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EdrawMindArt Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Theme 3-Happiness)
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Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Theme 3-Happiness)
This book is different from ordinary humanities books. It not only focuses on humanities and arts, such as literature, music, performance, etc., but also focuses on eternal philosophical themes, such as morality, happiness, and freedom. I hope that after reading this book, I will be like what is written on the title page: on the way of reading these words, I will meet myself...
Edited at 2024-01-14 23:08:30- bacteria
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Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Theme 3-Happiness)
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Part Three Humanities Themes
Chapter 12 Happiness
Summary
The pursuit of happiness tops list of topics in humanities
Most works of literature, drama and film are about unfortunate people
Hedonism: Happiness is happiness
greek philosopher aristippus
Claims that happiness is the sum of all pleasures experienced in a person's life
Think about happiness in purely physiological terms
Taste
sexual excitement
touch
Knowledge also brings a certain degree of satisfaction
Physical pain is worse than mental pain
Physical happiness is better than mental happiness
...
Humans are essentially selfish animals who only care about their own comfort
Ask a long-standing question
Is there anything more important than happiness?
He thinks the answer is no
If happiness is not joy, then there is no point in a person claiming to be happy
Diego Velazquez
drinker
One of the most vivid visual representations of hedonism
Plato and Aristotle of the same period disagreed with Aristippus's views, but admitted that his ideas had no universal appeal.
the difference
Aristipoos
excludes intellectual pleasure
Plato and Aristotle
In Plato's famous analysis of love, he does not devalue sexual pleasure but elevates non-physical love to a more important position.
Intellectual pleasure is the decisive factor in a good life
Aristotle then developed a philosophy of happiness that was completely different from Aristipoos'
hedonism in literature
Between the austere Middle Ages and the resolute and militant Puritan era
Many poets, including Shakespeare, praised the hedonist's "eat, drink, and be merry" life
Robert Herrick
"To Young Girls: Don't Lose Your Youth"
Omar Khayyam
"The Rubaiyat"
Life is short, try to have everything
Andrew Marvell
"To His Shy Girlfriend"
they assert
People only have doctors, so they should not limit themselves, but should strive to have everything
Several assumptions about hedonism
Everyone should be as happy as possible
Variants
People never really get as much happiness as they deserve
Happiness is naturally good
No matter how much happiness there is, it is not too much
Lack of happiness is a failure and should be compensated
This particular mindset stems from a theory of expected benefits
Hedonism Revisited
Hedonism still thrives in today’s culture
Movie
"The Wolf of Wall Street"
TV drama
"Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
"Real Housewives"
Is this all?
Hedonism continues to be criticized by philosophers and cultural historians
At the heart of the debate is whether hedonists' definition of happiness is too narrow
definition
hedonism
From Greek "joy"
Believe that happiness is the sum of all joys that a person can experience
Carpe Diem
latin
seize the moment
One of the main tenets of hedonists
It is recommended that people live in the present and enjoy all happiness
expected benefit theory
From a hedonistic perspective
Believe that people who work hard or make sacrifices for others should receive material rewards
Epicureanism: Happiness is living in moderation and avoiding pain
Epicurean Assumptions
Epicurus' point of view
Accepted the major premise of hedonism—happiness is an important good
But added: happiness is not the only good
Do not accept the hedonist statement that the more happiness you have, the happier you will be
Particularly critical of those who overly promote happiness
These people always suffer physical and mental pain
Hedonism is a philosophy with a clear sense of time and the smell of death
Epicurus' Hypothesis
Things are unpredictable, and people must accept this fact happily
If one were to define the good life, it would be wiser not to believe that it consists only of happiness
No one can be happy for a long time
The pursuit of wealth is self-defeating
requirements for a happy life
Rational people have free will and are able to control their desire for pleasure and therefore be able to reduce the pain that always accompanies pleasure
Complete happiness is moderate, pain-free pleasure
This is unlikely for most people
But when people try to avoid pain, they reach this point
Acknowledge the importance of happiness in life
Not so much an all-out attack on hedonism as a revision of it
Accept that unhappiness is part of life
The strategy is to avoid unhappiness as much as possible rather than blindly hoping that everything will be fine
Pay attention to control and enjoy moderate happiness
staunch Epicurean
Avoid overindulgence and seek many pleasures outside of the physical body
They are lovers of art, theatre, books and music
Usually healthy and well-proportioned, exercise to maintain the best shape
Quick-thinking and able to be aware of the latest developments in many fields
Epicurus believed that just people have the most peaceful minds
Happiness is an undisturbed conscience
representative figure
Ernest Hemingway
"In a Foreign Land"
Italian Army Major
Epicureanism Revisited
Objections
Like hedonism, it starts from self-interest.
Some even accuse it of being just a disguised form of hedonism
Epicureans are more interested in their own inner peace than helping others
definition
Epicureanism
Based on the teachings of Epicurus
Believe that happiness is to avoid pain
Stoicism: Happiness is living
Pain is the essence of life
The best way is to prepare for the worst and learn to deal with it
It is also a product of Greek wisdom
Emphasis on human rationality
Believe that humans are an advanced form of animal life
Zeno
founder of stoicism
Stoic hypothesis
core
Believe that true happiness does not lie in circumstances, good luck, or what happens to people, but in how people respond to what happens
respond positively to pain
Epictetus
The most famous stoic teacher
Stoicism was later adopted by the Romans and became an unofficial state philosophy
Emphasis on rationality and control of negative emotions
Consistent with Roman culture’s ideal pursuit of the perfect man
Stoicism and Christianity
The Christian spirit of martyrdom is deeply rooted in the principles of Stoicism
love one's enemies
willing to be insulted
...
thomas becket
archbishop of canterbury
famous martyrs
Stoicism Revisited
For advocates, modern version of Stoicism remains a viable theory of happiness
Basic assumptions
Peace is priceless
The negative aspect is its convenience
Stoicism in the Face of Luck
One objection to Stoicism is that
Advocates secretly want everyone to be as miserable as they are
They themselves don't realize this
It may be a basic human characteristic to enjoy the company of miserable people.
Another objection
What passes for rationality in Stoicism should actually be called rationalization
A process that gives people a sense of satisfaction rather than the logic and rationality of people believing in something
Does "accepting one's fate" equate to passivity?
Classical Stoicism emerged from both Greek and Roman cultures
All have a deep belief in destiny
definition
Stoicism
Believe that happiness comes from rational response to various misfortunes
It has less illusions about life than Epicureanism
it tells people
Don't plan for a life of infinite happiness
And don’t expect to avoid pain through self-discipline and moderation
Aristotle on happiness
Happiness is our purpose
Happiness is not a momentary joyful experience of something, but a way of describing how an individual lives his or her life
the highest or ultimate good
reason and virtue
reason
The most outstanding good, superior to all other things that promote happiness
If people let reason be their guide in all decisions, they will always be right
Not doing what is most profitable or what brings the most happiness, but what is right
It is people who ensure that life ends in goodness
virtue
equal to rationality
What morality pursues is also the perfection of a specific behavior
The road to happiness is a life in which "rationality" and "virtue" are consistent
Happiness: A government responsibility?
The purpose of life is to achieve a happy life
Nothing should hinder the pursuit of a happy life
so
The purpose of government is to ensure the happiness of its citizens
Social institutions exist to promote the happiness of all people
means to achieve happiness
Declaration of Independence
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
The basis of “American supremacy”
The pursuit of the American dream
Everyone has the right to "happiness"
For a city-state to function properly, law and order are necessary
Government and Reason
The road to happiness is through the use of reason and virtue, and the government cannot hinder reason
Government itself should be a model of rationality
Dilemma
If the government sometimes uses unreasonable means, how can it reasonably protect the country?
Herman Melville
"Sailor Billy Budd"
What happens when the government’s view of happiness differs from the majority of the population?
plato
"Utopia"
Can the best interests of the government coincide with the best interests of the governed?
Aristotle Revisited
In any society, can people rely solely on the government to provide happiness?
Is there any happiness under an authoritarian government?
Is happiness really possible in a strictly Aristotelian theory?
A model of happy life
anne frank
"The Diary of Anne Frank"
Martin Luther King
"I have a dream"
mahatma gandhi
Examples of happiness (moksha) in Indian culture
Dedicated his life to the cause of nonviolence
speak truth to power
India became an independent country and implemented self-government, and Gandhi was indispensable
Perfect happiness is a distant goal if it is more than temporary pleasure
definition
Mahatma
Sanskrit
great soul
A respectful title for a person with outstanding intelligence and noble moral character
used to describe Gandhi
Buddhist path to happiness
for buddhists
Bliss or Nirvana are two aspects of one body
Theravada Buddhism
Purpose
Transform Siddhartha's teachings into the practice system of "Four Noble Truths"
The accumulation of suffering destroys the path
The truth of suffering
Everything in this world is suffering
Collection of truths
The gathering of desires makes life miserable
The truth of annihilation
End all suffering
Taoist truth
Follow the Eightfold Path
Mahayana Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism
Carrying on the legacy of Gautama Buddha
It advocates that those who are supremely enlightened can achieve Nirvana and become Buddhas in this world, cut off the happiness of the world, and do all good deeds in the world.
definition
Theravada Buddhism
Buddhism
Sanskrit original meaning "small ferry"
It means the method of achieving purity through meditation and achieving personal happiness.
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhism
Sanskrit original meaning "big ferry"
Refers to the method of achieving greater happiness by helping others
Happiness (Unhappiness) and Art
People tend to think that happiness is a comedy and misfortune is a tragedy
standard theme of comedy
Movement from chaos to order
Cervantes
"Don Quixote"
Another model of happiness
For the first time in literature, the weaknesses and flaws of real humans are presented in a comedic way.
Lead people to a common understanding of human nature
In the comic exploration of a madman and his loyal friends
The darkness and light of human nature are presented to readers together
Tragedy can also teach people about happiness
Although sometimes the lessons are hard to accept
Arthur Miller
"Death of a Salesman"
A vivid illustration of the tragedy that comes with the American Dream—the pursuit of happiness.
tolstoy
"Anna Karenina"
The process from happiness to misfortune is vividly described
depict misfortune
Humanities concern with human suffering
Victor Hugo
"Les Miserables"
"Yara Aswani"
"Yakuban Apartment"