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MindMap Gallery thinking
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thinking
This is a mind map about thinking. The main contents include: imagination, decision-making, representation, creative thinking※※, problem solving, reasoning, concepts, and thinking. It helps you clarify your thoughts while marking the important and difficult points, so that you can get twice the result with half the effort and learn more efficiently!
Edited at 2024-10-15 22:16:32
- Sistema reprodutivo
Este modelo mostra a estrutura e a função do sistema reprodutivo na forma de um mapa mental. Ele apresenta os vários componentes dos órgãos genitais internos e externos e classifica o conhecimento claramente para ajudá -lo a se familiarizar com os principais pontos do conhecimento.
- Interpretação e resumo do e-book de campo de relacionamento
Este é um mapa mental sobre a interpretação e o resumo do e-book do campo de relacionamento, conteúdo principal: visão geral da interpretação da essência e visão geral do e-book do campo de relacionamento. "Campo de relacionamento" refere -se à complexa rede interpessoal na qual um indivíduo influencia outras pessoas através de comportamentos e atitudes específicos.
- Livros de contabilidade e registros contábeis
Este é um mapa mental sobre livros contábeis e registros contábeis.
thinking
- Sistema reprodutivo
Este modelo mostra a estrutura e a função do sistema reprodutivo na forma de um mapa mental. Ele apresenta os vários componentes dos órgãos genitais internos e externos e classifica o conhecimento claramente para ajudá -lo a se familiarizar com os principais pontos do conhecimento.
- Interpretação e resumo do e-book de campo de relacionamento
Este é um mapa mental sobre a interpretação e o resumo do e-book do campo de relacionamento, conteúdo principal: visão geral da interpretação da essência e visão geral do e-book do campo de relacionamento. "Campo de relacionamento" refere -se à complexa rede interpessoal na qual um indivíduo influencia outras pessoas através de comportamentos e atitudes específicos.
- Livros de contabilidade e registros contábeis
Este é um mapa mental sobre livros contábeis e registros contábeis.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Chapter 23 Basic theories of psychological development Biological basis of psychological development and fetal development
- 14
thinking
concept
The brain’s understanding of the essential characteristics of objective things, a general term for a class of things with common attributes
①Conceptual connotation/extension
Connotation refers to the concept reflecting the essential attributes of things/extension is the scope included by the concept
There is an opposite relationship between connotation and denotation: the deeper the connotation, the more essential attributes, and the narrower the denotation.
② Concept level/level
Superordinate/basic (easiest to activate)/lower concepts form a concept family
③ Concepts and words are inseparable
Concepts are expressed and recorded using words, but words are not the same as concepts.
type
The number of attributes of things and their interrelationships
①Conjunctive concept
A concept formed by single/multiple identical attributes. These attributes coexist and are indispensable.
"Written brush" is a concept composed of two attributes: "made with hair" and "book utensil". The two are conjunctive concepts.
②Disjunctive concept
A concept formed by combining single and multiple attributes according to different standards
Definition of good student
③Relationship concept
Form concepts based on the relationships between things
Height, size...
form naturalness
①Natural concept
Concepts are formed based on the characteristics of things, such as birds, water, culture, development, etc.
②artificial concept
In the laboratory, in order to study people's thinking, artificial concepts are created to imitate the process of natural concept formation.
Structure※※0(13)
What components does a concept consist of and the relationship between concepts?
hierarchical network model Collins
point of view
① Various concepts are logically subordinate and stored in the concept network in the form of nodes. ②The relationship between concepts is represented by connecting lines ③ Concept features are stored hierarchically, and each layer of concept nodes stores the unique features of the concept. ④Concept extraction = Internet search, long distance
experiment
Canaries are birds/animals that react differently
comment
①Concisely explain the relationship between concepts ②Insufficient explanation of relationship/insufficient psychological reality
activation diffusion model Collins
point of view
①The conceptual structure is a network model, which is based on the strength/similarity of semantic connections between concepts. ②The length of the connection indicates the relationship, short is close and long is distant. ③Assume that during concept processing, meaning is automatically transferred to related concepts and activated (decreases with distance/time)
comment
Explain conceptual organization structure; explain semantic priming effect
Feature table theory Bona
point of view
①Concepts consist of defining and specific characteristics of the concept ②The defining characteristics are the essence of the concept, and the specific characteristics describe the function.
comment
Can explain research on artificial concepts well, but has difficulty explaining some natural concepts
prototype model Rush
point of view
A concept consists of a prototype plus units similar to the prototype. The prototype refers to the typical member of the category that best represents the category.
comment
Explain the components of some natural concepts, but not all
Concept Formation(50)(13)
The process by which an individual grasps the essential attributes contained in a concept
process
abstraction
Abstract various characteristics and attributes of specific things
generalization
Classification of various attributes/characteristics of objective things
distinguish
Understanding of differences between attributes/characteristics of objective things
Theory※※※0
common elements theory
Hull
Assuming that a concept is a set of features, concept formation is the process of extracting the common features of a type of concepts and responding to them.
evaluate
It is easy to explain the experimental results of artificial concepts, but it is more difficult to explain the formation of natural thoughts.
hypothesis testing theory ※※※
Bruner
Concept formation is the process of constantly proposing and verifying hypotheses: Assume concept attributes - verify - discover relevant attributes and exclude irrelevant attributes
experiment
Exploring the process of concept formation through picture selection: Experimental design 81 pictures, graphics/number of pictures/colors/edges, many different concepts can be constructed by different combinations of these attributes
evaluate
It is easy to explain the experimental results of artificial concepts, but it is more difficult to explain the formation of natural thoughts.
Sample learning theory
Rush
The formation of natural concepts is mainly based on learning from examples. Mastering natural concepts involves memorizing concept examples. People form concepts by matching examples with prototypes.
implicit learning theory
Lieber
The complex structure of some abstract concepts is obtained by unconscious implicit learning. Concept formation is the result of implicit learning. In the profile, subjects rely on the unconscious accumulation of frequencies of some attributes to distinguish relevant and irrelevant attributes in the concept.
social practice theory
Ausubel
Social practice is the condition and basis for the formation of concepts and the driving force for the development of concepts.
Concept Formation Experiment (Strategy)(13)
accepting paradigm (Presented to the subject, asked to answer whether it is a concept, and then told to the subject)
① Holistic
All common attributes of the correct instance are used as initial assumptions, and then irrelevant attributes are eliminated to find the key attributes.
②Partial strategy
For the first time, all features are confirmed as initial hypotheses, and each hypothesis is tested one after another.
Select paradigm (Concept Formation Strategies) (Present choices, experimenter feedback)※※※
Scan and focus
Focusing is on attributes, scanning is on assumptions, and assumptions already contain multiple attributes
The scanning strategy has higher requirements on memory/reasoning, and the burden of conservative focusing is relatively light.
①Conservative focus
The first affirmative instance includes all attributes as related attributes of the unknown concept, and then changes the attributes one by one to affirm/deny the attributes (more effective)
②Adventure focus
The first is to confirm that all attributes of the instance are regarded as unknown concept-related attributes, and then more than one attribute is changed at a time to test
③Sequential scanning
Based on some of the formed hypotheses, test one hypothesis at a time based on feedback from the main experimenter
④Simultaneous scanning
Simultaneously test multiple hypotheses based on the formulated partial hypotheses
Concept mastery
The process by which individuals grasp the essential characteristics/attributes/internal connections of similar objective things, involving the differences in connections between new and original concepts, and the process of concept assimilation
Learning mode※ (upper and lower position combination)
① Generic learning
The process of incorporating new concepts into relevant parts of the self-recognition structure to interact and connect them
type
a. Derivative (example) b. Related category learning (deepening, supplementing, modifying and limiting)
②Integrated learning
Learn a superordinate concept based on several existing subordinate concepts
③Parallel and combined learning
The general level of new knowledge and scholars’ recognition of the Central Plains View is the same, and the two are not in a superior/subordinate relationship.
Influencing factors
① Learning materials ② Definition ③ Learners themselves ④ Understanding of scientific concepts
reasoning
Refers to thinking activities that summarize general rules from specific things or phenomena and derive new conclusions based on general principles: pre-inductive reasoning (formation of essence-concept) and post-deductive reasoning
A inductive reasoning
Particularity summarizes universality, like concept formation
Bdeductive reasoning
Deducing particularity from universality is like solving a problem
① Syllogism reasoning
Consists of two premises that are assumed to be true and a conclusion that may or may not be consistent with the two premises.
All A's are B's, all B's are C's, then all A's are C's
Error explanation
a. Woodsworth: Atmosphere Effect
The logical terms used in the reasoning premises create a premise atmosphere that makes subjects more likely to accept conclusions that contain unified terms.
Full name, push full name/special name, Twitter name/positive, push affirmative/negative, push negative/one full name, one special name, Twitter
b. Chapman: Transposition Theory
Errors in reasoning occur when people misinterpret premises
c. Johnson/Leder: Mental Model Theory
Reasoning is the process of creating and testing mental models
Reasoning errors are due to insufficient processing of prerequisite information or failure to test more mental models due to limitations in working memory capacity.
d. Hu Zhuqing: Belief bias effect
The relationship between reasoning content and people’s beliefs, that is, the objective correctness of the reasoning content of syllogism
②Linear reasoning
Relational reasoning, use the given two premises to illustrate the transitivity of the relationship between three logical items
(A is to the left of B, B is to the left of C, then A is to the left of C)
Huttenlocher: The premise reproduces the human brain according to appearance and operates according to spatial series (relationship according to spatial position)
③Conditional reasoning
Reasoning using conditional propositions
Confirmation tendency: Watson’s “Four Card Experiment”, people tend to confirm hypotheses or rules rather than falsify them
two forms
Take the formula
affirm the conclusion by affirming the premises
rejection type
Negate the premise by negating the conclusion
C analogical reasoning
A form of inference in which two objects/classes have the same certain properties and infer that they are the same in other properties.
problem solving
①Tradition: Problem solving is caused by a certain situation, applying various cognitive activities/skills according to certain goals, and solving the problem through a series of thinking operations. ② Cognitive psychology: Search the problem space and find a path from the initial state of the problem to the target state through cognitive operations
type
①The problem of poor knowledge/rich knowledge (Semantic richness and poverty)
Solvers require relatively little domain-specific knowledge in solving problems
Solvers require relatively more domain-specific knowledge
② Clearly defined/fuzzy issues (well-structured problems and ill-structured problems)
Its initial state, target state, and operations are all specific and clear.
linear syllogism
The problem itself has no clear structure or solution
Write a paper
③Routine questions/non-routine questions
Individuals perform cognitive operations using operators in a known, systematic way
Multiplication rules, calculating numbers to multiply
Individuals need new ways to use operators to perform cognitive operations
④Does the problem solver have opponents?
Adversarial problems (chess, poker)
Non-adversarial problems (algebraic geometry)
thought process
Discover the problem - Analyze the problem - Propose a hypothesis - Verify the hypothesis
Finding problems is a critical stage
brain mechanism
prefrontal area
dorsal prefrontal lobe
Concept formation/attention allocation/plan formulation/goal establishment and execution
ventral prefrontal lobe
judgment decision making
Strategy Newell/Simon ※※※10(50)
①Algorithm strategy
Randomly search all possible solutions to the problem in the problem space until an effective method is selected
example
To find the password to the lockbox try one by one
evaluate
a. Guarantee solution b. Time-consuming and labor-intensive c. When the problem is complex/the problem space is large, it is difficult to rely on people d. Some problems do not have ready-made algorithms/this method is invalid when there is no algorithm yet.
②Heuristic algorithm
People conduct less searches in the problem space based on certain experience to achieve problem solving.
a means-end analysis
Divide the problem goal state into sub-goals and achieve a series of sub-goals to achieve the overall goal
Under certain circumstances, the target distance may be temporarily expanded
example
Tower of Hanoi, Problem Behavior Diagram
b.Mountain climbing method
Adopt certain methods to gradually reduce the distance between the initial and target states to solve the problem
example
Determine the effective dosage of a new drug
lack
It is easy to regard the better as the best solution
c. Reverse search
Starting from the problem goal state, recurse step by step to the initial state according to the logical sequence composed of sub-goals.
example
Middle school students solve geometry problems (evidence by contradiction)
d. Selective search
Choose a breakthrough point to solve the problem based on the information and relevant rules, and obtain information from the breakthrough point to further search and solve the problem.
e. Analogy migration strategy
Apply previous problem-solving experience to strategies for solving new questions and the main strategies for solving unfamiliar problems
Problem solving is often affected by stereotypes
Influencing factors ※※※10
psychological factors
①Knowledge and experience
Knowledge representation, differences between experts and novices, differences in knowledge quantity, and organization methods
chess master
②Personality characteristics
③Motive/emotion
Inverted U-shaped relationship, proportional within a certain range, too strong/weak motivation is not good for problem solving, medium strength is the best level
Yerkes-Dodson law
Positive and optimistic emotions are conducive to problem solving, while negative and depressed emotions hinder problem solving.
④Function fixation
the tendency to attribute a certain function to an object
Dunkel box problem
⑤Mindset
A state of mental readiness for activities caused by repetition of previous mental operations, with positive/negative effects
Lu Qinsi's "Water Measurement Experiment"/Harrow Rhesus Monkey Experiment
⑥Prototype inspiration
Get inspiration from principles through "prototypes", formulate solutions based on current problem knowledge, and creatively solve problems.
Watt water steaming top kettle-steam engine
external
①Problem representation method
The more significant the representation, the fewer interfering factors, the smaller the limitations of thinking, and the easier it is to solve the problem.
Nine-point connected strokes
②Problem-solving strategies
Different problems have different solutions. Appropriate strategies are beneficial to solving the problem.
③Influence of irrelevant information
④Interpersonal relationships
People trust and help each other, and positive interpersonal relationships help solve problems
decision making
Refers to the process of choosing among several alternatives, which occurs from time to time and affects people's behavior. The quality of the action directly affects the effect of the action.
Classification
①Certain decision-making
The process of selecting alternatives under certain conditions
Each plan contains various information that is relatively certain
②Risk decision-making
The process of making choices under uncertainty
It is not clear which alternatives exist/probability of success for various alternatives
Rational view of decision-making
Human rationality in the decision-making process is the basis of decision-making theory and research. Different theories have different perspectives.
classical decision theory
Decision makers have completely rational abilities and always pursue maximizing personal interests.
a. Know the problem to be solved and achieve the goal b. Can obtain all relevant information c. “Know everything” about solutions to problems d. Be well aware of the results after the implementation of each plan and be able to evaluate these results e. Decision makers can pursue the optimal solution
evaluate
①Based on the "economic man hypothesis" ② Failure to consider the role of human cognition and other factors in decision-making ③The aspects mentioned above are difficult to achieve in daily life
Behavioral Decision Theory: Simon
①Decision
The process of exploring, judging, and evaluating action goals and means until the final selection
②Bounded rationality
The rationality of decision makers is between complete rationality and irrationality
③Decision-making criteria-satisfaction principle
Do not consider all possible options and their possible outcomes, only consider a few options. Once you are satisfied, stop searching and make a decision.
④Heuristics
People solve problems by relying on past experience, that is, heuristics, rather than algorithmic and strategic decisions strictly based on mathematical logical reasoning and considering various conditions.
⑤Multiple factors
Decision-making is constrained by limited resources such as time and energy
comment
In 1978, Simon won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his pioneering research in the field of decision-making.
Decision-making process research ※※※1
expected utility theory
Von Neumann and Morgenstern
Expected utility value formula: EU=∑P·U(Xi); U refers to the utility of the result, and P refers to the objective probability of the occurrence of event xi
comment
① The theory assumes that decision makers pursue utility maximization ②The theory uses strict mathematical methods to explain the decision-maker’s preference for utility. ③The study found that people’s actual decision-making does not completely follow the expected utility theory perspective
Prospect Theory(13)
Kahneman et al. inherited Simon’s heuristic strategy research results.
① When facing gains, it is "risk aversion", and when facing losses, it is "risk preference" ②The opposite is true for low-probability events. People are more sensitive to losses than gains.
④Heuristic strategies when people make decisions
a. Representative heuristic (representation)
When people estimate the probability of an event, it is affected by the similarity of the basic characteristics of the population to which it belongs. The more similar the sample is to the prototype of the population, the easier it is to be classified into the population (female nurse, male police officer)
b. Availability heuristic (available)
People tend to evaluate the probability of an event or phenomenon based on how easy it is to retrieve it from memory, that is, to make decisions based on how easy it is to retrieve an event or phenomenon from memory (people think that taking a train is safer than taking an airplane)
c. Anchoring/Adjustment Heuristic
After a person makes an initial estimate based on the given information, he or she adjusts the initial estimate based on the current problem, but only slightly. The initial estimated value = anchor, and subsequent adjustments will be fine-tuned based on the anchor value.
comment
Kahneman, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics
imagine
Imagination is the process of processing and transforming existing images in the mind into new images
integrated process
①Adhesion
Combine attributes, characteristics, and parts of objects that have never been combined in the mind to form a new image
(Zhu Bajie, Pegasus)
②Exaggeration (emphasize)
Change normal characteristics/emphasize some characteristics and omit others to form a new image in the brain
(Lilliput, Thousand-Armed Buddha, etc.)
③Typical
The process of creating a new image based on the common characteristics of a type of things
④Lenovo
The process of thinking from one thing to another can also be like innovation.
type ※※3
Unintentional imagination
Imaginations that have no predetermined purpose and are caused by stimulating effects unconsciously.
Dream
intentionally imagine
Imagination consciously generated for a certain purpose
①Reimagine
Form corresponding images in your mind based on verbal descriptions/pictures
The process of creating images of literary characters in your mind when reading novels
②Create imagination
The process of independently creating a new image in the mind according to a certain purpose/task
Prototype inspiration, typical extraction (most important), inspiration sublimation
The author creates literary characters
③Fantasy
Imaginations that point to the future and are linked to personal desires
Preparatory stages/special forms of creating imagination
a. fantasy
An unrealistic fantasy with no objective basis
b.Ideal
An illusion that arises according to the laws of development of things and plays a role in promoting human activities.
Function (short answer)
①Foresight
(Foresee results, guide activities)
②Supplement
(Supplementary knowledge and experience)
③Replacement
(Imagine meeting personal needs)
④Adjustment
(Regulate physiological activities)
⑤Creative activities
Contributes to creative activities and is an essential part
Appearance
Traditional view: the mental image of something when it is not in front of you Information processing perspective: There is currently no knowledge representation of objects/events, with distinctive imagery.
feature ※※2
①Intuitive imageability
The image of over-sensing things is vividly and concretely reproduced in the mind
Perception is fundamentally born but not like perception. It is as intuitive as perception but is dim, fuzzy, unstable/complete.
② Generality
The representational image ignores the details of things and preserves the main features of things
as general as thought
③operability
The representation can be enlarged/reduced/turned over in the mind, that is, it is operable
Shepard and Cooper "Mental Spin"
type
According to the degree of creation of representation
Memory representation (memory retains the image of objective things)/imagination representation (the memory image is processed and transformed in the mind to form a new image)
representational sensory channel
Visual/auditory/motor imagery, etc.
degree of generalization based on representation
individual appearance/general appearance
Reminiscences
When things leave the field of vision, they still retain a concrete image that is as vivid/vivid/lifelike/clear as the perceived image; Jhansi 1920
Frequent in childhood; not imaginary
theory※※
Peviot's dual coding theory Two information encoding/storage systems
①Representation system
Encoding, storing/converting/extracting information about specific things/events, representing similar perceptions
②Speech symbol system
Process language and serve as symbolic functions; process information in auditory/conceptual/propositional forms
relation
Two subsystems are connected in parallel: verbal symbols process verbal information, and representation processes image information.
prove
Zebra desk lamp size correspondence experiment
Koslin representational computational theory
①Surface characterization
Picture-like representations in visual short-term memory
②Deep representation
Information stored in long-term memory generates surface representations
a.Original representation
Provide image information about an object: stored in a coordinate table in a computer-like model, indicating the position of each point in visual short-term memory to form an accurate representation of the object (representation file)
b. Propositional representation
Composed of a list of abstract propositions to explain the object
Representation generates representation
①Illustrated process
Convert deep original meaning representation into representation in visual short-term memory
②Discovery process
Search visual short-term memory for a specific object/part of it
③Placement process
Necessary operations to place the parts of the object in the correct representational position
④Representation process
Coordinate the above 3 processes
Experimental application
①Kosslyn’s mental scanning experiment: distance effect experiment/size effect experiment ②The mental rotation experiment conducted by Cooper and Shepard
creative thinking ※※
Refers to the psychological process by which people solve problems in novel ways and produce new products with social value.
Element
①Imagine
Imagination is the process of processing and transforming existing images in the mind into new images
②Convergent/divergent thinking
Guilford, measures of creativity (characteristics) (13)
Divergent Generation Test
a. Fluency
Number of divergent projects per unit time
b.Flexibility
Refers to the scope or dimensions of a divergent project
c. Uniqueness
Extraordinary, unique and novel insights
③ Long-distance association ability
The ability to see relationships between concepts that are distant from each other
distant association test
④Related non-intellectual factors
Persistence/confidence/willpower/responsibility/interest/independence, etc.
process
wallace
①Preparation stage
Clarify the purpose of creation and prepare to solve problems
② Brewing stage
Use knowledge and experience in your mind to explore problems
Best feature: Subconscious participation
③Open stage
Be inspired, generate ideas, problem solve
④Verification stage
supplement, improve, correct
factor
①Characterization
②Migration
③Inspiration
④ Set the trend
⑤ Brewing
After thinking intensely for a long time, I still couldn't find the answer, but after a short break, I suddenly found the answer.
⑥Social factors
The presence/absence of others will have different impacts on the completion of tasks of different natures and on different people (presence of others, evaluation of others, competitive environment)
⑦Non-intellectual factors
Perseverance, self-confidence, willpower, sense of responsibility, etc.
thinking
Use language/representation/action to achieve indirect/summary reflection of objective things and reveal the essential characteristics and internal connections of things, mainly in concept formation and problem solving activities
characteristic※
① Generality
All characteristic premises, based on perceptual materials, extract the common characteristics/laws of a type of things and summarize them
Example
The farmer uncle concluded that "If you don't go out in the morning, the sunset will spread thousands of miles away."
②Indirectness
Indirect understanding of objective things with the help of certain media/knowledge and experience
Example
Doctors diagnose diseases through clinical symptoms; according to the halo of the moon, the wind is moist and the rain is cloudy. People who are haloed by the moon rarely go out and carry an umbrella with them.
Distinguish between the two
It depends on whether the title is ""xxx summarizes or summarizes xx" or "people make certain judgments based on xxx"
The former is generalization of thinking, and the latter is indirectness of thinking.
③Reorganization of experience
Thinking is the psychological process of exploring and discovering new things. It often points to new characteristics/relationships of things. It requires people to constantly update and reorganize the known experiences in their minds.
Example
Although there is no ready-made solution when encountering a new problem, existing knowledge and experience can be reorganized to form a solution.
Classification
Thinking/level/task content/problem-solving methods
①Intuitive action thinking
Also called practical thinking, tasks have an intuitive form and rely on practical operations to solve problems.
Main way of thinking before 3 years old
②Image thinking
People use concrete images (representations) in their minds to think
Main thinking style of 3-6 years old
③Logical (abstract) thinking
Tasks of a theoretical nature, relying on concepts, judgment and reasoning to solve problems
Published after 6 years old
Level of generalization (empirical/theoretical)/form (formal/dialectical)
thinking direction
①Convergent thinking
From the given information to a logical conclusion, there is direction, scope, and organization.
②Divergent thinking
People think in different directions, reorganize trustworthy and existing information, generate new/unique ideas, and creative thinking components
Is it creative?
①Conventional thinking (reengineering)
The People's Liberation Army Movement has been informed of the experience and can directly solve the problem according to the ready-made plans and procedures.
②Creative thinking
Thinking activities that reorganize known procedures for testing and proposing new solutions and innovate thinking results
The highest form of human thinking
The nature of knowledge with which to solve problems
①Experiential thinking
People’s thinking activities based on their daily life experiences
②Theoretical thinking
The thinking activity of judging something to solve a certain problem based on scientific concepts/judgments
Expression (clarity)
①Intuitive thinking
Thinking activities that enable people to make quick judgments when faced with new problems/things/phenomena (direct comprehension)
②Analytical thinking
Thinking that follows strict logical rules and gradually derives logical conclusions (logical thinking)
process
intellectual operations of thinking
The process of analyzing/synthesizing/comparing/classifying/abstracting/generalizing external information using known experience
①Analysis/synthesis (the most basic form)
analyze
The thinking process of dividing a whole thing into its parts in the mind
comprehensive
The thought process of considering the former together
②Compare/Classify
Compare
Compare various things/phenomena in your mind to determine the similarities and differences between them
Classification
In the mind, things/phenomena are divided into different categories based on their similarities/differences
③Abstract/Summary
abstract
The mind extracts the common essential characteristics of similar things/phenomena and discards individual/non-essential characteristics
generalize
In the mind, abstract the common and essential characteristics of things and comprehensively promote them to similar things to make them universal.
④Concrete/systematic
concretize
The thinking process of linking abstract general concepts, principles and theories with concrete objects
Use general principles to solve practical problems and use theory to guide practical processes
Systematize
Classify knowledge into categories and follow certain procedures to form a hierarchical overall system