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eukaryotic microorganisms
This is a mind map about eukaryotic microorganisms. The main contents include: topics, algae, protozoa, and fungi. Hope this helps!
Edited at 2024-03-03 01:13:16- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
eukaryotic microorganisms
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
eukaryotic microorganisms
Fungi
Definition: Eukaryotic microorganisms that cannot carry out photosynthesis; saprophytic and parasitic life
Distribution: soil, water, air, tens of thousands of meters in the air
Habitat: Dark, moist, presence of organic matter
Classification
yeast
Definition: Single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually such as budding and fission
Habitat: High sugar content and acidic environment, can be separated from soil, milk, animal excrement
form
Colony morphology: large, thick, opaque, moist, sticky, and easy to stir up. Mostly milky white, a few red and black
individual form
Single cell, spherical, oval, sausage-shaped, lemon-shaped, etc.; generally 1~5um wide and 5~30um long
Pseudohyphae: Some yeasts form mother cells due to continuous budding and reproduction, and the bud cells are connected to form a chain (Candida)
structure
cell wall
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm and contents (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles)
Nucleus (nuclear membrane, nuclear pore)
reproduce
sexual reproduction
Haploid cells of different sexes come into contact with each other, and the cell walls disappear at the contact point. Plasmogamy (formation of heterokaryotic cells)-karyogamy (formation of diploid zygotes)
Grow and reproduce by forming diploid vegetative cells and live independently; undergo meiosis before the next sexual reproduction
It undergoes meiosis to form 4 or 8 ascospores, and the original cells become ascus. Ascospores germinate to form haploid vegetative cells
asexual reproduction
budding
Yeast grows buds at specific sites. The buds fall off and become new cells. The buds can be arranged into strings to become pseudohyphae.
fission
Divide into two equal parts
sporulation
Sexless reproductive cells produced by yeast, such as chlamydospores and arthrospores
Common strains
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Features: Vegetative cells: both haploids and diploids can bud (haploids and diploids form alternation of generations: sexual reproduction under specific conditions)
First whole-genome sequence of eukaryotic organism
application
Brewing and baking dough (edible, highly safe, and toxin-free)
Feed (single cell protein), medicinal (vitamins)
Pharmaceutical protein production
multilateral budding
Candida albicans (opportunistic pathogen)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Mold
Definition: A general term for fungi with branching hyphae
Habitat: rich organic matter, acidic environment
Colony morphology: larger, loosely fluffy, flocculent, and spider web-shaped, composed of hyphae. Some have no fixed size and extend throughout the culture medium. They produce pigments to make the colonies color.
structure
hyphae
Branched or unbranched, tubular, diameter 2~110um
Classification
Aseptate hyphae: single cell
Septate hyphae: multicellular
A cell can have 1 to multiple nuclei
composition
Cell wall: chitin, glucan, cellulose, polysaccharide
protein
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, etc.
Nucleus: nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus
Growth characteristics
top growth
Infinitely growing and branching
Each part has the potential to grow
Mycelial specialization
Definition: The hyphae of a certain part of the fungus differentiate into a special and fixed shape; usually have specific functions
Specialized form
Creeping hyphae, rhizoids
Creeping hyphae: extension and anchorage
Rhizomes: fixation and absorption of nutrients 6
appressorium, appressorium, haustoria
attached branch: attached
Appressorium: attachment, parasitism
Haector: Parasitism and nutrition (the hyphae of obligate parasitic fungi such as rust fungi produce side branches and invade the host cells to differentiate into finger-like and spherical structures)
bacterial net, bacterial ring
Bacterial net: hyphae intertwined into a network
Bacterial loop: hyphae intertwined into sets
Function: Prey
sclerotia
Hyphae aggregate and differentiate into clump-like dormant structures
The outer layer is hard and dark, and the inner layer is loose and mostly white.
When the environment is suitable, conidiophores will be produced, etc.
Fungi
Definition: The parallel aggregation and differentiation of hyphae to form a root-like rope-like structure
Function: absorb and deliver nutrients or spread and extend
Mycelium
vegetative mycelium
aerial mycelium
reproduce
sexual reproduction
Definition: A method of reproduction in which cells of both sexes fuse to produce new individuals.
Sexual reproduction of fungi occurs only under certain conditions
Formation: Plasmogamy—Nucleogamy—Meiosis
type
oospores
ovipositor
egg ball n
Quality matching (n n')
Nuclear matching (2n)
Egg cell (2n)
germination
Meiosis
penis n'
zygospores
hyphae
gametocyst( )(n)
Quality matching (n n')
Matching (2n)
Zygospore(2n)
germination
Meiosis
gametocyst(-)(n')
Aspergillus niger
Ascospores
hyphae
cyst (n')
Quality matching (n n')
cystic filament (n n')
Nuclear matching (2n)
Meiosis
Ascospores (n)
hyphae
male organ (n)
asexual reproduction
asexual spores
zoospores
————————————————————————————
Produced within specialized zoosporangia of aquatic fungal hyphae
Morphological characteristics: Has 1 or 2 flagella and can swim
Example: Paecilomyces spp., etc.
cystospore
Produced within specialized cysts of hyphae, with multiple spores in each cyst
Spore shape: nearly round
Examples: Rhizopus, Saprolegnia, Mucor
Conidia
form characteristics
The apical cells of the conidiophore or peduncle are specialized to form single or clustered spores
Spore morphology: extremely diverse shapes, sizes, structures, and methods of insertion
Example: Aspergillus, Penicillium
This spore is different from the conidia of actinomycetes
chlamydospores
Individual cells in the middle of the hyphae (a few at the top) are enlarged, the protoplasm is concentrated, and the cell wall is thickened to form
Shape: round, spindle, square or column, etc.
Features: dormant
Example: Mucor racemosa
Powdery spores (arthrospores)
Characteristics: The hyphae produce transverse septa and break to form many asexual spores
Shape: strings of short columns, tubes, blunt rounded ends
Example: Geotrichum candidum
life cycle
asexual spores
germ tube
Mycelium
type
Mucor
Classification: Belongs to Zygomycetes, Mucorales
Distribution: soil, fruits, vegetables, grains, etc.
Morphological characteristics: sporophytes extend from the hyphae, solitary or branched. Rapidly growing, milky white
reproduce
Asexual reproduction: cystospores, chlamydospores
Sexual reproduction: zygospores
Representative: Mucor racemosa, Mucor tallow, Mucor reuteri, Mucor pyriformis
application
Making fermented bean curd, tempeh, hairy tofu, etc. (using fungal protease)
Starch saccharification, production of amylase or brewing koji (amylase)
Produce organic matter (citric acid, oxalic acid, etc.)
steroid conversion
Hazards: moldy spoilage of fruits, vegetables and food
Rhizopus
Classification: Belongs to Zygomycetes, Mucorales
Distribution: in soil, air, on starchy foods, can cause mildew deterioration and fruit and vegetable rot
reproduce
Asexual reproduction: spores
Sexual reproduction: zygospores
Representative species: Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus nigra
application
Grain brewing (starch saccharification, distiller’s yeast)
Produce amylase, pectinase, lipase, etc.
Produce organic acids (lactic acid, fumaric acid, etc.)
fermented feed
Steroid conversion
Harm: Causes starchy foods such as steamed buns to become moldy
Aspergillus
Morphology: Mycelium is well-developed, multi-branched, septate and multi-nucleated, colorless or brightly colored
Characteristic structure
Conidiophores (primary and secondary pedicles)
Conidia heads (apical sacs)
Podocytes
Representative species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus sojae, Aspergillus flavus
application
Brewing, sauce making, vinegar making, enzyme preparations (protease, amylase, pectinase), organic acids (citric acid, gluconic acid, etc.), food coloring, production of saccharified feed
Hazards: food spoilage, mycotoxins (aflatoxins)
Penicillium
Harm: Causes fruit, feed, grain corruption, cures diseases
application
Production of enzyme preparations
Production of antibiotics (penicillin, griseofulvin, etc.)
Produce organic acids
cheese making
Penicillium casei
Penicillium casei and Penicillium griseus
Hydrolyzed protein
Break down fat
Gibberella
Representative species: Gibberella fujikura
Characteristics: Mycelium spreads inside the host body and produces pink or white conidia on the surface
Hazard: plant diseases
Function: Secrete gibberellins and stimulate plant growth
Verticillium enzyme
Morphological characteristics: conidiophores—upright branch divisions
Hazards: Common soil bacteria, some of which are plant pathogenic bacteria
Trichoderma
Characteristics: Conidiophores: opposite, alternate; small bottle-shaped peduncles at the top; conidia
Function: Produce chloromyxin, colistin and other antibacterial threads
Hazards: Pathogenic bacteria in edible fungus cultivation
Fusarium
feature
Sporophore: branched or unbranched
Conidia: sickle-shaped, clustered. Yellow, orange-red, pink, etc.
harm
Causes mildew in fruits, vegetables and grains
Plant diseases: cotton blight
Mycorrhizal fungi
mushrooms
Structure: Large filamentous fungi
Fruiting body: composed of differentiated mycelium, which is the reproductive structure of mushrooms that produce spores or mushroom bodies.
Classification: Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes
Nutrition: Different chemical energy (saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic), wide distribution.
reproduction: sexual reproduction
Basidiospores
Primary hyphae (n)
Secondary hyphae (n n')
fruiting body
burden (2n)
Basidiospore (n)
Primary hyphae(n')
Ascospores
algae
protozoa