investigation. (2) To understand the added value and total assets of industrial enterprises across the country in a timely manner, we only need to conduct a focused survey of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises across the country. (3) For example, the National Bureau of Statistics’ online direct reporting system for 5,000 industrial enterprises across the country is a key survey

Meaning: According to the purpose and requirements of the investigation, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the objects under investigation, a number of typical or representative units are consciously selected for investigation.

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