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MindMap Gallery Alzheimer's disease
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Alzheimer's disease
The whole process of Alzheimer's disease introduces the cause, pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, clinical symptoms, treatment, pathological changes, diagnosis, complications, ethics, epidemiology and other knowledge of Alzheimer's disease.
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Alzheimer's disease
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- Outline
Alzheimer's disease
Cause
genetic factors
family history
early onset alzheimer's disease
late onset alzheimer's disease
Gene mutation
APP gene mutation
PSEN1 gene mutation
PSEN2 gene mutation
envirnmental factor
lifestyle
diet
sports
sleep
psychological stress
anxiety
depression
other factors
head trauma
Viral infection
heavy metal exposure;
Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
amyloid deposition
β-amyloid deposition
neuroinflammatory response
Neuronal damage and death
oxidative stress
Free radical production and accumulation
mitochondrial dysfunction
neurotrophic factor deficiency
nerve growth factor deficiency
brain-derived neurotrophic factor deficiency
synaptic dysfunction
Decreased synaptic plasticity
Synapse loss and neurotransmission dysfunction
Vascular disease
cerebral microvascular disease
Vascular endothelial cell damage
Blood-brain barrier disruption
reduced cerebral blood flow
Reduced cerebral blood flow leads to ischemia and hypoxia of brain tissue
Ischemia and hypoxia in brain tissue lead to neuronal damage and death;
Alzheimer's disease clinical symptoms
memory loss
recent memory loss
forget recent events
Forget recent knowledge
long term memory loss
forget past events
Forget past knowledge
Decreased language ability
Vocabulary reduction
Forgot words and phrases
Difficulty finding the right words
Increased syntax errors
Sentence structure is confusing
Frequent grammatical errors
difficulty expressing
Difficulty expressing one's thoughts
Difficulty understanding other people’s expressions
disorientation
Loss of spatial orientation
get lost
Location not recognized
loss of time orientation
forgot time
Unable to recognize date
Decreased executive function
Decreased ability to plan and organize
Difficulty making plans
Difficulty executing plans
decreased concentration
difficulty concentrating
easily distracted
Decreased ability to think abstractly
Difficulty understanding abstract concepts
Difficulty solving complex problems
mood and behavior changes
mood swings
unstable emotion
irritability
social withdrawal
avoid social events
Reduce communication with others
repetitive behavior
Repeated actions
Repeat words;
treat
medical treatement
Anti-Alzheimer's Drugs
cholinesterase inhibitor
donepezil
Galantamine
NMDA receptor antagonist
Memantine
anti-inflammatory drugs
NSAIDs
Steroid
Immunotherapy
vaccine therapy
immunomodulator
non-pharmacological treatment
cognitive training
memory training
attention training
language training
lifestyle adjustments
diet modification
Exercise
sleep adjustment
psychological support
psychological counseling
Social activities
family support;
Alzheimer's disease care
daily care
Diet care
Balanced diet
Balanced intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, etc.
avoid irritating foods
Avoid spicy, greasy, cold and other irritating foods
Life care
Keep the environment tidy
Keep the room ventilated and clean to avoid bacterial growth
Keep a regular schedule
Go to bed early and get up early to avoid staying up late
psychological care
stay positive
Encourage patients to maintain an optimistic and positive attitude and avoid negative emotions such as anxiety and depression
Strengthen social activities
Encourage patients to participate in social activities to enhance self-confidence and social skills
Rehabilitation care
cognitive training
memory training
Improve memory through memory games, reading, and more
attention training
Improve concentration through puzzles, Sudoku and more
Sports Training
Aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise such as walking, jogging, swimming, etc. to improve cardiopulmonary function
Strength Training
Perform strength training with dumbbells, barbells and other equipment to enhance muscle strength
Pathological changes
amyloid deposition
β-amyloid deposition
Aβ40 and Aβ42 deposition
Aggregation of Aβ40 and Aβ42
Fibrosis of Aβ40 and Aβ42
tau protein deposition
Phosphorylation of tau protein
Aggregation of tau protein
neurofibrillary tangles
formation of neurofibrillary tangles
Spread of neurofibrillary tangles
neuron loss
degeneration of neurons
atrophy of neurons
neuronal necrosis
neuronal apoptosis
The mechanism of neuronal apoptosis
Regulation of neuronal apoptosis
synaptic loss
Reduction in synaptic density
Measurement of synaptic density
Regulation of synaptic density
Alterations in synaptic plasticity
Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity
Regulation of synaptic plasticity
Inflammation
Activation of microglia
Phagocytosis of microglia
Secretion of inflammatory factors by microglia
T cell activation
T cell proliferation
Cytokine secretion by T cells;
diagnosis
Symptoms and signs
cognitive decline
memory loss
Decreased language ability
disorientation
executive dysfunction
behavioral and mood changes
depression and anxiety
Irritability and aggression
sleep disorder
Decreased ability to perform daily activities
neuropsychological assessment
Mini-Mental State Examination
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
depression definition stages
depression definition
Depression is a common mental illness
The severity of depression can be divided into mild, moderate and severe
Mainly manifested by persistent depression, loss of interest, fatigue, sleep disturbance and other symptoms
People with mild depression may have only some symptoms, while people with severe depression may not be able to live a normal life
causes of depression
The cause of depression is not fully understood
May be related to genetic, environmental, psychological and social factors
Depression can be divided into three stages: acute stage, consolidation stage and maintenance stage
The acute phase refers to the initial stage of depression and requires treatment as soon as possible
The consolidation period means that after the symptoms of depression are under control, treatment needs to be continued to consolidate the effects.
The maintenance period means that after depression symptoms are relieved, treatment needs to be continued to prevent recurrence;
Film degree exam
computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
laboratory tests
blood test
cerebrospinal fluid examination
DNA Testing
Diagnostic criteria
clinical diagnostic criteria
Pathological diagnostic criteria;
complication
Cardiovascular diseases
hypertension
High blood pressure is one of the most common complications of Alzheimer's disease
High blood pressure may cause damage to blood vessels in the brain, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is one of the common complications of Alzheimer's disease
Coronary heart disease may cause insufficient blood flow to the brain, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
heart failure
Heart failure is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
Heart failure may cause insufficient blood flow to the brain, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Respiratory diseases
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
COPD may lead to insufficient oxygen supply to the brain, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
pneumonia
Pneumonia is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
Pneumonia may lead to insufficient oxygen supply to the brain, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Digestive system diseases
indigestion
Indigestion is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
Indigestion may lead to malnutrition, increasing risk of Alzheimer's disease
constipate
Constipation is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
Constipation may lead to intestinal flora disturbance, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Musculoskeletal system diseases
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is one of the common complications of Alzheimer's disease
Osteoporosis may lead to fractures, increasing risk of Alzheimer's disease
arthritis
Arthritis is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease
Arthritis may lead to reduced mobility, which increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease;
prevention
maintain a healthy lifestyle
Balanced diet
Eat more fruits and vegetables
Reduce sugar and saturated fat intake
exercise regularly
Combined aerobic exercise and strength training
maintain a proper weight
enough sleep
Get 78 hours of sleep every night
Ensure sleep quality
maintain a good mental state
reduce pressure
Learn to relax and meditate
maintain good interpersonal relationships
keep a positive attitude
Face life optimistically
Develop hobbies
Regular physical examination
Monitor blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels
Timely detection and control of chronic diseases
stay socially active
Attend social events
Stay connected with family and friends
Avoid head trauma
Protect the head from injury
Avoid high-risk activities.
ethics
psychology
Alzheimer's disease patient psychology
psychological stress
stress caused by illness
fear of disease
fear of death
family burden pressure
The stress of caring for patients
economic pressure
social pressure
Discrimination and misunderstanding
social isolation;
Alzheimer's disease family psychology
Coping with stress
Understand the disease
Learn relevant knowledge
Understand the progression of disease
Learn about treatments
seek support
Join a support group
seek psychological counseling
adjust your mindset
Accept the truth
Understand the irreversibility of disease
Accept patient changes
stay positive
Focus on the positive aspects of patients
stay optimistic
self care
stay healthy
maintain good living habits
Eat properly
sufficient sleep
Proper exercise
Choose the right kind of exercise
keep working out
psychological adjustment
release stress
Find the right outlet
learn to relax
maintain balance
Allocate time and energy
Attention to individual needs;
state society
National policy on Alzheimer's disease
Policy development
policy objectives
Improve diagnosis rate
Improve treatment rates
Reduce morbidity
Policy makers
government departments
Medical institutions
Research institutions
policy implementation
Capital investment
research funding
Medical subsidies
Nursing subsidy
human Resources
Professional training
Volunteer recruitment
Promotion
Media
community activity
policy assessment
Evaluation indicators
Diagnosis rate
Treatment rate
Incidence
assessment method
data collection
data analysis
Results presentation;
Social support and measures for Alzheimer’s disease
Raise public awareness
Promote the dangers and preventive measures of Alzheimer's disease
Promote through media, lectures, brochures, etc.
Raise public awareness of Alzheimer's disease
Encourage people to take precautions
Increase public understanding and respect for people living with Alzheimer's disease
Eliminate discrimination and misunderstandings about people with Alzheimer’s disease
Encourage people to care for and help people with Alzheimer's disease
Strengthen policy support
Develop policy measures to address Alzheimer’s disease
Improving medical coverage for Alzheimer’s patients
Supporting the care and recovery of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Encourage enterprises and social organizations to participate in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Provide financial, technical and talent support
Carry out Alzheimer’s disease prevention and treatment research and services
Strengthen medical security
Improving the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Strengthen early diagnosis and screening of Alzheimer's disease
Promote early diagnosis technology for Alzheimer's disease
Improve the diagnostic capabilities of primary medical institutions
Improving the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Develop new treatments and drugs
Promote effective treatment options
Strengthening Alzheimer’s care and recovery services
Improving the professionalism of Alzheimer’s disease caregivers
Carry out nursing training and education
Promote care standards and practices
Provide a variety of rehabilitation services
Carry out rehabilitation training and activities
Provide psychological and social support;
other
hippocampus function
The hippocampus is the area of the brain responsible for learning and memory
Hippocampus helps form new memories
The hippocampus converts information into long-term memory
store memory
forgetting memory
Hippocampus aids memory retrieval
The hippocampus retrieves memories by activating relevant neurons
Hippocampus helps spatial navigation
Hippocampus navigates by forming spatial maps
Hippocampus navigates by forming cognitive maps
Hippocampus linked to Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease causes neuron death in hippocampus
Alzheimer's disease causes weakened connections between hippocampal neurons
Alzheimer's disease causes hippocampal dysfunction
Alzheimer's disease causes memory and learning decline
Alzheimer's disease causes a decrease in spatial navigation;
Functions of brain regions
frontal lobe
Includes prefrontal cortex and motor cortex
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for execution, decision-making, problem-solving and other functions
Motor cortex is responsible for movement control and coordination
Responsible for advanced cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, execution, and problem solving
Frontal lobe damage may lead to personality changes, behavioral abnormalities, motor dysfunction, etc.
Temporal lobe
Responsible for hearing, language, memory and other functions
Including areas such as superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus
The superior temporal gyrus is responsible for hearing
The middle temporal gyrus is responsible for language understanding
The inferior temporal gyrus is responsible for memory
Temporal lobe damage may cause aphasia, hearing impairment, memory impairment, etc.
parietal lobe
Responsible for sensory, spatial perception, motor coordination and other functions
Including areas such as the postcentral gyrus and parietal cortex
The postcentral gyrus is responsible for sensory and motor coordination
The parietal cortex is responsible for spatial perception
Parietal lobe damage may lead to sensory impairment, motor coordination impairment, spatial perception impairment, etc.
Occipital lobe
Responsible for visual information processing
Including areas such as primary visual cortex and extrastriate cortex
The primary visual cortex is responsible for the initial processing of visual information.
Extrastriate cortex is responsible for advanced processing of visual information
Damage to the occipital lobe may cause visual impairment, visual field defects, etc.
limbic system
Responsible for emotions, memory, motivation and other functions
Including areas such as hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus
The hippocampus is responsible for long-term memory
The amygdala is responsible for emotional responses
Cingulate gyrus is responsible for motivation and attention
Damage to the limbic system may lead to mood disorders, memory disorders, motivation disorders, etc.;
Epidemiology
epidemiological research methods
Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, etc.
Epidemiological study results
Incidence increases with age
The prevalence in women is slightly higher than in men
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing year by year
Alzheimer's disease has become a global public health problem