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General Psychology Chapter 1 Mind Map
This is a mind map about the first chapter of general psychology, including the research objects of psychology, The tasks of psychology, research methods of psychology, the past and present of psychology, etc.
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General Psychology Chapter 1 Mind Map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Chapter One Psychology research objects and methods
subjects of psychological research
individual psychology
cognition
The process of acquiring/applying knowledge
motivations and emotions
The internal motivation and subjective experience that drive people’s activities
Emotions arise on the basis of cognition and have a huge impact on cognition
The psychology of consciously determining a purpose and consciously controlling and regulating behavior to achieve the purpose is called will
Ability and personality
personality psychological characteristics
Individual psychological phenomena and behaviors
Stimulate
internal and external factors that cause behavior
psychology
"Obscura" (agnostic)
Behavior
The content of the organism's response
relation
Stimuli that cause behavior work through psychological mediators
Psychology controls behavior and is expressed through behavior
Human psychological activities can be objectively studied by analyzing behavior
individual consciousness and unconsciousness
Consciousness (Characteristics)
Internal resources that enable people to proactively understand the world and transform it
Ability to understand the current status of objective things and to understand the past and predict the future
Have a clear purpose (be able to plan in advance the methods and means to achieve the purpose)
Consciousness is sometimes called awareness (the ability to be aware of the existence of external things and one's own mental activities)
unconscious
Can't detect
Unable to consciously adjust and control
relation
What has subjective consciousness is consciousness
What is without subject consciousness is unconsciousness (subconscious)
Individual Psychology and Social Psychology (Relationships)
commonality and individuality
Society is a typical expression of the individual
Society directly affects individual psychology
psychological tasks
Basic tasks: Explore and reveal the laws of occurrence, development and change of psychological phenomena
mental process
Analyze the time course of psychological phenomena
psychological structure
Study the connections between psychological phenomena
psychological brain mechanism
Revealing the relationship between the brain and psychological phenomena
The occurrence and development of psychological phenomena
Study the relationship between germline development, individual development and brain development of psychological phenomena
psychology and environment
Reveal the regular relationship between psychological phenomena and the external environment
Significance
Scientific explanation of psychological phenomena
Scientific prediction of psychological phenomena
Effectively control psychological phenomena
Improve people's quality of life
field of study
general psychology
physical and psychological
developmental psychology
Educational Psychology
medical psychology
industrial psychology
military psychology
social psychology
psychological research methods
Observation
Applicable conditions
Unable to control research subjects
Control conditions that influence the occurrence of a certain behavior
social moral requirements
advantage
Direct knowledge: first-hand information
Simple and easy to operate
Easy to understand the real situation
shortcoming
Difficult to repeat
Difficult to verify
experimenter effect
What is not needed appears, what is needed does not appear
test method
basic requirements
Reliability (how reliable the test is)
The results of multiple experiments are roughly the same: high The results vary greatly: low
Validity (degree of psychological quality)
High prediction accuracy: high validity Low accuracy: low validity
Reliability does not necessarily mean validity; validity must mean reliability.
advantage
convenient
Quick
shortcoming
Some tests are not very reliable
Some tests are complex
Relevant law
Correlation coefficient
advantage
predictable
Can be verified
Clear quantitative indicators
directional
Reflect the specific situation and degree of variable relationships
shortcoming
Unable to determine cause and effect
Experimental Method
advantage
Reveals causal relationships
Repeatable, verified
Clear quantitative indicators
shortcoming
main subject effect
Difficult to apply in daily life
case approach
advantage
Explain in detail the origin, development, and development of individual psychology and behavior. The reasons for the changes help researchers arrive at a hypothesis
Sometimes based on other methods, richer personal data can be collected
shortcoming
A few cases, difficult to generalize
ethics
human research
Subjects’ right to full information
Adhere to the principle of integrity and eliminate academic fraud
Risk/benefit assessment
Explanation afterwards
animal research
reduce
replace
Transformation
Psychology past and present
7 major schools
constructivism
representative figure
Wundt (founded psychology laboratory in 1879 Founded modern psychology) Titchener
Research methods
Introspection and experimental methods (subjects’ observations and descriptions of their own experiences)
Research object
Direct experience (consciousness, divided into three elements: feeling, representation, and emotion)
The main points
feeling, image, passion
evaluate
Founded modern psychology
To break away from the embrace of philosophy for psychology Laying the foundation for independent development
Narrow, detached, fragmented, subjective, difficult to repeat
functionalism
representative figure
James (American, founder), Dewey, Angel
Research methods
objective observation method, experimental introspection method
Research object
processes and functions of consciousness
The main points
Consciousness is a process
Emphasis on the role and function of consciousness
change, continuity, selectivity, wholeness, application
evaluate
Founded American scientific psychology
Promoted the development of psychology sub-disciplines
Promoted the widespread application of psychology
Contradictory Tendencies in the Concept of Consciousness
biologicalist tendencies
External teleology and mystical tendencies
Behaviorism
representative figure
Watson, Skinner
Research methods
Experimental Method
Research object
Observable events (behaviors)
The main points
Oppose research consciousness and advocate research behavior
Oppose introspection and advocate experimentation
Oppose genetic determinism of behavior and emphasize the role of environment
evaluate
Produced great repercussions in the world of psychology
Objective methods for studying observable behavior
Not studying the internal structures and processes of the mind (too extreme)
Deny the importance of studying consciousness
Gestalt Psychology
representative figure
Wertheimer, Kohler, Kofka
Research methods
Experimental Method
Research object
consciousness, cognition and phenomena
The main points
Resolutely oppose any elemental analysis of psychological phenomena
The whole is greater than the parts, the whole is before the parts
evaluate
Emphasize the overall theoretical perspective√
Organizational principles of perception, research findings in learning and thinking
Pay attention to experimental research
psychoanalytic school
representative figure
Freud, Jung, Adler
Research methods
Dream Interpretation, Free Association, Hypnosis, and Life History Methods
Research object
Motivation research, unconscious phenomena
The main points
Theory derived from psychiatric clinical practice experience
Human individual and social behaviors originate from desires or motives, Especially the urge for sexual desire
Desires dominate people unconsciously and manifest themselves in abnormal behaviors
Repression of desires or motivations is the main cause of psychosis
Therapy through dream interpretation and free association
evaluate
Subconscious motivations and defense mechanisms
Emphasis on the study of motivation and unconscious phenomena
Overemphasis on the role of the unconscious, making it antagonistic to consciousness
Characteristics of early pansexualism: exaggerating sexual desire as dominance Motives for everything (lack of scientific rigor)
"The Interpretation of Dreams" is one of the three classic works of human ideological revolution.
Three major classics of ideological revolution: Darwin's "Origin of Species" Freud's "The Interpretation of Dreams" Copernicus' Theory of the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
cognitive psychology
representative figure
Simon (founded the foundation of artificial intelligence research), Neisser ("Cognitive Psychology" marked the birth of cognitive psychology), Piaget (Conservation experiment-cognitive bias is the key to studying psychology and an important contribution to child development psychology)
Research methods
Reaction time recordings, spoken reports, and computer simulations
Research object
information processing process
The main points
Pay attention to the psychological events that occur in the human brain
The subject is active and selective in learning to obtain stimulation and process it
Explained using information processing perspectives and terminology human cognitive process
evaluate
Cognitive neuroscience (the study of brain mechanisms of cognitive function, Learning training and brain plasticity (brain development and development of cognitive functions)
Brain imaging technology makes it possible to obtain images of brain function changes and provides More, more meaningful and more direct information
Cognitive neuroscience is expected to become the mainstream of psychology development
humanism
representative figure
Maslow, Rogers
Research methods
Overall analysis and case studies
Research object
Personality (people's problems and behaviors)
The main points
Human nature is good, and human nature is autonomous
People have the need for self-actualization
evaluate
The third force in psychology
Research methods on personality issues have positive significance
The theoretical system is not rigorous enough and lacks understanding of basic viewpoints. Clear goals and sufficient demonstration, vague conceptual description
Overemphasis on self-actualization and self-principles