In 527, Justinian became emperor and the successor of Constantine. He worked hard to implement a comprehensive social tax reform, compiled the "Roman Civil Code", effectively resisted the Persian invasion from the east, launched a large-scale conquest in the Western Mediterranean, and destroyed the two Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms. The Mediterranean became almost the inland sea of ​​the empire again.

Justinian's successive campaigns consumed a lot of national power and manpower. After his death, West Asia and North Africa were quickly lost. nearly half a century. The Byzantine Empire suffered from internal and external difficulties, coups, invasions from foreign enemies, economic collapse, and population decline.

In 610, Heraclius proclaimed himself emperor, took control of Constantinople, and implemented social reforms.

The military district system was first implemented in the eastern part of the empire. Strengthen the authority of the generals at the head of each military region. This system suited the needs of the development of the situation at that time and played an important role in alleviating the crisis situation of foreign enemy invasion.

After that, agriculture developed in the Byzantine Empire with peasants, soldiers and small farmers as its core force. The policy of rest and recuperation has made the national treasury increasingly full. Heraclius launched the war against Persia by relying on his combat power in the eastern military district. The reform of the military district system laid the foundation for the strength of the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire's national power reached its peak during the rule of the Macedonian Dynasty.

Economically, the Macedonian dynasty continued to implement the results achieved by the military district system reform. This laid an economic foundation for the entire empire in the military zone, especially in the development of small farmers.

Politically, the dynasty was unprecedentedly stable. In particular, the royal power was strengthened, and great victories were achieved in the struggle between centralization and local separatist forces.

On the external front, we have been victorious in war and external expansion.

Culturally, the dynasty implemented a large-scale cultural revival movement. Historically known as the Macedonian Renaissance.

The Byzantine Empire existed for over 1,100 years. In a state of war for a long time. Outstanding leaders such as Basil II. He was devoted to the governance of the empire and had outstanding military genius. Inherit all the good achievements achieved in Byzantine history.

Its unique geographical location gives it an important commercial position. Industrial and commercial activities are extremely active. Constantinople straddles Europe and Asia, becoming a distribution center for various commodities traded between the East and the West in the Middle Ages, the largest commercial center in the Mediterranean world, and the richest man in Europe.

After the 4th century, the connection between Byzantium and China has never been broken. Including people, technology, culture, and even games. The motivation is driven by economic interests, hoping to quickly transport materials from distant places to the local area. There is also the will of those in power in both countries.

The representative work of Byzantine architectural art is Hagia Sophia. The hall covers an area of ​​more than 5,000 square meters. The hemispherical dome is more than 50 meters high from the ground. Built by Justinian I. Reflecting the majesty of Byzantium's powerful emperor and queen Theodora. Its existence marked Byzantium's status as the natural heir to the Roman Empire.

In 1453, Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and was named Istanbul. Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque under the order of Muhammad the Conqueror, and four minarets, also known as beibels, were built at the four corners of the square. The influence of the Byzantine architectural style it represents spread throughout Europe and West Asia. New variants developed in Western Europe and Russia.

Mosaics also reached their peak during the Byzantine period. The Church of St. Vitalian in Ravenna, Italy, preserves the 6th century Byzantine mosaics, which are currently the most complete representative works of Byzantine mosaics in the world.

The development of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire was always subject to autocratic imperial power. For more than 150 years in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, the Byzantine Empire, that is, the territory controlled by the central power of Byzantium, saw the destruction of all images and idols in churches. Interference in politics aroused the hatred of secular groups. A severe blow to the church forces. The power struggle between the Church and the Crown began. The emperor ordered the destruction of all images and idols in churches. Only the cross was allowed to remain.

Before the rise of the Italian Renaissance. Byzantine culture has always been at the forefront of the cultural development of local ethnic groups in Europe and the Mediterranean world, maintaining a high level. Directly from the 9th century it began to promote the development of civilization in the Slavic world. It has had a long-term impact on the cultures of other surrounding nations, including the Arab nation. And promoted exchanges between different cultures in the Middle Ages. The Byzantine culture in its decline also provided rich material for classical civilization for the Italian Renaissance. Byzantine culture is the bridge between classical Greek and Roman culture and modern European culture.