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History of Chinese and Foreign Architecture
This is a mind map about the history of Chinese and foreign architecture, summarizing ancient architecture, modern architecture, Modern architecture, contemporary architecture, etc.
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History of Chinese and Foreign Architecture
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History of Chinese and Foreign Architecture
ancient architecture
ancient chinese architecture
Ming and Qing Dynasties
palace architecture
Among ancient Chinese palace buildings, the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the main building of the Forbidden City and the main building in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The place where two generations of emperors ruled. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the center of the Forbidden City in Beijing. It is the main building of the Forbidden City and the place where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties conducted their political affairs and held major ceremonies. Among ancient Chinese palace buildings, Kunning Palace is one of the main buildings in the inner court of the Forbidden City and the main palace where the empresses of the Ming and Qing dynasties lived.
Ancient Chinese wooden structure part
Dougong
Dougong is an important structure in ancient Chinese architecture. It is used to support the eaves and transmit loads. It also has a decorative effect. In ancient Chinese architecture, brackets are often used as the main feature in large buildings such as palaces and temples. One of the most important load-bearing and decorative components, it has beautiful shape and cultural connotation.
basic structural form
It adopts two basic structural forms: beam-lifting type and bucket-through type, making the building more stable. When connecting various components, ancient Chinese architecture adopted a mortise and tenon structure without using iron nails. Demonstrating its superb architectural skills.
Characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture
The roof styles of ancient Chinese buildings mainly include hanging tops, verandah tops, and resting tops. hanging The top of the mountain is a kind of roof with two slopes, with the front and rear eaves being flush. It is often used in residential buildings and secondary buildings.
Ancient Chinese building roof styles
It is the shape and decoration of roofs, wood carvings, brick carvings and other architectural decorations and symbols in ancient Chinese architecture. Haodu embodies the artistic characteristics and cultural connotation of ancient Chinese architecture. Roof shapes and decorations, wood carvings, brick carvings and other architectural decorations in ancient Chinese architecture The decorations and symbols all reflect the artistic characteristics and cultural connotation of ancient Chinese architecture.
Architectural decoration and cultural connotation
Including color painting, carving, inlay, etc. However, inlaying glass mosaics, using marble veneers, and Carved hollow iron art is not a typical decorative technique in ancient Chinese architecture.
decorative techniques
The spatial layout principles of ancient Chinese architecture mainly include axial symmetrical layout, courtyard-centered spatial organization, and the mutual penetration and integration of internal and external spaces. Landscape gardening is an important gardening technique. In ancient Chinese architecture, courtyards are usually used to create a quiet and mysterious atmosphere. It is an important part of palaces, temples and other buildings.
Ancient Chinese garden architecture part
The use of color in ancient Chinese architecture has rich cultural connotations and symbolic meanings. yellow Color and red are often used in important buildings such as palaces and temples, symbolizing royal dignity and authority. Cyan and green are often used in secondary buildings such as gardens and residential buildings, implying freshness and nature. black White and white are often used in special buildings such as mausoleums and sacrificial places, expressing a solemn and solemn atmosphere. However, gold and silver are not commonly used as the overall color of the main building in ancient Chinese architecture. Instead, it is used for decoration and embellishment, such as gilding, painting and other techniques.
Western ancient architecture
ancient greek architecture
stone beam structure
In ancient Greek architecture, stone beam structure was an important architectural form. It usually consisted of multiple stone columns supporting a beam, which supported the roof of the building. Stone beam structure is an important architectural form in ancient Greek architecture
ancient roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture had unique features and technological innovations. Among them, using the arch coupon structure is One of the important features of ancient Roman architecture not only increased the load-bearing capacity of the building, but also formed Unique spatial form. Ancient Roman architecture also used domes to cover large spaces, such as the Pantheon. Demonstrating its superb architectural skills. In addition, ancient Roman architecture developed complex stone structures Techniques include the use of natural concrete, masonry arches and masonry domes. However, using fly Beams building cantilevered structures are not a feature of ancient Roman architecture, but appear more in Gothic Under construction
European medieval architecture
During the European Middle Ages, Gothic architectural style was characterized by towering, light and complex decoration. Features, often used in building churches. Medieval European Gothic architecture is a unique architectural style characterized by tallness, spires, elongation, and dark tones. Notre Dame de Paris is an outstanding representative of French Gothic architecture. There are exquisite carvings and slender spires,
Representative styles of medieval European architecture
There are Romanesque and Gothic buildings, with Romanesque architecture being characterized by thick, solid walls and small windows. horse style The architecture is characterized by thick, solid walls and small windows. This style's focus on the stability and defense of buildings reflects the medieval Europeans' pursuit of power and stability. The walls of Romanesque buildings are thick and solid, often made of stone or masonry mixed structures; the windows are small and few, often located at higher locations. Romanesque architecture reflects medieval Europeans' pursuit of power and stability, and is often used to build castles, churches and other buildings
Column type
Doric column
The Doric column architecture embodies the ancient Greeks' belief in the beauty of the human body with its tall and well-proportioned shape. pursuit and admiration for the rational spirit. The Doric column is a classic column in ancient Greek architecture. It is characterized by its stoutness, simplicity, and lack of excessive decoration. Its shape shows the ancient Greeks' aesthetics and understanding of the human body. The pursuit of rational spirit. this
Ionic column
The Ionic columns of ancient Greece are famous for their elegance and lightness, and were often used in ancient Greece. in temples and palaces.
Corinthian order
yes
byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture is an architectural style in medieval Europe whose main features include domes and The combined use of sail arches makes the building structurally more stable and visually more attractive. Layered and dynamic beauty. Mosaic is another characteristic decorative technique of Byzantine architecture.
ancient japanese architecture
Temples and shrines are the most representative architectural forms, showing Japan's unique religious culture and architectural style. These buildings pay attention to detail and the expression of space, often using wood as the main material, and using flexible interior partitioning methods such as sliding doors and mobile screens. The architectural style of temples and shrines reflects the Japanese people's reverence for nature and gods, while also demonstrating the exquisite skills of traditional Japanese crafts and arts. The architectural style of the Nara period was mainly Tang style, showing the cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Therefore, it is also called "Tang style architecture". Such as the famous Todaiji Temple and Kinkakuji Temple. Horyuji Temple is the earliest wooden structure building in the history of ancient Japanese architectural design, showing the unique charm of ancient Japanese architecture. Ancient Japanese architecture has unique design concepts and architectural styles. Among them, the design concept that focuses on natural integration and spatial flow is one of the important features of ancient Japanese architecture.
modern architecture
modern chinese architecture
In modern Chinese architecture, European neoclassical style has influenced the architecture of many big cities. set up. It reflects the society's pursuit of modernization and Western culture at that time.
modern western architecture
Renaissance to Baroque period
Renaissance architecture pursued the harmony and unity of space, paying attention to the symmetry, Balanced and classical elements, drawing on architectural elements and techniques from ancient Rome and Greece methods, integrated into new architectural designs, and created many epoch-making architectural works. These works not only reflect people's admiration for classical culture during the Renaissance, and pursuit, and also demonstrates the architects’ unique understanding of spatial harmony and unity. Renaissance architecture pursued symmetry, harmonious proportions and spatial composition, focusing on Building elevation and floor plan design.
modern architecture
modernist architecture
The new materials and technologies brought by the industrial revolution promoted the development and innovation of modernist architecture. Modernist architecture emphasized functionalism and rational design and pursued concise and clear forms and spatial expressions. The main impacts of the Industrial Revolution include promoting urbanization and industrialization, promoting the development of transportation and communication technology, and triggering revolutionary changes in design and manufacturing. However, the Industrial Revolution did not lead to the gradual disappearance of handicrafts and traditional skills. On the contrary, some traditional handicraft skills were developed and innovated after the Industrial Revolution. Crystal Palace Exhibition 1850 Joseph Paxton was the architect of the "Crystal Palace". Design styles during the Industrial Revolution included the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau, and the Victorian Era. The Art Deco movement is a design style from the 1920s to the 1930s, not the design style of the Industrial Revolution.
arts and crafts movement
It was a British design movement at the end of the 19th century that emphasized craftsmanship and traditional skills, advocated a simple and practical design style, and pursued naturalism and oriental style. William Morris was one of the representatives of the Arts and Crafts Movement
Art Nouveau
was a design movement in Europe and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that pursued naturalistic, curved, and asymmetrical design styles. The entrance to the Paris Metro designed by French architect Guimard is one of the representative works of the Art Nouveau movement.
art deco movement
Dynamic is a design movement in Europe and the United States from the 1920s to the 1930s. It uses abstract geometric forms for decoration, focuses on innovation in materials and technology, and pursues luxurious and luxurious design styles.
modernist architectural movement
It is an architectural revolution in the early 20th century. Its core idea is to emphasize functionality and rationality, and focus on the unity of form and function. Architectural aesthetics and functionalism played an important role in the design of the German Pavilion in Barcelona, making it one of the best examples of modern architecture. The German Pavilion in Barcelona is one of the representative works of modernist architecture by the famous architect Designed by Mies van der Rohe. Le Corbusier was a famous architect of the 20th century. His work, the Villa Savoye, is famous for its Its unique form and sense of space demonstrate the charm of modernist architecture. Corbusier emphasized functionalism and pursued the "Five Points of New Architecture", including columns, roof gardens, open plans, transverse windows and free facades. Mies van der Rohe is one of the representatives of modernist architecture. His design principle of "less is more" emphasized the importance of simplicity, functionality and rational design.
postmodernist architecture
It is an architectural style that emerged in the late 1960s and is characterized by diversity, openness and complexity. Postmodernist architecture also focuses on the temporary and transformative nature of architecture, and no longer pursues eternal monumental value.
high-tech architecture
The Pompidou Center in Paris, France, is one of the representative works of high-tech architecture. Its exposed steel structure, pipes and equipment demonstrate industrial beauty and technical features.
Deconstructivist architecture is
It is an architectural style that emerged in the late 1980s and is characterized by radicalness, complexity and diversity. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain is one of the representative works of deconstructivist architecture.
contemporary architecture
Green Building
Energy saving and environmental protection
sustainable development
high-tech building
Intelligent Building
eco-buildings
experimental architecture
space innovation
Material innovation
The aesthetic concept of harmony between man and nature
This aesthetic concept emphasizes the harmonious unity of architecture and natural environment and pursues an overall beauty. and balanced beauty. The design concept of combining practicality and beauty reflects the high level of ancient Chinese architecture. Super skills and unique charm
primitive period architecture
In primitive times, humans in some areas developed nest dwellings in order to adapt to the natural environment with dense trees. Exhibiting the way of living in the nest
cave dwelling, with the development of civilization, human beings began to learn to use stones, Natural materials such as earth and wood are used to build simple shelters. These materials are easily available and can satisfy Meet basic housing and safety needs.