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Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Theme 7-Freedom)
This book is different from ordinary humanities books. It not only focuses on humanities and arts, such as literature, music, performance, etc., but also focuses on eternal philosophical themes, such as morality, happiness, and freedom. I hope that after reading this book, I will be like what is written on the title page: on the way of reading these words, I will meet myself...
Edited at 2024-01-14 23:10:28- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Theme 7-Freedom)
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Part Three Humanities Themes
Chapter 16 Freedom
Summary
Humanists believe that freedom is essential to being human
The freedom to create and enjoy the creations of others
The freedom to think and listen to other people’s ideas (whether you agree with them or not)
The freedom to examine your options and decide on the wisest course of action
The core issues discussed in this chapter
Is the will truly free?
If not, what does it mean to be a truly free individual?
Throughout modern history, education has been considered the best way to ensure freedom
But over the past few decades an increasingly powerful argument has emerged making radically different claims
Education should first lead to good jobs
definition
determinism
Believes that everything has a cause and therefore free will cannot exist
a philosophical thought
Early views on freedom
Ancient Greece
developed the concept of democracy
and pass on the model of democratic countries to future generations.
Citizens can freely think, question and speak out
But free citizens only make up about 5% of Greece’s adult population
The rest of the slaves and women were generally considered irrational and irresponsible, not good enough to make any political decisions
ancient rome
It also deprived most of the people of their freedom and turned thousands of people into slaves.
religion and free will
A central question for most major religions is
Do human actions occur freely, or are they part of the overall destiny of God's creation?
Christianity
For centuries, struggling with the complexities of freedom
saint augustine
God has foreknowledge, but that doesn’t mean humans are not responsible for their sins
There is no free will on the divine level, but there is on the human level
hinduism
Similar to Augustine in some ways
People are responsible for their actions, but they are just part of the world
This world is created and controlled by an omniscient and omnipotent figure
The key is to realize that Brahman is in control of everything
Islam
Believers can also freely choose
Or follow the guidance of Allah
Or choose to go astray
What do you do freely?
Even in a free society, complete freedom is impossible
William Blake
Believe in individual rights
Equating free will with natural rights
"Naive Prophecy"
determinism
The philosophical revolution that emerged in the 18th century
triggered by science
Especially influenced by the idea that every effect must have a cause
Strict determinists believe
There are too many restrictions in life, and it is impossible for people to make any free choices
political determinism
Restrictions placed on individuals by those in power can act as barriers to individual freedom of choice and action
When people's freedom of movement is severely restricted, freedom of thought is almost impossible
Movie
"Chinese Dream"
Azar Nafisi
"Reading "Lolita" in Tehran"
institutional determinism
Rousseau
"On the Origin and Basis of Human Inequality"
Revolution, even if violent, is the real alternative to exploitation
may often be the only means of coping with exploitation
man's natural state
Opposition to the system is based on the assumption that
In the state of nature (a controversial statement), humans are upright, docile, moral, and benevolent
People become resentful, aggressive, and violent only when threatened with punishment for disobedience, especially when they resist out of righteousness
"Social Contract Theory"
Unrestricted freedom does not guarantee everyone’s rights
The only way to protect human rights is for each citizen to transfer some of his rights to institutional institutions dedicated to maintaining social order.
The cornerstone of social contract institutional determinism
economic determinism
There were two major economic ideologies of the 20th century
communism
Karl Marx
Profoundly influenced the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the subsequent spread of socialism in most parts of the world
It continues to influence economic theory to this day
What really controls everything is neither nature nor people, but money
A person's behavior, hopes, ambitions and career choices are determined especially by his or her social class
Economic determinism will inevitably lead to social polarization
The wealthy bourgeoisie who control all the means of production
proletarian working people
Angry about the unfair distribution of wealth
unite to seize the means of production for themselves
Communism in the Soviet Union
communism
A social system based on the idea of a classless society
Flag of the Russian October Revolution of 1917
Vladimir Lenin
Marxism redefined
established the necessity of violent revolution
Most private property was nationalized
The private economy almost ceases to exist
The socialism now advocated in much of Europe is a less rigid interpretation of Marxism
Put the welfare of the people directly into the hands of the state
Individuals can voluntarily choose careers and earn wages
Need to pay high taxes
Ensure that everyone can enjoy benefits such as free education, parental leave, medical insurance and statutory leave
capitalism
Adam Smith
Capitalism is the natural driving force of human life
Human nature is greedy
Ensure the functioning of the free market system
Same point
common basic assumptions
Led by economic needs
defect
There are not enough material resources to meet everyone's needs
Economy and life
The economy often dominates people's lives
Admitting that the economy has a certain impact on life does not immediately mean that you become a vulgar materialist.
It is important to always recognize the roots of human behavior
Character is destiny
Many modern psychologists believe that
Behaviorism
Burges Frederick Skinner
One of the founders of behaviorism
A person is not what he is, but what he does
Everything a person does after birth is determined by a series of reward and punishment mechanisms
When there is no obvious oppression, people imagine themselves to be free
"Beyond Freedom and Dignity"
The reason why people insist on the concept of "freedom"
If one is not forever free, one's dignity will be lost
An ideal society can be designed
genetic determinism
Sociobiology
There is no free will
Studying human behavior from the perspective of genetic investment
Basic assumptions
Everything a person does is driven by genetics
Genes determine what a person is and in turn determine what a person represents.
People have no other choice
The love between two people is a genetic problem
The decision to marry your partner and have children is a genetic investment to continue your lineage.
How people feel about genetic reproduction determines how they handle intimate relationships
So far
The traditional definition of love has been replaced
Redefining altruism or self-sacrifice
definition
freedom of will
The ability to choose between the two
institutional determinism
What Jean-Jacques Rousseau insisted on
Believe that the will is limited by the power of law, education, and religion
These restrictions are necessary because a few people are inherently evil
Government controls are needed to protect people from harm by others
economic determinism
Claims that human behavior is controlled by the need for money
Another name for the philosophical thought of Karl Marx
bourgeoisie
in Marxism refers to the wealthy upper class
dialectics
Thesis, antithesis, and the synthesis that finally combines the two
Hegel's philosophical method
Karl Marx used it to describe the conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie and the final synthesis of a classless society
Behaviorism
It is believed that what a person is is what he does, and what a person does is determined by the reward and punishment reinforcement mechanism.
a philosophical thought
a school of psychology
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid abbreviation
a type of genetic material present in almost all living organisms
Genetic information is stored throughout the body
Nature and nurture
The debate over whether a person’s personality is more influenced by DNA or life experiences and environment
free will
The Pessimist's View of Free Will
Schopenhauer
Stand in front of the mirror and observe yourself
Think about it and you want to raise your left arm
then raise your left arm
self-interested free will
Will is actually the will to live
Will drives people to do things they think are self-interested
Things that will ensure your own survival
Usually these things are just plain evil
Regret and relief are signs of free will
William James
Review of pure determinism proposed by European philosophers
It is completely wrong to conclude that
proposed a new theory
indeterminism
Describe the world as a collection of random events
Humans are often indecisive and unpredictable
Most people have two sides to their lives
correct action
People are happy about this
wrong action
People regret this
Psychoanalysis and Free Will
sigmund freud
psychoanalysis
Designed to help people achieve mental health
Basic assumptions
Painful past events hidden in the subconscious can cause some people to have strange dreams, speak strange words, and even perform incomprehensible actions.
Their lives will be controlled by their preexisting subconscious minds
Sometimes it’s guilt that’s hard to face
More often than not, it’s my own desire
self
Apollinian rational consciousness
Id
Dionysian nature
Contains sexual drive and aggressive drive
superego
Values imposed on an individual by family, education, religion, law, and the opinions of others
An inner voice that dictates what a person should and should not do
Will can go against this voice
Those who disobey this voice may feel doubly guilty
People can ignore guilt
But denying him will make things worse
Purpose
Reveal the hidden self that causes neurosis (i.e. disordered behavior) and guide patients to live a life dominated by the self
Freud in contemporary thought
One of the reasons for the change in Freud's view is that the role of the superego is no longer so obvious today
Freud, Free Will, and the Humanities
Hulk
total self
Professor X
total self
batman
Traumatized characters
"The Bourne Supremacy"
What are people afraid of facing?
Because Freud and his successors
Countless movies and books have shifted the focus from “who did it” to “why?”
definition
indeterminism
Philosophical Thoughts Expounded by William James
Claims that all things happen randomly without clear antecedents
Therefore people have free will to make choices
Psychoanalysis
Technique invented by Sigmund Freud
Diagnose the causes of neurotic behavior and mental illness by examining a patient's dreams and free association patterns
psychotherapy
Clinical treatments for mental and mood disorders
Existentialism
redefining freedom
Germinated in the mid-19th century and began to take root after World War II
religious existentialism
Søren Ober Kierkegaard
first existential philosopher
Religion is a psychological reality that is voluntarily accepted, rather than a manifest truth that people are required to accept.
"Fear and Trembling"
Religious Existentialism in the 20th Century
Martin Buber
Define the two relationships that people have
"Me and it"
The objective relationship between people, objects and concrete real events
There is no God here, only concrete moments of existence
"it"
must be defined
must be proven to be a concrete reality
Otherwise there would be no "I-it" relationship
"you and me"
Represents the bridge between man and God
"You" are not defined, but described
secular existentialism
Basic point
All man can be sure of is his own existence (survival)
French existentialist philosopher
Jean-Paul Sartre
one of the most influential
God absolutely does not exist, so humans have the right to define themselves
Opposing the view that God exists due to human psychological needs
Deep down, one must know that in a meaningless world, everyone is alone
There is no such thing as human nature
The individual must strive to develop an essence that can be defined as human
bona fide
A strong and clear sense of moral responsibility to others
Only natural phenomena and man-made objects have an essence from the beginning
Man is capable of rationality and develops this capacity through experience
"Destined to be free"
After everyone understands their own nature, they must take responsibility for it
No one is exempt from moral responsibility
True freedom comes at a high price
Real people are those who define themselves
They adhere to this definition and are willing to accept any praise or blame
Simone de Beauvoir
Sartre's lifelong companion
feminist writer
Always focus on women creating their own essence
Calling women boldly to create a new version of themselves
persist in
Abandon male rules
Abandon the essence that men impose on women
"secondary"
Explore the various reasons why women have continued to be devalued throughout history
Establishing the unique connection between women and their bodies, making women more susceptible to enslavement by men
From the problem of biological "maternity" to the economic theory of private property
Directly leading to women's legal status as property
albert camus
One of the most poetic and compelling French existential philosophers
"Absurd Reasoning"
There is only one truly serious philosophical question: suicide
"The Ridiculous Man"
"The Myth of Sisyphus"
in conclusion
Reason is not in the universe at all, it is only in the human mind
rational guide
Life is ridiculous and meaningless
The intellect attempts to understand reality, but ultimately finds the task impossible
Existence precedes essence
definition
leap of faith
Kierkegaard's statement
Religious beliefs are freely chosen
But in order to do this, one must bypass reason and therefore never be sure whether one's choice is the right one
Existentialism
a philosophy that has a religious or secular basis
Advocates that people can freely create their own essence
limited freedom
Buddhism and freedom
freedom of choice
Understand the limits of freedom
Freedom can only be achieved when people place limits on their choices
To transcend oneself is a natural right
Without a failed striker, there is no possibility of success.
definition
General Education
Ancient Greece
Refers to those skills that ensure an individual's participation in civic life
Includes rhetoric, logic and grammar
Later referred to the corresponding humanities
Includes literature, languages, history, art history and art appreciation, music history and music appreciation, philosophy, mathematics and science
definition
Sociobiology
a sociological thought
Believes that human behavior can be analyzed from the perspective of genetic investment
A person's behavior depends on his or her desire to reproduce one's own genes
Direct reproduction through sexual relations
Reproduce indirectly by satisfying physiological, social or economic needs