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MindMap Gallery Psychological development of adolescents (112-178)
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Psychological development of adolescents (112-178)
This is a mind map about the psychological development of adolescents (112-178). The main contents include: adolescent personality and social development, mental development, and adolescent thinking development1.
Edited at 2024-10-16 11:21:16- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
Psychological development of adolescents (112-178)
- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
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- Outline
Teenagers(11/2-17/8) psychological development
Youth personality and social development
self development ※※※(50)
self conscious
heightened self-awareness, Reaching the second leap stage
First: Children between 18 and 24 months old develop the object self and can use "I" and "mine" to mark their own important characteristics.
Second: In adolescence, the question of "who am I/am" repeatedly lingers in my mind.
①Rich inner world ② Introspection ③ Subjective paranoia (others are critical of oneself) ④ Self-centeredness reappears (see below) a. Imaginary audience: you are the focus of others’ attention b. Unique self (personal myth): self-immortality, It reaches its peak in early adolescence (12-15 years old) and then gradually decreases.
Early youth self-awareness
a. Component differentiation b. Independence intention c. Self-esteem d. Concern for personality growth e. Mature self-evaluation f. Highly developed moral awareness
self-evaluation
Features
①Individual differences, the tendency to overevaluate leads to arrogant behavior ②Increased self-evaluation ability and increased requirement for self-analysis are signs of personality development
Self-identity development 2
An individual's sense of self-integration and adaptation in a specific environment is the individual's ability to seek internal consistency and continuity, and subjective feelings and awareness of issues such as "who am I/my future development direction/how do I adapt to society"
Erikson
①Adolescence 12-18 years old, the developmental task is to establish self-identity/prevent the spread of identity and experience loyalty ② During this period, young people can legally defer their social responsibilities/obligations, that is, the payment deferment period ③Adolescent identity is resolved between 18 and 22 years old. The age of 20 is the critical period for establishing identity.
extreme case
①Excessive self-identity is called "fanaticism" ② Lack of identity is called "rejection of compensation"
Marcia(13)
Self-identity is the self-structure, and personal drives, beliefs, life experiences, etc. construct dynamic organizations.
Two dimensions: Crisis (exploration)———— commitment (commitment)
①Identity dispersion/diffusion/chaos (No crisis/no investment)
No identity crisis, no various life attempts/choices, no action/active exploration
②Identity rejection/premature closure/stagnation (no crisis/investment)
Make personal choices without repeated exploration, but choices are often made by authoritative parents/teachers, etc. rather than through own exploration
③Identity delay (with crisis/no investment)
Is in an identity crisis, has not yet made a choice/action, is still exploring and accumulating knowledge, and participating in various activities to find the values and goals that guide his or her life.
④Identity obtained (There is crisis/There is investment)
After an identity crisis/exploratory choice, put the clearly formed values/goals into action
Mental health, consistent behavior across time, and knowing your goals
relation
There is no necessary distinction between good and bad/everyone will experience it/the four states can be transformed into each other
Influencing factors
①The impact of cognitive development level on adolescent identity ② Getting along with peer groups/establishing friendships has an impact on adolescent identity ③Relationship with parents/parents’ parenting style ④ School/society/broader cultural background on identity
Adolescent Emotional Development※※
General features 2
Emotionally rich but unstable, showing half-mature and half-childish duality
①Self-conscious emotions
a. Rich in emotions and profound experiences b. Self-evaluation is important c.The worldview begins to take shape d. Pay more attention to peer relationships/friendships but reduce the scope of friendships
②Emotional understanding
Have a high insight into other relationships and be able to realize that different moral levels can produce different emotional experiences
③Emotional expression/regulation ability
Can use emotions more skillfully to express social rules and use various strategies to influence emotions
④Emotional expression: contradictory
a. Strong violence and gentleness coexist in "Hall, the stormy period" b. Emotional variability and stubbornness coexist c. Introversion and expressiveness coexist
Common emotional distress 1 (change in mood)
①Trouble
How to behave in public/There is a rift in the relationship with parents/I don’t know how to maintain and establish my due position among peers.
②Anxiety
Adapting to Difficulties/Examinations
③Depression
Depression is a psychological experience that occurs when needs, desires, etc. cannot be satisfied and realized.
④Inferiority complex
Low self-evaluation, generalization/generalization, sensitivity/disguise
⑤Loneliness
Hollingworth, "psychological weaning" (adolescence-early young adulthood), many problems, no need for help, loneliness
⑥Depression
Inability to cope with external pressure
Resistance
Mainly manifested as the consciousness and behavioral tendency to reject all external forces
Two periods of resistance
Basically overlaps with the leap stage of self-awareness
①First: 2-4 years old: Resistance mainly refers to physical aspects, parents restrict physical activities ②Second: Adolescence: Resistance mainly targets certain psychological contents (I hope adults will respect them and recognize their independent personality)
Reason(13)
①Excessive excitement of the central nervous system
In early adolescence, the activity of the individual's central nervous system is significantly enhanced, and the individual's central nervous system is in an overactive state, making teenagers overly sensitive/intense to various surrounding stimuli, including other people's attitudes towards them.
② Sudden surge of self-awareness
As teenagers' self-awareness increases, they are more inclined to maintain a good self-image and pursue independence and self-esteem. However, some of their ideas and behaviors cannot be accepted by reality and they suffer repeated setbacks, which leads to overly extreme ideas. Thinking that the obstacles to their actions come from adults, they develop a rebellious mentality
③Independent consciousness
Teenagers urgently demand the right to independence, regard parental care/emotional care as an obstacle to independence, and regard the guidance and teachings of teachers/other members as constraints on their own development.
Occurrence
The sense of independence is hindered/the expansion of personality is hindered/the autonomy is ignored/adults force teenagers to accept opinions
Specific performance
①Focus of conflict: Growers have advanced understanding of spontaneity, while parents’ understanding of their development lags behind ②Indifference and indifference: Teenagers’ resistance is not expressed in explicit behaviors, but only exists in implicit consciousness. ③Tough attitude and rude behavior ④Diversified resistance methods: sometimes expressed strongly, sometimes in an implicit way ⑤ Resistance transferability: When someone is disgusted with a certain aspect of a person, they tend to transfer to all aspects of the person or even completely deny it; one person in the same group recommends the group
adolescent social development
Kohlberg's theory of moral development ※※※2
pre-conventional level (4~10 years old)
During the period of external control, obedience to authority and the moral principle of “getting rewards and evading punishment”
①Avoid punishment stage (punishment obedience orientation)
Focus on the consequences of actions and obey others' rules to avoid punishment
②Relative utilitarian stage (tool-purpose orientation)
a. Naive egoism, considering self-interest/reward from others b. Evaluate behavior based on the degree of satisfaction
custom level (10~13 years old)
Internalization of authoritative standards, obeying rules to please others/maintain order
③Searching for recognition stage (“good boy” orientation)
a. The orientation of moral judgment to please and help others b. Evaluate behavior based on actor motivation/characteristics/current situation
④ Maintain authority and social order stage (Good Citizen Orientation)
a. Consider the social system/conscience/self-responsibility, maintain order, and obey norms b. Respect legal authority and judge right and wrong based on the concept of rule of law
post-conventional level (13 years old~)
Have a true moral concept, fully internalize moral values, recognize conflicts between moral principles and choose among them
⑤ Legal concept stage (social contract orientation)
a. Think in a rational way and value the wishes of the majority/social welfare b. It is best to act in accordance with the law. The law is a social contract and is not immutable.
⑥ Value concept stage (universal ethical principles orientation)
Act according to inner standards and act constrained by conscience
psychosocial issues
Problems in which teenagers do not conform to or violate social norms and behavioral norms or are unable to adapt well to social life, thereby causing adverse effects or even harm to society/others/themselves.
①Addictive behavior: smoking/gaming/Internet addiction ②Internal dysregulation: emotional distress (low self-esteem, anxiety, loneliness and depression) ③External disorder: Antisocial behavior/juvenile delinquency
factor
①Family factors: family breakdown/low quality of parents/insufficient parent-child communication/deviated family education concepts/education methods ②Peer factors: important influencing factors of juvenile delinquency, group pressure situations/peer groups and other subcultural groups ③Adolescents’ own factors: During adolescence, individuals have many contradictions. Without correct guidance, they will go astray and even commit crimes.
antisocial behavior
Offending behavior develops into high-level manifestations in adolescence
Foreign studies show that the crime rate among teenagers aged 13-14 is the highest.
① Impulsiveness in adolescence ②The individual has certain abilities
theoretical explanatory model
①Dodge. Social Information Processing Model: Response does not depend on social cues in the situation, but depends on the individual's processing/interpretation of social cues. ②Patterson. High-pressure family environment theory: Highly antisocial adolescents often experience high-pressure family environments
Youth thinking development 1
Basic characteristics of cognition ※※※
①Each element of the cognitive structure becomes mature, and the main qualities and individual differences of intelligence are basically finalized. ②The purpose of cognitive activities is significantly improved, and the self-evaluation and self-control abilities of the cognitive system are significantly increased. ③In the heart life, knowledge/emotion/intention/action/personality cooperate with each other, and the overall level of the heart life is improved. ④The advantages of abstract logical thinking are enhanced, and the transition from empirical to theoretical
abstract logical thinking ※※※
The experience type in junior high school, the logical thinking (theoretical type) has matured after high school, the reasoning ability has basically matured in the second year of high school, and the basic transformation from experience to theoretical level has been completed.
Formal logical thinking
junior high school
Formal operation stage, abstract logic, and contradictions in thinking quality
a. Creation and criticism b. One-sided and superficial; c. Reappearance of self-centeredness (imaginary audience/unique self)
high school
Logical thinking (theoretical type) in high school has further matured. After the second year of high school, it has transformed from experience to theoretical level, and formal and logical thinking has been perfected/dominated.
Dialectical logical thinking
junior high school
Master dialectical logical thinking starting from the first grade of junior high school, and the important turning point is the third grade of junior high school
high school
The development of logical thinking speeds up, but formal logical thinking is still higher than logical thinking; in late youth (25-35), logical thinking develops as the main form of thinking.
creative thinking development
The psychological process in which people solve problems in novel ways and produce new/socially valuable products
①Children of school age are beginning to show their development, and the 6th grade to the first grade of junior high school is the critical period. ② Adolescent creativity develops in stages as a whole, with continuity within the same stage. ③ Fluency decreases, flexibility develops steadily, and uniqueness gradually increases
heart development
11/2-14/5 Adolescence/Teenage Period 14/5-17/8 Early Youth
Acceleration and transitional periods of individual physical and mental development, the second developmental peak (adolescence), the first being infancy
Physical development※
changes in body shape
Head and facial development/appearance of secondary sexual characteristics/increase in height and weight
Mature body functions
①Body functions
Heart compressor energy/lung development (visceral function matures)/increased muscle strength
②Brain development
The second rapid period: around 13 years old; the first rapid period between 5 and 6 years old
sexual maturity
Increased sex hormones/sexual organ development/sexual function development (menstruation/nocturnal emissions)
a. Females enter the developmental period between 11 and 12 years old, and males enter the developmental period between 13 and 14 years old. b. The biological line is the latest to mature among all human lines, and maturity marks the completion of human physiological development.
Psychological Development※※
Physical development is rapid, psychological speed is relatively slow, and the level of psychological development is in a transitional period
①The impact of physiological changes on psychological activities
a. The change in appearance brings a sense of adulthood, and the mind enters the adult world and escapes childhood, but is often confused. b. Sexually mature and curious/interested/sexual emotions/desire for the opposite sex, but not openly and repressed
② Psychological conflict between adultness and childishness
Maturity - strong pursuit; childishness - cognitive thinking methods/personality characteristics/social experience
Resistance to dependence/denial and nostalgia for childhood/closed openness/brave and cowardly/arrogant and inferior