First, there is the question of which one is primary or secondary, thinking or existence, that is, whether the origin of the world is thinking or existence. It is the objective standard for dividing materialism and idealism, because it stipulates the development direction of various schools of philosophy and determines the nature of philosophy.

Second, there is the issue of whether thinking and existence are identical, that is, whether human thinking can understand and reflect the real world. It is the objective criterion for distinguishing agnosticism and agnosticism.

definition:

significance:

The origin of consciousness: Consciousness is the product of the long-term evolution of nature, and it is also the product of social and historical development.

The essence of consciousness: it is the function of the human brain and the subjective image of the objective world.

The role of consciousness:

1. Practice is the material activity in which human beings actively transform the objective world.

2. Understand the nature of social life from practice.

A. Respecting objective laws is the premise and basis for exerting subjective initiative. Only by respecting objective laws can people better exert their subjective initiative.

B. Giving full play to people's subjective initiative is a necessary condition for understanding, mastering and utilizing objective laws, because objective laws are hidden inside things (give full play to subjective initiative on the basis of respecting objective laws.)

C. Respecting objective laws and giving full play to people's subjective initiative are complementary and dialectically unified. We must not only respect objective laws, but also give full play to people's subjective initiative, and organically unify adhering to materialism and dialectics.

Difference: Movement is unconditional, eternal, and absolute, while rest is conditional, temporary, and relative;

Connection: Movement and stillness penetrate each other, depend on each other, and contain each other. There is stillness in movement, and there is movement in stillness.

(1) The law of unity of opposites is the fundamental law of the development of things. Everything in the world contains two aspects of contradiction within and between things. The two sides of the contradiction are both opposite and unified. There are two basic attributes of contradiction: struggle and identity, universality and particularity. Concrete analysis of specific issues is the living soul of Marxism.

The law of quantitative change and qualitative change: the dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change: quantitative change is the basis and necessary preparation for qualitative change. Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change. Quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrated.

Degree: grasp the appropriateness

Dialectical view of negation:

The law of negation of negation: The dialectical development of things goes through two negations and three stages, forming a cycle.

1. Practice creates the need for understanding.

2. Practice provides the possibility for understanding.

3. Practice enables understanding to arise and develop.

4. Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of knowledge.

In short, human understanding is generated from practice, serves practice, develops with practice, and is tested by practice.

(1) Practical relationship: the relationship between transformation and being transformed (essential relationship)

(2) Cognitive relationship; the relationship between reflection and being reflected (essential relationship)

(3) Value relationship: the interest relationship in which the object meets the needs of the subject

(4) Aesthetic relationship: the aesthetic feeling gained by the subject in the transformation and understanding of the subject

(1) Adhere to the materialist line from things to feelings and thoughts

(2) Adhere to the idealist line of thinking and feeling

From practice to understanding, from understanding to practice, practice, understanding, practice again, understanding again, the movement of understanding continues to repeat and develop infinitely.

connect:

objectivity:

Dialectical:

From the perspective of the nature of truth, truth is people’s correct reflection of objective things and their development laws. Its nature lies in the consistency between subjectivity and objectivity.

From the perspective of the characteristics of practice, practice is the objective material activity that people use to transform the world, and has the characteristics of direct reality. The direct reality characteristic of practice is the main basis as the standard for testing truth.

The nature of truth and the characteristics of practice determine that practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Difference: ①Truth is the correspondence relationship between the subject's understanding of the state of the object, while value is the satisfaction relationship between the object's attributes and the subject's needs. ②Truth is to understand the world as it is, while value is to transform the world according to the needs of human survival and development.

Dialectical unity: ①Successful practice is predicated on the dialectical unity of truth. ②The formation and realization of value are predicated on adhering to truth, and truth must have value. ③Truth and value restrict, guide and promote each other in practice and cognitive activities.

①Incomplete synchronicity and imbalance in the development of social consciousness and social existence;

②The mutual influence between various forms within social consciousness and their respective historical inheritance;

③The active reaction of social consciousness on social existence.

1. The people are the main body of social history and the creators of history. The people play a decisive role in the development process of social history.

2. The people are the creators of social material wealth.

3. The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth.

4. The people are the decisive force for social change.

5. The people’s history-making activities must be restricted by certain social and historical conditions.

1. Understand the root cause: unable to see the essence through the phenomenon, exaggerating the role of heroes or only seeing ideological motives.

2. Social and historical roots: The productive forces are not developed enough. Most people are engaged in productive labor, while a few are engaged in political rule and monopolize spiritual and cultural life.

3. Class roots: In order to maintain the exploitation and rule of the broad masses of the people, the exploiting classes of past dynasties have tried their best to belittle the historical role of the people.

(1) The emergence of social division of labor.

(2) The means of production and the products of labor belong to different owners.

1. Two factors of commodities: use value and value

2. The duality of labor in producing commodities: concrete labor and abstract labor

The duality of labor determines the duality of commodities

The relationship of unity of opposites:

Socially necessary labor time determines the value of commodities.

Supply and demand affect price, but value determines price. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value; the amount of value is determined by socially necessary labor time; the unit value is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

The content of the law of currency circulation is: the actual amount of currency required in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of commodities and inversely proportional to the velocity of currency circulation.

The actual amount of money needed in circulation = total commodity price/money circulation velocity

Content: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity, and commodity exchange is carried out according to the principle of equivalent exchange.

Manifestation: The price fluctuates up and down with value as the center.

Function:

Labour becomes a commodity and money is transformed into capital

Value and use value of labor commodity

Processes and methods of surplus value production

Relative residual value and excess residual value

Capital circulation conditions and factors affecting capital turnover

Division of two types of capital (constant capital and variable capital, fixed capital and circulating capital)

Organic composition of capital

What are the factors that affect profit margins and how are average profit margins formed?

The problem of realizing the total social product is the issue of value compensation and physical compensation of the total social product.

On the one hand, it manifests itself in the self-adjustment of production relations to the requirements of socialized large-scale production within all possible limits of capitalist production relations;

On the other hand, it shows the inevitability of the replacement of capitalist society by socialism and prepares the necessary conditions for the transformation to socialism.

Root cause: private ownership of means of production and socialized mass production

Essence: relative overproduction

(2) Historical limitations: Without changing capitalist private ownership and changing the status of the proletariat as employed and exploited, it is impossible to resolve the basic contradictions of capitalism.

(2) Negative effects: The gap between developed and developing countries is widening; social progress is ignored in economic growth, and environmental degradation and economic globalization may occur at the same time; governance crises of varying degrees occur both within the country and in the international community; and a global economic crisis breaks out. The risks are increasing.