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1. Overview of Psychology (General Psychology)
Chapter 1 of General Psychology, for teaching recruitment examination, the research objects of psychology: 1. The study of psychological phenomena and the laws of their occurrence and development, 2. The study of human behavior and the laws of psychological activities, 3. The science of human behavior.
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1. Overview of Psychology (General Psychology)
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
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- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
1. Overview of Psychology
Psychological research objects and their structures
concept
Research objects: 1. Study of psychological phenomena and their occurrence and development rules 2. Study the laws of human behavior and psychological activities. 3. The science of studying human behavior
A discipline that studies human psychological phenomena (psychological activities) and the laws of their occurrence and development. (There are animals and people, mainly people)
Nature of subject
It is a marginal/intermediate/interdisciplinary subject that has both the nature of natural science and social science, and is dominated by social science.
Research objects, historical origins and research methods determine the nature of its natural disciplines
Human sociality determines its sociological nature
psychological phenomena and structures
mental process (Commonality/Dynamic)
Cognitive process: perception, memory, imagination, thinking
Affective Processes: Emotions, Affections
volitional process: volition
Notice Psychological Characteristics Accompanying Mental Processes (just a state of mind)
Mental state: attention, passion, mood
Psychological states link the transitional and intermediate stages of the two
personality psychology (Personality/difference/ combination/relatively stable)
Personality tendencies (Dynamic changes)
Needs, motivations, interests, hobbies, beliefs, ideals, values, etc.
1. Worldview is the highest expression and highest regulator of personality tendencies 2. The basis of motivation is people’s inner needs
The power system that drives human activities The most active factor in the personality structure Choices and trends that determine people’s understanding and attitude towards the world around them
personality psychological characteristics (Stablize)
Ability, personality (temperament, personality, self-regulation system and cognitive style)
Character is the core of personality
A unique combination of psychological characteristics Concentrated reflection of people’s mental outlook
psychology Origin and development
generate historical background
modern philosophy (theoretical basis)
Aristotle's "On the Soul" The first book in history to discuss various psychological phenomena
Locke's Essay on Human Understanding - Empiricism
Descartes - Rationalism
experimental physiology (methodological basis)
Fechner's "Principles of Psychophysics" He pioneered scientific experimental methods and laid the foundation of experimental psychology.
psychology generate flag
1879; Wundt The University of Leipzig in Germany establishes the world's first psychology laboratory Marked the birth of scientific psychology (also marked the separation of psychology from philosophy and the formal birth of an independent science).
Title: "Father of Psychology" ("Father of Scientific Psychology"/"Flag-bearer of Psychology's Independence")
Status supplement: (1) The father of educational psychology/the father of Western educational psychology—Thorndike (2) The founder of Russian educational psychology/the father of Russian educational psychology - Ushinsky (3) The father of modern cognitive psychology - Neisser (Neisser) (4) The father/cornerstone of modern school moral education—Kohlberg (5) Cai Yuanpei, the pioneer and founder of Chinese psychology (6) Established my country’s first psychology laboratory at Peking University - Chen Daqi
Book: "Principles of Physiological Psychology" is considered "the declaration of independence of psychology."
Historical achievements: (1) Independence of psychology (2) The establishment of experimental psychology (3) Establishment of an international psychology team
psychology main schools
constructivism
Wundt, Titchener
Introspection (experimental introspection) Ask you directly what is on your mind and report it proactively
1. Study direct experience—consciousness 2. Consciousness structure/component elements: [Version 1] Feeling, image, passion (emotion) [Version 2] Feeling, appearance, emotion Three compositional correspondences: perceptual elements, conceptual elements, and emotional elements
functionalism
James (founder), Dewey, Angel, Hall
introspection
1. Study consciousness, but do not view consciousness as a collection of individual elements "Stream of consciousness": a continuous, flowing process. Consciousness is dynamic 2. Emphasis on the role and function of consciousness: adapting the organism to the external environment
Behaviorism "The first force" "The First Revolution"
1. Watson (1913, "Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective" marked the birth of behaviorism) 2. Skinner (New Behaviorism) 3.Bandura
Experimental Method It is believed that consciousness cannot be seen, so we do not study consciousness directly, but we can directly observe behavior
1. Oppose the study of consciousness and advocate the study of explicit behavior ("brainless psychology") 2. Oppose the introspection method and advocate the experimental method for objective research. 3. Only study the stimuli and responses that can be observed and measured, and ignore the "black box operations" in the intermediate links (S——R) 4. Behaviorism≈Connectionism (Thorndike)
gestalt psychology (Holistic/Gestalt Psychology) (gestalt)
Wertheimer: The formal symbol produced - 1912 "Experimental Studies on the Perception of Motion" Kohler, Kovka
Introspection, objective observation
1. Advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole (the whole of consciousness) and opposes the decomposition of psychological phenomena into elements (opposite to structural attention) (1) The sum of the parts does not equal the whole (2) The whole precedes the parts and restricts the nature and significance of each part (3) The whole cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts and elements. (4) The overall determining part (5) Emphasize the integrity of experience and behavior, and advocate using the overall dynamic structure to observe and study psychological phenomena 2. Evaluation: He made a great contribution to the study of perception, laying the foundation for the subsequent development of cognitive psychology.
psychoanalytic school "Second force"
Research methods: hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association, catharsis
(Founder) Freud (the Duke of Zhou in the West) "Interpretation of Dreams"
early theory 1. The theory of topography of the mind: (iceberg theory) divides the mind into the subconscious, preconscious and conscious. Emphasis on the subconscious mind (also called the unconscious, manifested as dreams, clerical errors, and slips of the tongue) and the study of abnormal behaviors 2. Suppression and resistance (or resistance, resistance) 3. Interpretation of dreams 4. Pansexuality 5. Behavioral pleasure principle and reality principle 6. Personality Development Theory 7. Personality dynamics - libido. The unconscious and most fundamental motivation that affects personality development is sexual instinct
late theory 1. Development of instinct theory (life and death instincts) 2. The establishment of the theory of personality structure (id, ego, superego) 3. The formation of social and cultural theories (social outlook/cultural outlook/moral outlook/religious outlook/criminal outlook...)
Erikson
8 stages of personality development
Jung
Introversion vs extroversion
Androgyny (male, female)
Adler (Founder of Individual Psychology)
Inferiority and Transcendence (Individual Psychology)
cognitive psychology (Information processing) "The Second Revolution"
Piaget: early representative of cognitive psychology Neisser: The father of modern cognitive psychology - 1967 "Cognitive Psychology" marks the birth of modern psychology Gagne
information processing
1. Also studies consciousness, advocating the study of human subjective initiative and the initiative of consciousness 2. Knowledge is the representation of external reality in the human brain (Bruner) 3. In the late 1950s, the emergence of the three major theories of information theory, cybernetics, and systems theory promoted the development of cognitive psychology that analyzes and explains human psychological activities from the perspective of information processing.
humanism "Third Force" "The Third Revolution"
Rogers, Maslow
Phenomenology: Directly studying the state of people
1. Focus on personality research: diss psychoanalysis is disability psychology; diss behaviorism is infantile psychology 2. Pay attention to people’s own value and advocate giving full play to people’s potential 3. Human beings are inherently good and kind ("Positive Psychology") 4. People have free will and the need for self-realization. Advantages: Dilutes the purely rational color of psychology 5. Advocates the study of consciousness—the initiative of consciousness and human free choice
psychological nature
Psychology is the function of the brain (The brain is the organ of the mind)
god through Tie system of Knot structure
Neurons (nerve cells)
Is the basic unit of nervous system structure and function
Composition (physiological makeup) versions: 2, 3, 4
Function
Classification
god through Tie system
Central Nervous System (headquarters)
brain
brain hemispheres
cerebral hemisphere dominance
Smoking on the left, starry sky on the right
The two hemispheres cross to control the body, and the corpus callosum is connected
Sperry - the split-brain experiment
Four brain areas
Frontal lobe (movement)
Maximum 30%
Parietal lobe (sense)
Occipital lobe (visual)
Temporal lobe (hearing)
Four speech center mechanisms
Motor speech center (Broca’s area)
Expressive aphasia, telegraphic speech (inability to speak)
Auditory speech center (Wernick)
Receptive aphasia, (unintelligible)
Visual speech center (angular gyrus)
Dyslexia, being able to see but not understand the meaning of words (cannot read)
Writing Center (Aixler District)
Lost writing certificate
Advanced Center
brain development
The size and function of an infant's brain are affected and restricted by his or her acquired experience. 2. Early experience deprivation will cause the development of the central nervous system to stagnate or even atrophy, and cause permanent damage. Three Countdown Infant malnutrition also has an important impact on the growth of the infant's brain
cerebellum
Assists the brain in maintaining body balance and coordinated movements
brainstem
Brain oblongata (medulla oblongata) – life center
pons
midbrain
diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system
Hippocampus - memory
Amygdala - Emotions
low level center
spinal cord
The low-level center can complete some simple reflex activities: knee jerk reflex, Elbow reflex, Achilles tendon reflex hand withdrawal reaction sucking response blink response
low level center
peripheral nervous system (communication network)
somatic nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system (excitability)
Parasympathetic nervous system (inhibition)
Have antagonistic properties
god through Tie system of live move square Mode
Physiological structure/material basis/basic structure (reflex arc)
Basic form/activity method (reflection)
definition
The activity mode/basic form of the reflex nervous system, whose basic structure is the reflex arc
According to its mode of production, human psychology is reflection; reflection is the basis of psychological activities.
Reflection is both a physiological phenomenon and a psychological phenomenon
Classification of reflections
Single-celled organism, no nervous system, no reflex arc
unconditioned reflex
instinct
Conditioned reflex
acquired
classical conditioning Pavlov (S-R)
The first signaling system (concrete signal) - physical stimulation (common to humans and animals)
operant conditioning
The second signaling system (abstract signaling) is mediated by language—unique to humans
Function: Generalize and regulate
basic processes of neural activity
excited
inhibition
Basic laws of neural activity
diffusion
concentrated
Diffusion of excitement = concentration of inhibition/Concentration of excitement = diffusion of inhibition
positive induction
negative induction
Simultaneous induction
sequential induction
Psychology is the active response of the human brain to objective reality
Objective reality is the source of the heart
The heart is the subjective and active reflection of the human brain on objective reality.
The mind is the human brain’s subjective image of objective reality