2. Pavlovian theory of advanced neural activity types

Nine dimensions of temperament

Temperament and parenting model

Three types of temperament

Different tendencies for various types of activities

The inhibitory non-inhibitory dimension is the most stable

Temperament is mainly inherited, relatively stable, and moderately stable.

Caused by the rapid changes and development of the infant's nervous system/psychological activities

Parenting style type 1 Baumred

my self-awareness (8 months-1 year old)

object self-consciousness (around 2 years old)

Testing self-awareness (self-awareness): showing self-directed behavior of being aware of one's own red dot - babies have the ability to self-awareness

① On the basis of natural observation, certain experimental condition changes are added to make the development indicators of infant self-awareness more obvious. ② "Whether self-directed behavior occurs/increases" in front of the mirror is used as a sign to determine the development of the baby's self-awareness

Interest, disgust, sadness, initial smile, surprise

interest, disgust, pain, smile

The object I appears, the first leap of self-awareness, and the emergence of self-awareness emotions (shame and pride)

a. Spontaneous/physiological smile, reflex nature (0-5 weeks) b. A social smile without any choice (5 Mondays and 3.5 months) c. Differentially selected social smile (3.5-4 months)

6-7 months

6 to 8 months

6 months

When infants are in unfamiliar/uncertain situations, they search for facial expression information from adult faces and then decide to act on their own

Harlow: The Rhesus Monkey Experiment

① Seeking physical closeness to the attachment figure ②Able to obtain comfort/security/rich stimulation from the attachment figure ③The destruction of attachment will cause emotional pain

Ellsworth, Strange Situation Method

Different reactions to strange situations

Bowlby/Ellsworth

①Quality of parenting

②Children’s characteristics

③Interaction between parenting style and child temperament

④Cultural factors

①Interpersonal relationships: During the initial attachment, the baby forms an internal working model that becomes the paradigm for all future intimate relationships. ②Mental health: emotions, self-esteem; children with secure attachment usually have healthier personality and social development, while children with insecure attachment are relatively negative ③Attachment transitivity: It affects the parenting relationship between children and their own children when they become adults. It is easier to form a secure attachment with their children if they form a secure attachment with their parents.

①Object center 6-8 months

② Simple relationship for 9-13 months

③Complementary exchanges

Muller/Vander: A social skills development perspective

earliest important

① The auditory nerve begins to develop in the fetus at 6 weeks, and the fetus begins to hear at 15-20 weeks. The newborn’s basic audio-visual coordination ability is ②The brain memory starts to work in the 5th month of pregnancy, and the fetus can remember the mother’s voice and feel a sense of security. ③Fetuses in the 8th month of pregnancy can hear tones, and babies in the 1st month can identify 200-500hz pure tones (low-frequency father tones are more sensitive)

The embryo is 3 months old, and the development is good at birth. The taste system is developed in infancy/childhood and then gradually declines. Newborns prefer sweet taste.

Vision occurs in the middle and late stages of the fetus. Infants between 2 and 4 months = color perception; 4 months = color preference; before 6 months = three-dimensional perception.

7-8 months old has already developed preliminary olfactory response ability. Newborns have made corresponding typical reactions to various smells and like to smell smells.

Ability to distinguish simple shapes in 3 months, with a preference for human faces; shape constancy acquired before 8/9 months

Infants before 4 months have size perception constancy; infants before 6 months can already distinguish size

Infants orient themselves toward foreign objects, and their auditory orienting ability dominates

①Newborns can have some initial reaction to approaching objects and have primitive depth perception ②Babies can detect depth in 2 months, and can clearly understand depth and be afraid of heights in 6-7 months ③Gipson/Walker “Visual Cliff Experiment”

Principle: Novel stimuli bring about directional reflexes

①Habitualization

②Dehabituation

③Visual preference method

conversion theory Chomsky

natural maturity theory

Reinforcement theory, Skinner

imitation theory

Piaget's cognitive interactionism

social interactionism

Monosyllabic stage (0-3 months) - Polysyllabic stage (4-8 months) - Meaningful speech stage (9-12 months)

① Restrictive words for the following occasions ②After mastering the words, you begin to get rid of the limitations of the field and gain the initial meaning. ③Kai Zhi Zhang has summary/referential function words ④Begin to understand word meanings from 10 to 14 months, and begin to communicate with adults ⑤19-21 months, word explosion phenomenon

① Pre-verbal stage 0-12 months

②Speech onset stage 10-14 months

③Speech development stage 10-15 months

a. Word sentences (1-1.5 years old)

b. Telegraph sentence (1.5-2 years old)

a. Simple sentences

b.Complex sentences

Two or more related single sentences form a sentence, loose/missing conjunctions/a few single sentences

Movement from upper body to lower body

From trunk to limbs

From large muscle movements to small muscle fine movements

Twin ladder experiment, Mature power theory

Climate/Cultural Background

expressed in actions

Learning provides individuals with stimulation and experience

Brain weight grows fastest in the first year after birth, and the relative size/proportion of the brain at 2 years old is close to that of the adult brain

White matter myelination is separate from gray matter, and the degree of brain myelination is a marker of the mature state of infant brain cells.

Rapidly formed, complex network organization through synaptic connections, physiological basis of new abilities

Neonatal brain function tends to be lateralized, but the difference is only quantitative but not qualitative, and the difference becomes larger in subsequent episodes.

Development according to genetic structure, head-to-tail principle/proximal-distal principle

Brain electrical activity develops in a heavy stage from 0 to 5 months, and gradually matures from 12 to 36 months.

The product of biological factors/early experience, pay attention to early experience and nutrition

Damage to either side does not result in permanent loss of speech before age 5 years