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Microbiology-Introduction
Super detailed microbiology mind map is coming ~ Microorganisms are a general term for a type of tiny organisms with single-cell, multi-cell and acellular structures that are tiny, difficult to see with the naked eye and have a relatively simple structure. Will be updated one after another, so stay tuned~
Edited at 2023-10-27 12:10:36- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Microbiology-Introduction
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
introduction
microorganism
definition
Microorganisms are a general term for microorganisms with single-cell, multi-cell and acellular structures that are tiny, difficult to see with the naked eye and have relatively simple structures.
Characteristics (Five common characteristics of microorganisms)
(1) Small size and large area; (most importantly) (2) Absorption is large and conversion is fast; (3) Growth is strong and reproduction is fast; (4) Adaptability is strong and mutation is fast; (5) Wide distribution and many species
microbiology
Definition (3 6)
Microbiology is one of the branches of biology. It studies the morphological structure, growth and reproduction, physiological metabolism, genetic variation, ecological distribution, evolution and classification of microorganisms and other life activity rules at the molecular, cellular or population level. subjects.
develop
prehistoric period
stages of morphological development
Netherlands Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek
Observed bacteria with homemade microscope - microbiology pioneer
Physiological stages of development
France Pasteur
The retort test denies the "spontaneous generation theory" and proposes the germ theory and establishes the pasteurization method - the founder of microbiology
Germany Koch
Established pure culture on solid media and proposed Koch's Law - the founder of bacteriology
Koch's Law
It can be used to identify most pathogenic bacteria and is currently a routine method for identifying unknown pathogenic bacteria.
To determine that a certain microorganism causes a specific disease, both of the following must be met:
1) Relevance: The microorganism must be present in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms
2) Isolable culture: This microorganism can be isolated and cultured purely
3) Can be artificially infected: When the culture is inoculated into a healthy host, it can cause the same disease
4) Resisolatable: The microorganism can be isolated again from the diseased host
Lister
Disinfection surgeon, pioneering phenol antiseptic disinfection technology
Russia Ivanovsky
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) discovered
United Kingdom Buchner
founder of biochemistry
Fleming, UK
Discovered penicillin - father of penicillin
Development stages of molecular biology
1953 Watson, Cric
Discovered the double helix structure of DNA - founder of molecular biology
1969 Whittaker
Proposed a five-kingdom system of biological classification
Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Realm of things
1977 United States C.Woese (Woese)
Proposed three realms (domains) system
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukaryotes
It is believed that the phylogeny of the biological world is not a process of development from simple prokaryotes to more complete and complex eukaryotes, but there are obviously three genetic systems with different development, namely archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. It is believed that these three gene systems developed from a certain starting point almost at the same time. This starting point is an original ancestor that is still unclear.
Classification of microorganisms
Prokaryotic
Bacteria (eubacteria, archaea), actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, etc.
eukaryotic
Fungi (yeast, mold, mushrooms), protozoa, microscopic algae, etc.
non-cellular
Viruses, subviruses (viroids, pseudoviruses, ryanviruses)
The role of microorganisms
1. Ideal objects and tools for modern life science research at the molecular, genetic, and genome levels (E. coli, etc.)
2. Restoration of the ecological environment: a powerful decomposer and converter of organic wastewater, polluted soil, and toxic compounds. (Toluene, etc.)
3. Agriculture: Contributes to soil formation, fertility improvement, and crop production. And can be used to control pests, fix nitrogen, etc.
4. Produce clean energy: develop hydrogen, ethanol, isobutanol and other clean energy sources to reduce environmental pollution
5. Use microbial genetic engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, fermentation engineering, etc. to improve existing microbial fermentation levels and improve economic benefits.
6. Biomedical synthesis: Find ideal drugs in microorganisms or use microorganisms to transform existing drugs. (Penicillin, Streptomycin, etc.)
microbial diversity
Morphological and structural diversity
The individuals are tiny (bacteria are measured in μm, viruses are measured in nm), but their shapes are different, with cell walls, flagella The structures are different
metabolic diversity
Utilize diverse substrates, diverse metabolic methods, diverse metabolic pathways, diverse metabolic intermediates and final products, and large differences in metabolic rates
Genetic and Variational Diversity
In addition to DNA, plasmids and RNA can also carry genetic information; there are various reproduction methods; the mutation frequency is high, up to 10^-5~10^-10
resistance diversity
Such as heat resistance, acid resistance, pressure resistance, toxicity resistance and other resistances
species diversity
There are 100,000 species of microorganisms identified so far, and we probably know less than 10% of what exists in nature
ecological distribution diversity
Microorganisms are widely distributed in nature