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Infant psychological development (0-3 years old)
This is a mind map about infant psychological development (0-3 years old). The main contents include: infant self-development※※, social development※※(50), temperament development※, psychological process development※, speech ※※※(50), motor development 2, development of infant nervous system※.
Edited at 2024-10-16 11:11:19- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
Infant psychological development (0-3 years old)
- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
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- Outline
Infant psychological development (0-3 years old)
Development of temperament※
Infant temperament type theory
1. Traditional body fluid theory
2. Pavlovian theory of advanced neural activity types
3.Thomas/Chase(13)
Nine dimensions of temperament
①Easy type 40%
Happy mood, regular life, easy access to new things, flowing water, etc.
Easy babies give parents a sense of accomplishment and give more positive feedback to their children
②Difficult type 10%
The mood is often restless and the life is irregular. Fear/rejection of new things, often overreacting
Difficult babies make parents feel tired, frustrated, less confident, and more likely to avoid their own children
③Slow type 15%
The mood is always negative. I shrink/resist new things at first but slowly adapt to new things. The vitality level is low.
Retarded babies elicit mixed reactions from parents
④Hybrid type
Temperament and parenting model
Thomas/Chase, babies have their own unique temperament, which adults must accept; parents can change the child's growth environment to help the child develop.
goodness of fit model
①Easy-type babies are easy to adapt to various parenting methods, but "when the requirements of the new environment conflict with the family's behavior pattern", behavioral problems may occur.
② Difficult babies, parents face early parenting/parent-child relationship problems from the beginning; they must be enthusiastic, patient, and loving
③For slow babies, the key is to let them adapt to the environment at their own speed/characteristics and let nature take its own course.
4.BrazeltonBrazelton
Three types of temperament
① Lively type: “crying and fighting” ②Quiet type: quiet and not noisy ③General type: between the two, most babies
5. Buss/Promin activity characteristics theory
Different tendencies for various types of activities
①Emotional babies
Emotional
②Impulsiveness
Impulsive and lack of control
③Sociality
Actively interact with people and don’t like to be alone
④Mobility
Exploration/gross motor activities/exercises/games, can’t sit still, loves to move
6. Kagan Kagan
The inhibitory non-inhibitory dimension is the most stable
①Inhibitory type
Restrained, cautious, and tend to be shy and withdrawn in unfamiliar situations
②Non-inhibitory type
Unrestrained, free to explore in unfamiliar situations, not shy, energetic, and likes to interact with others
stability/variability
stability
Temperament is mainly inherited, relatively stable, and moderately stable.
variability
Caused by the rapid changes and development of the infant's nervous system/psychological activities
Parenting style type 1 Baumred
Two dimensions of parents’ style characteristics in raising children
①Requirements-Control
Parental management/control over children
②Accept-Response
a. Parents’ level of support/sensitivity to their children’s needs b. Will parents show warmth/praise to children after they fulfill their parents’ wishes?
① Authoritative (democratic) type
High "Demand-Control" High "Acceptance-Responsive"
Establish clear rules, explain why, be responsive to children’s needs/views, and encourage children to participate in decision-making
②Autocratic type
High "Demand-Control" Low "Acceptance-Responsive"
Set a lot of rules, rarely explain why, and use strong measures to make children obey
③Laissez-faire type
Low "Demand-Control" High "Acceptance-Responsive"
Indulge your children, allow them to express their emotions and impulses freely, and exercise less control over their behavior
④Neglect type
Low "Demand-Control" Low "Acceptance-Responsive"
Parents rarely participate in their children’s growth
Infant self-development ※※
It is an individual's awareness of his or her own existence, including the recognition of his or her own behavior and mental state. The distinction between the subject self and the object self marks the emergence of self-awareness in infancy.
infant self development
Hart
my self-awareness (8 months-1 year old)
a. Infants recognize themselves as active subjects and separate themselves from others. b. The first leap in self-awareness: 18-24 months, able to refer to oneself and others with appropriate pronouns (you and me)
object self-consciousness (around 2 years old)
Infants begin to recognize themselves as objects (recognize themselves from photos and videos)
red dot experiment
amsterdam
Testing self-awareness (self-awareness): showing self-directed behavior of being aware of one's own red dot - babies have the ability to self-awareness
Modern research on infant self-development
① On the basis of natural observation, certain experimental condition changes are added to make the development indicators of infant self-awareness more obvious. ② "Whether self-directed behavior occurs/increases" in front of the mirror is used as a sign to determine the development of the baby's self-awareness
social development ※※(50)
1. Initial emotional reaction
Izzard
Interest, disgust, sadness, initial smile, surprise
Meng Zhaolan
interest, disgust, pain, smile
1.5 years old (18 months)
The object I appears, the first leap of self-awareness, and the emergence of self-awareness emotions (shame and pride)
2. Emotional socialization
①Social smile (beginning)
a. Spontaneous/physiological smile, reflex nature (0-5 weeks) b. A social smile without any choice (5 Mondays and 3.5 months) c. Differentially selected social smile (3.5-4 months)
②Separation anxiety
6-7 months
After a baby develops a close emotional connection with someone, he or she expresses sadness/pain when separated from someone and refuses to be separated.
③Stranger anxiety
6 to 8 months
stranger anxiety (4 is indistinguishable/6-7 is afraid/8 is obvious)
Babies can well distinguish their primary caregivers from strangers. The appearance of strangers will cause fear and anxiety in babies. Babies will cry when they see strangers.
④ Attachment
6 months
Dual anxiety is a sign of the emergence of a special emotional connection stage. A 6-month-old baby appears attached to his mother (attachment generation)
⑤Emotional social reference
When infants are in unfamiliar/uncertain situations, they search for facial expression information from adult faces and then decide to act on their own
a. Level 1 no facial awareness (0-2 months)
b. Level 2 Facial perception without emotional understanding (2-5 months)
c. Level 3 emotional understanding of the meaning of expressions (5-7 months)
d. Level 4 Use emoticons in causal reference (July/August-October)
3.Infant attachment ※※※6(13)
A stable emotional connection between an individual and his or her primary caregiver (usually the mother), the initial social connection
Harlow: The Rhesus Monkey Experiment
Features
① Seeking physical closeness to the attachment figure ②Able to obtain comfort/security/rich stimulation from the attachment figure ③The destruction of attachment will cause emotional pain
Measurement
Ellsworth, Strange Situation Method
Three subjects/two interpersonal relationships/three anxiety events/four main situations
Children's proximity to attachment targets under moderate pressure/the degree of quietness after the appearance of attachment targets
type
Different reactions to strange situations
①Safe type (about 65~70%)
The mother is present and uses the mother as a safe base to freely explore and operate.
Anxiety when mother leaves
When a mother seeks to be close to her mother, she is easily comforted
②Avoidance type (about 20%)
Not paying attention to whether mother is present or not
Mother is nervous about not being able to resist
Even when my mother comes back, she doesn't care.
③Resistance (ambivalent) (about 10~15%)
Be vigilant before mother leaves
Mother left, extremely distressed and resisted
When mother returns, she both seeks and resists contact with her
④Chaos type (Maine): supplement
A behavioral pattern that combines avoidance and resistance
stage
Bowlby/Ellsworth
①(0-3 months) Indiscriminate social reaction stage
pre-attachment period
The biggest characteristic of the reaction to people: indiscriminate/non-differential reaction, no preference
②(3-6 months) Different social reaction stage
establishment period
Selective social response, different responses to mother/familiar people/strangers, preferring mother
③(6 months to 2 years old) Special emotional connection stage
explicit period
Appear attachment to mother, form a special emotional connection with mother, Not smiling when seeing many strangers, causing nervousness and fear, and even crying/yelling
④(After 2 years old) Goal adjustment partnership stage
formative period
Treating the mother as a social partner can help one understand the mother’s emotional needs and wishes/time/distance of the mother’s absence
Influencing factors
①Quality of parenting
a. Sensitivity
Mothers are keenly aware of the signals of their children’s needs
b.Reactivity
According to the information sent by the mother to the child, the needs will be met appropriately and promptly.
②Children’s characteristics
Physical characteristics, physical health status, temperament characteristics
③Interaction between parenting style and child temperament
The interaction between the caregiver's parenting style (communication style) and the child's own temperament type jointly affects the child's attachment style/attachment security
④Cultural factors
There are cultural differences in attachment styles/proportions among various types of people
Impact on later psychological development
①Interpersonal relationships: During the initial attachment, the baby forms an internal working model that becomes the paradigm for all future intimate relationships. ②Mental health: emotions, self-esteem; children with secure attachment usually have healthier personality and social development, while children with insecure attachment are relatively negative ③Attachment transitivity: It affects the parenting relationship between children and their own children when they become adults. It is easier to form a secure attachment with their children if they form a secure attachment with their parents.
4. Early peer interaction
Development stage
①Object center 6-8 months
Ignore each other, have brief contact, focus more on toys/objects
② Simple relationship for 9-13 months
The behavior is responsive in nature, and social-directed behavior means that peers behave in their own way, accompanied by peers’ attention and reactions.
③Complementary exchanges
Long interaction time, complex content and form, cooperative games, mutual aid and complementary behaviors
Muller/Vander: A social skills development perspective
①Simple social behavior ②Social interaction ③Peer games ④Early friendship
Psychological process development※
Feeling: the earliest psychological process to occur/mature
touch
earliest important
①The fetus has initial tactile response at 49 days old ②Newborns can already distinguish different soft and hard nipples. After 4 months, babies will have reaching behavior and visual-touch coordination ability.
hearing
① The auditory nerve begins to develop in the fetus at 6 weeks, and the fetus begins to hear at 15-20 weeks. The newborn’s basic audio-visual coordination ability is ②The brain memory starts to work in the 5th month of pregnancy, and the fetus can remember the mother’s voice and feel a sense of security. ③Fetuses in the 8th month of pregnancy can hear tones, and babies in the 1st month can identify 200-500hz pure tones (low-frequency father tones are more sensitive)
Taste
The embryo is 3 months old, and the development is good at birth. The taste system is developed in infancy/childhood and then gradually declines. Newborns prefer sweet taste.
Vision
Vision occurs in the middle and late stages of the fetus. Infants between 2 and 4 months = color perception; 4 months = color preference; before 6 months = three-dimensional perception.
sense of smell
7-8 months old has already developed preliminary olfactory response ability. Newborns have made corresponding typical reactions to various smells and like to smell smells.
perception
① Shape perception
Ability to distinguish simple shapes in 3 months, with a preference for human faces; shape constancy acquired before 8/9 months
②Size perception
Infants before 4 months have size perception constancy; infants before 6 months can already distinguish size
③ Orientation perception
Infants orient themselves toward foreign objects, and their auditory orienting ability dominates
④Depth perception
①Newborns can have some initial reaction to approaching objects and have primitive depth perception ②Babies can detect depth in 2 months, and can clearly understand depth and be afraid of heights in 6-7 months ③Gipson/Walker “Visual Cliff Experiment”
Research Paradigm 2
Principle: Novel stimuli bring about directional reflexes
① Eye gaze ② Decreased heartbeat and breathing rate ③ Decreased sucking frequency
Purpose
To reveal whether infants can distinguish differences between stimuli
①Habitualization
The same stimulus is presented to the baby repeatedly. After many times, the baby will no longer pay attention to the stimulus/the gaze time will be significantly shortened or even disappear.
②Dehabituation
If a new stimulus is given, the baby's attention span recovers/lengthens.
③Visual preference method
Fantz uses gaze time as an indicator to test whether it can distinguish between different stimuli and develop a preference for a certain graphic based on the length of gaze time on different stimuli.
speech ※※※(50)
Theories of speech development 1
Innate theory: No learning/environment emphasizes innate factors
conversion theory Chomsky
①Language is a manifestation of universal grammar ability. The language acquisition process = conversion from universal grammar to individual grammar, realized through LAD ②Children acquire a specific system of rules that govern language behavior and understand and create through the use of rules
evaluate
There are reasonable reasons, but too much emphasis is placed on talent/innateness and neglects the role of environment/acquired education/language sociality.
natural maturity theory
①Biological inheritance is the decisive factor for people to acquire language and is the product of mature brain function. ②The easiest period to acquire language is 0-adolescence
Acquired theory: empiricism/acquired theory, language acquisition is a function of family and social environment
Reinforcement theory, Skinner
① Realized through operant conditioning, reinforcement is a necessary condition for language learning ②Speech development shows that children’s acquired verbal responses increase
evaluate
It can explain some low-level speech processes, but it is not enough to explain the complex human speech process.
imitation theory
bandura
Observational learning of sociolinguistic patterns, mostly without reinforcement
allport
A simple imitation of adult language
evaluate
①It does work, but it cannot explain all the facts of the language acquisition process ②Four kinds of imitation: immediate complete/immediate incomplete/delayed/selected imitation
Interaction theory: complex interactions between physiological maturation/cognitive development/changing language environment lead to
Piaget's cognitive interactionism
①Language is a symbolic function, originating from intelligence and accompanying the development of cognitive structure ② Cognitive source: subject-object interaction, post-speech production
evaluate
It emphasizes that there are reasonable aspects to the relationship between cognitive development and language acquisition, but correlation alone cannot explain cause and effect.
social interactionism
① Internal experience interacts with the output environment, and child-adult language communication is the determining factor in language acquisition. ② Emphasis on the social context of language learning and the communicative function of speech
evaluate
An eclectic view that fails to explain how children communicate and develop language based on language input.
speech development
1. Voice development
Monosyllabic stage (0-3 months) - Polysyllabic stage (4-8 months) - Meaningful speech stage (9-12 months)
2. Characteristics of vocabulary acquisition
① Restrictive words for the following occasions ②After mastering the words, you begin to get rid of the limitations of the field and gain the initial meaning. ③Kai Zhi Zhang has summary/referential function words ④Begin to understand word meanings from 10 to 14 months, and begin to communicate with adults ⑤19-21 months, word explosion phenomenon
The first batch of words (conventional in certain situations but beginning to have a general meaning)
3. Speech development stage
① Pre-verbal stage 0-12 months
From birth to the first word with a general meaning = speech occurs
Purpose/reference/conventionality
②Speech onset stage 10-14 months
Begins to understand the meaning of words and begins to communicate with adults
③Speech development stage 10-15 months
You can learn 13 new words every month, and those aged 0-3 are the fastest to acquire words.
syntactic development
①Incomplete sentences 2-6 years old
a. Word sentences (1-1.5 years old)
class class
Start talking about meaningful words, often referring to objects in the environment, and the word expresses rich meanings
b. Telegraph sentence (1.5-2 years old)
Dad works; Mom sits on her legs
②The complete sentence for 3 years old is
a. Simple sentences
Complete single sentence with syntactic structure
1.5-2 years old, no modification, 2.5 years old, simple modification, 3 years old, complex modification
b.Complex sentences
Interconnected words that form a single sentence
Appears at 2.5-6 years old
③Compound sentences start at 3 years old
Two or more related single sentences form a sentence, loose/missing conjunctions/a few single sentences
grammatical development
① 20-30 months is the critical period for mastering grammar ②Basically master the grammar rules of mother tongue at the age of 3 ③Excessive regularization/expansion of rules ("egocentricity")
Motor Development 2
Movement development rules
①Head-to-tail principle
Movement from upper body to lower body
Head up - turn over - sit - climb - stand - walk - run - jump - climb
② The principle of near and far
From trunk to limbs
③Principle of size
From large muscle movements to small muscle fine movements
④ Principle of hierarchical integration and system independence
Factors affecting movement development
①Heredity and maturity
Twin ladder experiment, Mature power theory
Gesell selected identical twins I and T who were born at 48 weeks as subjects. They started training 1 at 48 weeks (they did not yet have the physiological maturity to climb stairs), and only started training T at 53 weeks (they already had the ability to climb stairs). Physiological maturity conditions), training continues until the end of 55 weeks. As a result, II’s scores quickly caught up with I’s in the next two weeks.
②Environmental factors
Climate/Cultural Background
③Nutrition and health
expressed in actions
④Learning and education
Learning provides individuals with stimulation and experience
Classical conditioning/operant conditioning/imitation learning/habituation and dishabituation
Implications for psychological development ※※
①The origin of individual psychology is closely related to the actions of ②Action plays a key role in the psychological internalization process ③Plays an important constructive role in the early psychological development of individuals
Development of infant nervous system※
brain structure
①Brain weight/big brain
Brain weight grows fastest in the first year after birth, and the relative size/proportion of the brain at 2 years old is close to that of the adult brain
②Development of cerebral cortex
White matter myelination is separate from gray matter, and the degree of brain myelination is a marker of the mature state of infant brain cells.
③Neuron development
Rapidly formed, complex network organization through synaptic connections, physiological basis of new abilities
brain function
①Brain lateralization
Neonatal brain function tends to be lateralized, but the difference is only quantitative but not qualitative, and the difference becomes larger in subsequent episodes.
②Cortical center
Development according to genetic structure, head-to-tail principle/proximal-distal principle
Fastest developing: brainstem/midbrain
③Electroencephalogram
Brain electrical activity develops in a heavy stage from 0 to 5 months, and gradually matures from 12 to 36 months.
Synchronous rhythm wave alpha wave - a sign of infant brain maturation
Nurture and Brain Development
① Brain plasticity
The product of biological factors/early experience, pay attention to early experience and nutrition
Rosenzweig: The guinea pig environment
②Brain recoverability
Damage to either side does not result in permanent loss of speech before age 5 years
You can gain certain recovery by "learning"