①French rationalism in the 17th century: Descartes ②British empiricism in the 17th and 18th centuries: Hobbes and Locke

①Nervous system physiology ②Sensory physiology

Wundt, Titchener

direct experience (consciousness)

Experimental introspection method (precise experiments, accurate observations and descriptions)

① Study consciousness, be aware of intuition, analyze the content of consciousness, and find components and composition rules; focus on components rather than sources and meanings. ②Basic components: feeling/image/emotion. Feeling is the element of perception, image is the concept, and emotion is the emotion.

contribute

limitations

James, Dewey, Angel

Consciousness, stream of consciousness, role and function of consciousness

Objective observation method, experimental introspection method

①Oppose elemental analysis and focus on the whole of consciousness (stream of consciousness) ②Opposes visual psychological epiphenomenon and mainly functions in psychological adaptation ③Oppose pure science and focus on application ④ Oppose the limitation of normal people and general rules of research, and focus on expanding the scope of research

contribute

limitations

1913 "Psychology from a Behaviorist Perspective" Watson, Skinner, Bandura

Behavior

experimental method

① The main research object is the relationship between stimulus and response. ②Subjective and objective experiments of anti-introspection method ③Anti-heredity emphasizes the role of environment on behavior

contribute

limit

Wertheimer, Kohler, Kofka

Consciousness, cognitive phenomena (perception, learning, thinking)

experimental method

① Anti-consciousness elements (bricks and tiles), strengthening the mind and whole meaning ②The whole is not the sum of several elements, the whole restricts the parts, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts ③Raise the principles of perceptual organization

The overall view is correct, and the study of perceptual organization principles, learning, and thinking is still a classic

Freud, Jung, Adler

Abnormal behavior, unconscious phenomena, subconscious mind

Clinical techniques, hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association, life history method, etc.

①Study the human subconscious, study the power of sexual instinct and its impact on personality ② Desire originates from human behavior, which controls people unconsciously and manifests itself in normal and abnormal behaviors of people. ③Conflict between personal needs and social needs

contribute

limitations

Maslow, Rogers

Personality

Overall analysis, case study, phenomenology

①View of human nature: people are kind, good, autonomous, and complete ② Emphasis on people-oriented: respecting people's emotions, respecting self, caring about people's value, and strengthening self-realization ③Need theory: the imbalanced state of the organism, the source of the organism’s activities; the need hierarchy theory

contribute

limitations

Piaget, Neisser, Newell, Simon

information processing process

reaction time method, spoken reporting method, computer simulation

①Focus on the central activities of the human brain: reasoning/problem solving/memory ②Look at cognition from the perspective of information processing, including: information reception, storage, and application ③Individuals actively and selectively process stimuli

① Rapidly developed in the 1950s, combined with neuroscience to produce cognitive neuroscience to study brain mechanisms, cognitive neurophysiological mechanisms, and reveal the secrets of the brain ②Position becomes more and more important

1922, Zhang Yaoxiang, "Psychology"

⑤Social spirit

Management/Engineering/Consumption/Personnel/Labor

①The object cannot be controlled ②Control the impact ③Moral requirements

① Wide range of application ②Easy to do ③Intuitive and more first-hand information ④Natural and real

① Difficult things/Verification ②It is difficult to control the appearance of target objects ③It is difficult to distinguish cause and effect ④The results are difficult to analyze ⑤Every observer takes what he wants

① Degree of standardization ②The purpose is to enlighten and discover problems

Interview (commonly used)/Questionnaire (commonly used) /test/evaluation/written material analysis

① Not limited by time and space, easy to use ② Wide coverage, fast data collection

①Not rigorous ②Do not reveal cause and effect ③Subjective ④Reliability depends on the cooperation of the respondent

①Simple and easy to implement ②Many types ③Standardized, rigorous and reliable ④High quantification and easy processing ⑤Norm comparison

①Experience/cultural influence ②Indirect measurement, relying on behavioral sample selection ③The tester has high requirements and special knowledge/testing skills ④There is no process for the results of the score sheet

① Repeatable verification ②Quantitative ③Through regression prediction ④The specific situation and degree of the relationship between variables ⑤Basic of other methods

①Unable to determine cause and effect

① Combine methods to collect more data ② Detailed explanation of the causes of individual psychology and behavioral changes to help obtain hypotheses

① Few cases, moderate results, cautious promotion

①Reveal cause and effect ②Repeatable and testable ③Quantitative indicators

① Main test effect ② Subject effect ③ Complex behaviors are difficult to measure (influence of experimental design) ④Explore discomfort

①Psychological process

②Personal psychology

①Information processing process

②Human psychological characteristics

③Regulation of behavior

The unity of processes and characteristics, including: sleep, wakefulness, attention, stress

① Actions are different from the heart, but they are closely connected and mediated by the heart ②Heart branch, general expression, observing the action to reveal the heart