Wondershare EdrawMind
EdrawMindprokaryotic microorganisms
MindMap Gallery prokaryotic microorganisms
- 30
prokaryotic microorganisms
This is a mind map about prokaryotic microorganisms. The main content includes: archaea, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and actinomycetes. Friends in need hurry up and collect it!
Edited at 2024-03-03 01:14:43- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
prokaryotic microorganisms
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
prokaryotic microorganisms
bacteria
bacteria
definition
Prokaryotes with short and slender cells, simple structure, and tough cell walls that mostly reproduce by binary fission and are highly watery.
bacterial morphology
basic form
spherical
Features: Diameter 0.2~2um
Fungi: Monococcus, diplococcus, Streptococcus IV, Sarcina, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
Rod-shaped
Difference in aspect ratio (usually written as width * length)
longobacterium
Brevibacterium
thallus edge
Flat truncated type, blunt round type, pointed type
Spiral
Features
When writing length*width, only the length within one radian is allowed.
type
Vibrio
The curvature of the cells is less than one week
spirillum
spirochetes
special form
Caulobacter
Star-shaped bacteria
square bacteria
filamentous bacteria
abnormal form
Features: Can return to normal form when environmental conditions return to normal
Causes
Unpleasant physical and chemical conditions hinder the normal development of cells
Incubation time is too long
cellular senescence
nutritional deficiencies
Excessive accumulation of metabolites
bacterial structure
basic structure
bacterial structure
cell wall
Features: The outermost layer of bacterial cells is 10~80nm thick and accounts for approximately 10~25% of the dry weight of the cell. Bacterial cell walls are more contractile than plant cells
Classification
Gram-positive bacteria (G)
Features: single layer, last 20~80nm
composition
peptidoglycan
Features: A type of polymer complex unique to prokaryotic microorganisms
structure
main chain
Can be broken down by lysozyme
Composition: N-acetamide muramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine are connected to each other through B(beta)-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Peptide tail: can be decomposed by penicillin (but only useful for G, not G-, because G- has less cell wall peptidoglycan content)
Peptide bridge: can be broken down by cephalosporin
teichoic acid
Features: G unique ingredients
Structure: A polymer composed of ribitol or glycerol residues connected through phosphodiester bonds, a weakly acidic substance
Function: Located in the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, it combines with the cell membrane and cell wall peptidoglycan to longitudinally strengthen the structural connection between the cell wall and the cell membrane, enhances the negative charge content on the cell membrane surface, and is conducive to the absorption of cations.
Gram-negative bacteria G-
structure
outer wall layer
Thickness: 8~10nm
composition
Phospholipids
outer membrane protein
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
G-unique ingredient, complex composition, differs due to different strains of bacteria
structure
O-specific side chain
core polysaccharide
Lipid A: bacterial endotoxin
inner wall layer
Thickness: about 1~3nm
Composition: 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan
Features: low degree of cross-linking, loose (there are no peptide bridges between some peptide tails, and the peptide tails are directly connected)
Gram stain of bacteria
principle
The cell wall peptidoglycan content and porosity of G and G- are different, which results in different decolorization effects and different staining effects during alcohol decolorization, thereby distinguishing G and G-
process
Crystal violet (primary dye) dyeing
Both G and G- turn purple
Add iodine solution (mordant) dropwise
Iodine solution will combine with crystal violet to form a complex agent that can make bacteria appear purple-black. This complex agent can combine with G to prevent it from being decolorized, and at the same time prevent G from being stained again during counterstaining.
Ethanol (decolorizing agent) decolorization
If the thickness of the G cell wall prevents the extravasation of the compound formed in the previous step, it will not be depigmented. If the G- cell wall is thin, it will be depigmented.
Safranin (counterstain) counterstain
G-is safranin red; G is purple which is the color of crystal violet combined with iodine solution.
Function
Maintain the normal shape of the bacteria, be tough, and resist mechanical damage
Barrier for the exchange and transport of substances inside and outside the cell (preventing the entry of macromolecular substances)
Cell growth and division, necessary for transport
Related to bacterial antigenicity, pathogenicity and sensitivity to antibiotics and phages
Prokaryotic microorganisms lacking cell walls
Formed in the laboratory or in the host
Wall-deficient mutation (genetic): L-type bacteria
G-, G cell wall deficient genetic strains
Form: highly polymorphous, varying in size
Stainability: uneven coloring, Gram staining results are similar to G-
Growth requirements
Sensitive to osmotic pressure, has high nutritional requirements and cannot grow on ordinary media.
Cultured on hypertonic serum medium, growth is slow and three types of colonies are formed
Manual wall removal
Basically eliminated: Protoplast G
G After treatment with lysozyme or penicillin, spherical cells without cell wall are formed.
Partially removed: spherical body G-
Formed by natural evolution: Mycoplasma
cell membrane, endomembrane system
Composition: 20~30% phospholipid, 60~70% protein
structure
phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic end: glycerol C3
Hydrophobic end: hopanes
protein molecule layer
Integrin: involved in transporting substances
Peripheral proteins: involved in enzymatic reactions
Function
selective transport of matter
energy conversion place
Receiving and transmitting chemical signals inside and outside the cell
Participate in the synthesis of cell wall materials (such as peptidoglycan, capsule, lipopolysaccharide <LPS>)
cytoplasm
Definition: A general term for all translucent, gelatinous, and granular substances coated by cell membranes except for the nuclear area, with a water content of approximately 70%.
Element
Enzymes and intermediate metabolites, nutrients and organic macromonomers, etc.
Particle inclusions
pellet storage
Carbon source/energy
Glycogen, fat granules, starch granules
Intracellular carbon storage form, energy
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, cyanobacteria, etc.
Poly beta hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
Features: non-toxic, plastic, easily degradable
Medical plastics, biodegradable plastics, agricultural mulch films
Azotobacteria, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, etc.
Sulfur particles
The storage form and energy source of sulfur accumulated in the cells of autotrophic sulfur bacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria, Thiobacterium thioides, Thiobacillus burnetii, etc.
Nitrogen source
Phycocyanin: cyanobacteria
Phycoalbumin: cyanobacteria
Phosphorus source
metachromatic granules
Polymetaphosphate, phosphorus\energy reserve form
Dye red-purple with methylene blue or toluidine blue (Bacillus diphtheria\Yersinia pestis)
Helicobacter forfiuensis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
magnetic particles
Found in aquatic bacteria and magnetotactic bacteria
Shape: square, rectangular, spiny
Structure: Film-like structure of coated Fe₃O₄ crystal particles
Function: Diversion and migration along the geomagnetic field
Magnetotactic movement, swimming toward the microaerobic environment of the mud and water interface that is most beneficial to cells
Ribosome
All cells (except mature red blood cells and plant sieve tube cells)
Proteins can be synthesized using mRNA, which is also composed of RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments)
Thylakoid, carboxysome (a few bacteria)
Prokaryotic and plasmid
Pronucleus (pseudo-nucleus or nuclear region)
Feulgen staining shows purple areas of indefinite shape
No specific structures such as nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, and nucleoli
Circular and dsDNA are tightly wound, twisted and folded into spheres, rods and dumbbells (electron microscope). DNA is 0.25~3mm long.
Function: Load genetic information and determine the main shape
Plasmid
Plasmid: Covalent circular dsDNA that replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome
Molecular weight: 1——200×10⁶Da
Function: Contains a few or hundreds of genes
Controlling the expression of certain minor shapes in bacteria
Status: free, integrated
special structure
capsule (sugar)
Definition: A structure composed of a colorless, transparent and viscous substance outside the cell wall of certain bacteria
Composition: polysaccharide, polypeptide or protein (varies by bacteria)
Characteristics: Difficult to be stained, mostly observed by negative staining method
Function
Maintain moisture and prevent dehydration and dryness
Extracellular storage of nutrients
Protect bacteria from damage and enhance pathogenicity
Surface adhesion (caries, bacterial jelly group bacteria purification of sewage)
flagellum
Definition: Long, curved filamentous structures on the surface of certain bacteria
form
way of birth
Classification
single
bushy
Zhou Sheng
structure
matrix (located on the cell membrane)
Hook-shaped sheath: (outside the cell wall)
flagellar filament
Function: sports
Bacterial movement speed: 20~80um/s, up to 100um/s; (3000 times body length/min)
When the flagellum rotates counterclockwise, the bacterium moves forward in a straight line; on the contrary, it tumbles (short turning movement)
When flagellated bacteria move, the two movement states alternate.
Flagellated bacteria can only move with the help of flagella
pili
Fimbriae: short, straight, numerous filaments on the surface of some bacteria
Quantity: Generally up to 250~300 roots/cell
Function: adsorption, attachment
sexual hair
Morphology: short straight filament-like structures growing on the surface of certain bacterial cells
Quantity: 1~4 roots/cell
Function
Mediates binding between bacterial strains of different genders for DNA transfer
Adsorption and infection sites for RNA phages
spores
Definition: Certain bacterial structures form a round or oval, thick-walled, extremely low water content, and extremely stress-resistant dormant structure within the cell at a specific stage of growth and development.
form
Entry site: middle, near middle, and end of the bacterial body
Diameter: normal shape, enlarged shape
Structure and composition
sporangium: the nutrient-producing cell shell of a spore-producing bacterium
spores
Exine wall of spores: mainly contains lipoproteins and has poor permeability (some spores do not have this structure)
Spore coat: mainly contains hydrophobic proteins, resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, resistant to drugs, and difficult for multivalent cations to pass through
Cortex: Mainly containing spore peptidoglycan and DPA-Ca, with larger volume, high permeability and large water content
core
Spore wall, containing peptidoglycan, wall that can develop into new cells
Spore plasma membrane: contains phospholipids, proteins, and can develop into new cells.
Sporeplasm: Contains DPA-Ca, ribosomes, RNA and enzymes
Nuclear region: contains DNA
characteristic
Strong stress resistance (resistance to high temperature, dryness, radiation, chemicals, etc.)
Hypnosome
Not dead for a long time
condition
Glucose, L-Ala, Mn2, D-Ala: spores transform into vegetative cells
Fast process (activation, budding, growth)
Nutritional deficiency and environmental deterioration: vegetative cells transform into spores
Bacterial reproduction (increase in cell number) ≠ bacterial spore development, formation and germination (no increase in cell number)
Spores are not a way for bacteria to reproduce. At the same time, spores are resistant to the penetration of chemical drugs and are therefore not easily stained.
Significance
Morphological indicators for bacterial classification and identification (spores are morphological structures unique to a few genera of bacteria)
Spore inactivation is an important indicator for measuring bacterial disinfection and sterilization
spore-forming pathogenic bacteria
Clostridium tetani – tetanus
Clostridium perfringens – gas gangrene
Clostridium botulinum - food poisoning (non-gastroenteritis type)
Parasporal crystals
Definition: Rhomboid-shaped alkali-soluble crystals formed next to the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis
Application: Can be used to kill most pests (especially Lepidoptera larvae)
Actinomycetes
Definition: A class of prokaryotes that have a tendency to branch or form branching hyphae.
structure
individual structure
Basal mycelium (grows in solid media and is used to absorb nutrients)
aerial hyphae
spore filaments
spore
————————————————————————————————
hyphal cell structure
Cell wall: similar to G bacteria
Hyphae without septa
Unicellular multinucleated state
Reproduction: usually by conidia; reproduction by hyphal branch segments
Representative: Streptomyces
There are more than 500 species, distributed in soil with low water content and good aeration.
About 50% of antibiotics come from Streptomyces (aminoglycoside antibiotics-macrolides, etc.)
cyanobacteria
A type of prokaryote that can perform oxygenic photosynthesis
Form: single cell, filamentous body
cell structure
Cell wall similar to G-, no flagella
Intracellular: thylakoids (containing chlorophyll a, α, β carotene, phycobiliprotein and photosynthetic electron transport chain components), no chloroplasts
Features: Wide distribution, ancient origin, pioneer organism
Significance
agriculture
Important factors in soil fertility and nitrogen balance
Feed and green manure: symbiosis of fish cyanobacteria and Azolla
Edible and medicinal
Environmental protection: water body eutrophication environmental monitoring indicators
Red tides and algae blooms harm fisheries and aquaculture
Archaea
Define the third life form between eubacteria and eukaryotes
Living environment: extreme environments such as hot springs, salt lakes, anaerobic swamps, etc. with ultra-high temperatures, strong acid and alkali, high osmotic pressure, and strict anaerobic conditions.
Physiological properties
Morphology
Main groups
Methanogens
Extreme halophilic bacteria
Thermoacidophilic bacteria (sulfate-reducing archaea, extreme thermophilic archaea)
transthermophilic