MindMap Gallery Chapter 46 Hyperthyroidism
Internal Medicine Chapter 6: Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hyperthyroidism is more common in women aged 30-60 years and has a slow onset. Typical patients have three groups of clinical manifestations: thyrotoxicosis, goiter and eye signs.
Edited at 2023-10-29 23:38:48El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Hyperthyroidism (common in GD)
Etiology and pathogenesis
genetic factors
self-immune
envirnmental factor
pathology
thyroid
ocular infiltrative exophthalmos
Pretibial myxedema
other
clinical manifestations
It is more common in women, aged 30-60 years, and has a slow onset. Typical patients have three clinical manifestations: thyrotoxicosis, goiter and eye signs.
Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis
hypermetabolic syndrome
Symptoms include heat intolerance, excessive sweating, moist skin, low-grade fever, overeating and hunger, sharp weight loss, and fatigue.
Psychological nervous system
High nervousness, talkativeness and restlessness, irritability, insomnia, inability to concentrate, memory loss, or even hallucinations, mania or schizophrenia, fine tremors of the arms, fingers and eyes closed, hyperreflexia of tendons, and occasionally manifested as Taciturn, depressed, indifferent
Cardiovascular System
symptom
Palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness
physical signs
Tachycardia, often sinus, with rapid heart rate during rest and sleep
The first heart sound is hyperactive, and there is often a systolic murmur below grade 2/6 in the apex area.
Increased systolic blood pressure, decreased diastolic blood pressure, increased pulse pressure, and positive peripheral vascular sign
Cardiomegaly and heart failure
Arrhythmias, mostly atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and premature atrial contractions, and occasionally atrioventricular block
digestive system
Increased appetite, loose stools, and increased frequency of defecation. Severe cases may include hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and occasionally jaundice. A few patients may experience loss of appetite, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
musculoskeletal system
It manifests as muscle weakness and muscle wasting, mainly thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. It is more common in adolescent males. The triggers include strenuous exercise, high carbohydrate diet, insulin injection, etc. The disease mainly affects the lower limbs. During the attack, blood potassium decreases, and the course of the disease is Self-limiting. Some patients develop hyperthyroid myopathy, presenting with progressive muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, which is more common in the proximal scapula and pelvic girdle muscles. Thick fingertips, myasthenia gravis and osteoporosis can be seen in a few cases
reproductive system
Reduced menstrual flow or amenorrhea in women, impotence in men, and occasional breast hyperplasia
hematopoietic system
The total number of white blood cells and granulocytes in peripheral blood may decrease, lymphocytes may increase, and hypochromic anemia may occur, which may be accompanied by thrombocytopenic purpura.
Skin and fingertips
A small number of patients have typical symmetrical myxedema, local skin thickening and coarsening, which may be accompanied by secondary infection and pigmentation; proliferative subperiosteal osteitis, clubbing of fingers (toes)
goiter
The thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged, soft in texture, and becomes hard or rubbery after prolonged illness; it has no tenderness and moves up and down with swallowing. Tremor can be palpated and vascular murmur can be heard. A few cases show asymmetrical swelling or no swelling.
Eye signs
Simple proptosis
Mild exophthalmos, the degree of exophthalmos generally does not exceed 18mm, and the normal degree does not exceed 16mm
Reduced blinking (Stellwag sign)
Upper eyelid contracture, wide palpebral fissure, and upper edge of cornea exposed when looking straight forward
When the eyes are looking downward, the upper eyelid cannot fall with the eyeball or falls behind the eyeball (von Graefe's sign)
The forehead skin should not wrinkle when looking upward (Joffroy's sign)
Poor eyeball convergence when looking at near objects (mobius sign)
Infiltrative exophthalmos
It is rare, mostly occurs in adult patients, and has a poor prognosis. In addition to the more obvious eye signs mentioned above, it is often accompanied by swelling and hypertrophy of the eyelids and conjunctival congestion and edema. Swelling and hyperplasia of the soft tissue in the orbit and obvious lesions of the eye muscles make the eyeball significantly protruding (sometimes up to 30mm) and limited movement. Patients complained of foreign body sensation in the eyes, eye swelling and pain, photophobia, tearing, diplopia, strabismus, reduced visual field, and decreased vision. In severe cases, the ball is fixed and the left and right exophthalmos are unequal (difference >3mm). Exposure of the conjunctiva and cornea can easily cause bleeding, edema, and the formation of corneal ulcers, which may lead to blindness.
Special clinical manifestations and types
thyroid storm
Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy
apathetic hyperthyroidism
T3 thyrotoxicosis
subclinical hyperthyroidism
hyperthyroidism during pregnancy
Auxiliary inspection
Thyroid function assessment indicators
Serum total triiodothyronine TT3 and serum total thyroxine TT4
Serum free triiodothyronine FT3 and serum free thyroxine FT4
TSH measurement
Thyroid autoantibody measurement
Thyroid uptake rate of 131I
diagnosis
Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
①Symptoms and signs of hypermetabolism
②Goiter or thyroid nodules
③Serum TT3, FT3, TT4, FT4 increased and TSH decreased
The diagnosis of "non-hyperthyroid thyrotoxicosis" can be established if the above three items are met and the diagnosis of "non-hyperthyroid thyrotoxicosis" is excluded.
Diagnosis of GD
①Consistent with the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
②Diffuse thyroid enlargement (confirmed by palpation and B-ultrasound)
③Protosis and other infiltrative eye signs
④ Pretibial myxedema
⑤TRAb or TSAb positive
Items ① and ② are necessary conditions for diagnosis; ③-⑤ are auxiliary conditions.
Differential diagnosis
subacute thyroiditis
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Multinodular toxic goiter, thyroid adenoma and malignant tumors
simple goiter
The thyroid uptake rate of 131I can increase, but the peak does not move forward. The T3 suppression test can be suppressed. T4 is normal or elevated, TSH (sTSH or uTSH) is normal or elevated. TRH stimulation test was normal. Blood TSAb, TGAb and TPOAb were negative.
neurosis
There are similar psychoneurological syndromes, but no hypermetabolic syndrome, goiter or exophthalmos. Thyroid function is normal.
other
Those with weight loss and low fever as the main manifestations should be differentiated from tuberculosis and malignant tumors; those with diarrhea should be differentiated from chronic colitis; arrhythmias should be differentiated from rheumatic heart disease and coronary heart disease; exophthalmos should be differentiated from orbital tumors, Identification of chronic pulmonary heart disease
treat
General treatment
Treatment of hyperthyroidism
Treatment of Graves' Eye Disease
Treatment of thyroid storm
Treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy