Hersey: Work and Time, Theogony

Lyric poem, Sappho is the most famous female poet in ancient Greece, and Plato called her the tenth goddess of literature and art. Pindar's Ode to Victory

Essays, Herodotus, Father of History

Aesop's fables reflect the thoughts and feelings of the working people in the slavery society, the farmer and the snake, the tortoise and the hare, and the wolf and the lamb.

Literary Theory, Plato’s Republic. Aristotle's Poetics

Menander New Comedy, The Hater. During the Hellenistic period, it did not talk about politics, but described love stories and family relationships.

Features: Humanistic color and concept of destiny, coexistence of reality and romance, many types, groundbreaking, sources of material for later works

Terence, Plautus. Lucretius on the Nature of Things Marx called a bold poet, Virgil Aeneas the greatest poet of ancient Rome? Ovid's Metamorphoses, Donkey, Horace Poetry

Aeneski

Three major poets: Virgil, Horace, Ovid

New Testament, Gospels, History, Epistles, Revelation

god story

hero legend

Ilion

Odyssey

Artistic achievement: compact structure and clever arrangement of what happened in the last 50 days of 10 years. Three people who have created many heroic images, with fluent and beautiful poems and vivid metaphors, are among the best works of European literature.

Ideological content: A broad description of Greek social life and people's spiritual outlook during the transition period from clan society to slave society, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Social Life

tragedy

comedy

King Oedipus

Medieval times, mysterious religious color, folk character

The dominant orthodox literature in the Middle Ages, based on the Bible, asceticism, thoughts on the afterlife, maintenance of feudalism, and church power, mostly used dream stories and symbolic meanings, and represented the work Peasant Fantasy

The product of the feudal system of European chivalry, the elegant love between knights and ladies, affirming the pursuit of real life, impacting church literature, the lyric poem Daybreak, and the narrative poem Tristan

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It is based on real life, exposes the feudal lords, praises the citizens' intelligence, rhyme, satire, lyricism, drama, and the battle of wits and courage between the lower class and the upper class.

Citizen literature: Legend of Lena Fox, Lion King, Fox Citizen Class

Ideological Content of Divine Comedy

Theme idea: writing about encounters with the undead, the three realms after death, Virgil leading the author to travel to hell and purgatory, Beatrice leading Dante to travel to heaven, the theme is that people have religious consciousness

Artistic features

The central idea is the affirmation of people. Human nature opposes divinity, values ​​science and opposes ignorance, liberation of individuality opposes asceticism, and unity opposes separatism.

14-16, bourgeois ideological and cultural movement, humanism as the center, anti-religion and feudalism, Laura, Italy, people, democracy, feudal literature

The birthplace, the masterpiece Decameron, songbook, Laura

Ideological content: anti-abstinence as the main idea, anti-church, praising human nature, advocating love, affirming secular life, promoting individual liberation, praising the intelligence and bravery of businessmen and craftsmen, affirming the life attitude of the emerging bourgeoisie

Aristocratic literature, the Seven Stars Poetry Society, Montaigne, and Longsard, adopt national language poetry, learn from ancient Greece, despise popular language and creation, and break away from the aristocratic tendencies of the masses.

Common people's literature, Rabelais's Giant Life, praises people's pursuit of worldly happiness, affirms the contribution of humanistic education knowledge to people's spiritual development, and Farah's Giant Life

Character image in the Legend of Giants: Tallness symbolizes human greatness, delicious food and enjoyment represent people’s pursuit of physical and sensory happiness, and embodies a new outlook on life.

Tramp novels, vagrants and lower-class citizens, Koseko

Cervantes Don Quixote, humanist writer

Drama Fountain of Vega, the Father of Spanish Drama

A collection of stories about punishing good and encouraging evil in Spain's first novel

The father of British poetry, Thomas Utopia, Qiao Sou's story collection, each person tells a story, forming 24 stories into an organic whole, criticizing the feudal class and the church, and the pursuit of a better life and love.

A university scholar, one of the first British humanist writers, with humanistic ideas and profound knowledge. John, Marlowe, Robert

Cervantes' novel during the Renaissance, The Three Adventures of Don Quixote, describes the social reality of Spain from the 16th to 17th centuries.

Theme of Don Quixote: The experiences of three chivalrous adventures reflect the social reality of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, expressing the author's desire to transform the reality of evil and create the ideal of freedom and equality.

Ideological content: It depicts a broad picture of life in Spanish society. The protagonist embraces the idea of ​​transforming the world to create a world of freedom and equality, and eliminates injustice in the world. By comparing unrealistic fantasy with the reality of Spanish society, it highlights the evils of real society and expresses the author's yearning for an ideal society.

Character image: Humanistic image of Don Quixote. A disseminator of humanistic ideas, full of tragic spirit. Panza and Don Quixote are complementary and opposite, short-sighted, narrow-minded, selfish, optimistic and witty.

Artistic achievements: satirical art, contrast, exaggeration to create characters, transforming chivalric novels into humanistic ideological propaganda, humorous and vivid language

Historical drama Four Generations (one generation after another represents history). The Four Great Comedies Wei Wu Jie Di Wen Meng. Legendary drama Xin Dongyu. Tragedy Harrow Li Bai

Comedy features: Positive ideals of humanism, praising beautiful love, pure friendship, selfless and witty human nature, women are kind and intelligent, optimistic about the future, complex and intertwined plots with clear main lines

Image of The Merchant of Venice: Shylock is cunning, greedy and stingy, extravagant and money-loving, with strong romanticism and strong social satire

Hamlet's character image: humanist, contradiction between ideal and reality, Happy Prince and Revenge Prince, hesitation in revenge, representing the disparity in power between humanistic ideas and feudal forces, a profound thinker

Ideological value: Through revenge stories, it depicts the current situation and contradictions of European and British society during the Renaissance. The crisis of faith leads people to question the nature of human nature, which reflects the author's deep reflection on the Renaissance movement and the concern and worry about the future of human destiny and society.

Artistic achievements: The plot is vivid and rich, the inner conflicts and conflicts describe the inner character of the characters, and the movement and contrast techniques are used to create the characters of good and evil. Poetry and prose are combined, and verses and lyrical ballads are integrated. The style of a master of language and the organic combination of character personality

Milton, the long poem Paradise Lost and Paradise Found, the poem and drama Samson, based on the Old Testament, Genesis, and the New Testament

Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, satirical novels, promoting Puritan ideas

Politically, he supports the royal power and the interests of the country and the nation, absolutely obeys rationality, and pays attention to the rules of creation. This is the first model work of Corneille Xide classicism. The tragedy of Racine Andromache reaches its climax, the masterpiece of Boileau, the art of poetry, and the allegorical poetry of La Fontaine

Literary creation: drama has the highest achievement, including tragedy and comedy, tragedy Racine Corneille, comedy Molière

Three rules, one script can only have one plot clue, the same place, no more than one day and night, pay attention to routines

The content is pessimistic and decadent, the vocabulary is overlapping, and the style is confusing. Marino Abdul

An outstanding French classicist comedy writer, a talented woman and an aristocratic writer. Representative hypocrite. The miser, Don Juan, the hater, the last part of the film.

The Scrooge: A comedy written by the French writer Molière. Created the image of the greedy and stingy loan shark Abagong. Reveals the evil of money worship and human nature distorted by money

hypocrite

Enlighten the people, promote social development, and analyze the world rationally

Enlightenment literature has a distinct political tendency and educational nature, is democratic, and emphasizes truth

Early French Enlightenment writers: Mende, Voltaire. In the mature stage, Rousseau, Diderot, and Rousseau achieved the highest achievements.

Voltaire, leader of the Enlightenment, Candide, Destiny, The Innocent, the best philosophical novel, satirizing blind optimism

Diderot encyclopedia school, dialogue novel Rameau's nephew and illegitimate son

Rousseau, the highest achievement in French Enlightenment literature, epistolary novel Héloé, autobiographical confessions, educational novel Emile

Defoe, pioneer of modern British novels, Lu Bingsun Crusoe

Westford: Gulliver's Travels

Fielding, the most accomplished realist novelist. tom jones

Richardson: The founder of sentimental novels and the pioneer of epistolary novels, Miller

Stern, a sentimentalist writer. Sentimental travel, emphasizing the power of emotion, focusing on describing the misfortune and pain of characters, arousing readers' pity and sympathy, and paving the way for the rise of romanticism.

Jane Austen, William Blake, Robert

Lysing, a representative figure of Enlightenment literature, Emilina, Germany's first citizen tragedy. builder of german national drama

Sturm und Drang: Godeweit, Schiller's conspiracy love, the first politically inclined citizen tragedy drama, the early work Bandit Advocating the liberation of individuality, advocating emotions, returning to nature, national consciousness, and beginning to have national literature consciousness, such as German literature

Held

Goethe: Faust

young werther

Subjective emotions, expressing oneself, admiring imagination, and loving nature. Proposing a return to the Middle Ages, exaggeration, contrast, and bizarre plots

source. The earliest brothers of the Jena sect, Albrun of the Heidelberg sect, and the children of the Berlin sect. Heine's winter fairy tale exposes and criticizes various French systems, combining romance and reality

Lakeside faction: disgusted with the indifference and money relationship of capitalist civilization. Praising rural life and lakeside scenery, Poet Laureate of China, Ke, Sao, Lyrical Ballad Collection Satanist poets, Byron, Keats, and Shelley were called genius prophets by Engels. Collection of Lyrical Ballads

Victor Hugo, Romantic Rider Chateaubu, Rene's First Century of Melancholy

Musset, French Shakespeare, Confessions of the Century

Alexandre Dumas, The Musketeers, Monte Cristo. Little Dumas La Traviata

Pushkin, the father of Russian literature, the master of Russian romanticism, the first superfluous person in Onegin, and the first little person in the stationmaster

Zhukovsky: the first lyric poet

Lermontov, the second superfluous man, the contemporary hero Pycholin

Edgar Allan Poe, Art for Art's Sake, Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, Whitman, Romanticism's greatest poet, Leaves of Grass. Cooper American Scott pioneered historical themes. Irving, the father of American literature, Mel Moby Dick

Oriental narrative poetry: including pagans, pirates Contra, etc. The common characteristics of Byronic heroes are arrogance, loneliness, stubbornness, contempt for civilization, resistance to the existing social system, and the courage to fight against evil society. Representative figures include the pirate protagonist Conrad, but not Don Juan.

Don Juan's character image: a constantly developing and mature image of Spanish aristocrats and intellectuals, innocent, kind, brave and enthusiastic, dissident, narrating traditional customs and hypocritical morals, bravely resisting oppression and slavery, and pursuing individual liberation and freedom. At the same time, he is cynical, self-indulgent, weak-willed, and lacks life goals.

Don Juan's artistic achievement: biting irony. It is full of romance and legend, like cannibalism at sea. It has strong lyricism and innovative metrical language. It is the highest achievement of oral style in the history of British poetry. It adopts the expression technique of both narration and discussion, inserting the first person into the third person narrative.

Theme of Don Juan: (1) "Don Juan" is a masterpiece of bitter social satire. (2) The poem vividly exposes and criticizes the feudal autocratic system and all the darkness and ugliness of society under its rule. (3) Basic style: love freedom and resist oppression.

French writer, French Romanticism standard-bearer leader, humanitarian thought, mid-term preface by Onani Notre Dame de Paris. The smiling faces of miserable laborers in the later years, in 1993

Onani reflected the rising emotions of the people on the eve of the July Revolution. In art, he broke the Three Unities and pitted romanticism against classicism. The successful completion represented the victory over classicism.

The theme of Les Miserables: representative works of realism, humanitarianism, expressing concern and sympathy for the suffering and fate of the people, violent criticism of the laws of capitalist society, praising the Paris uprising, promoting humanitarian influence, and launching charities to solve social conflicts.

The theme of Notre Dame de Paris: a strong anti-feudal and anti-church ideological tendency, a fierce criticism of the autocratic and brutal rule of Louis XI, and a profound exposure of the dark hypocrisy of the Catholic Church. Express deep sympathy for the tragic life fate of the lower class people, and praise the beautiful souls and moral character of these lowly people. While describing the suffering of the lower class people, it also reflects their spirit of resistance and struggle, and praises the awakening of the anti-feudal democratic power of the people.

The artistic achievements of Notre Dame de Paris: contrast between beauty and ugliness, epic nature, twists and turns of the plot, psychological description, scene description

The principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness: Weave a thrilling storyline, create unusual characters, show the desperate struggle between light and darkness, and the heroine being robbed and rescued Ugliness and beauty on the outside, sanctimony on the outside and ugliness on the inside of Fabi and Claude.

Notre Dame Cathedral Characters

Father of Russian Literature, Southern Poetry Tsoka

The image of Onegin's superfluous man: The character in Russian writer Pushkin's poetic novel Yepgen Onegin, the first superfluous man in the history of Russian literature. He was born in a noble family, has progressive thoughts, high cultural attainment, and hates the upper class society. But he did nothing, lacked action and ability, and had no clear life goals, which reflected the decay and degeneration of Russian aristocratic society.

Ideological significance: It shows the picture of Russian social life in the 19th century, reveals the sins of the aristocratic life in the upper class, and shows that the aristocratic class has declined and declined. Through the image of Onegin's superfluous people, he criticizes the authoritarian tsarist serfdom system and its illuminating weakness of being far away from the people and away from reality. Through Tatyana, she praises the virtues of purity, kindness and sincerity, and criticizes the tsarist system for blaspheming the beauty of human society. Describes the tragic life of farmers and herdsmen, showing the author's humanitarian sympathy

Image of Tatyana: Pushkin's ideal image of aristocratic woman, with beautiful and weak character. Her beautiful moral character and temperament are connected with the image of the people, she is simple and kind. Sincerity and persistence towards the ideal, the characters contain the poet's understanding of the people, and reflect the high degree of people's nature in the poet's creation.

Artistic features: The characters and environment are typical. They are a product of the era of Russian T-shirt aristocratic young intellectuals. They pursue ideals but are divorced from reality and stay away from the people, achieving nothing. The sharp contrast between the characters, indifference and romance, the male protagonist's false emotions, and the female protagonist Tatyana's sincere emotions, foreshadows the demise of feudal power, the inevitable arrival of the era of people's revolution, and the author's firm republican stance after the change in political attitude

Realist literature must be used to study and analyze society. The orientation is almost the same as today: freedom, equality, fraternity, humanity, dignity and values. Emphasis on optimistic reflection of life, real details, and typicality

Mérimée Carmen, Flaubert Madame Bovary, Xiao Dumas La Traviata (a prostitute pursues love but kindly gives up)

Thackeray Vanity Fair, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights

Chartist literature, the emergence of the Chartist movement, the first proletarian literature, mainly achieved poetry, represented by poets Jones and Linton

Naturalism, founded by Gogol and elaborated by Belinsky, reflects life, exposes the darkness of serfdom, writes about the suffering and fate of the lower class people, expresses the suffering and fate of the lower class people, and expresses the people's desire to change society

Little people: Cowardly, timid, bullied and insulted, showing humanitarian thoughts. Gogol, Tostovsky

Turgenev, of Hunter's Notes fame, Luo Ting's second redundant person. An elegy for the collapse of the noble house, the first image of a newcomer on the eve of

Ostrovsky, the father of Russian national comedy.

Newcomer: image of poor intellectuals with democratic ideological tendencies

Superfluous people: aristocratic intellectuals, tired of the upper class life, self-centered, without clear life goals, lack of action and courage, the last superfluous people such as Onegin, Pecholin, Luo Ting, and Oblomo

Nikolai Gogol: Russian dramatic novelist who established and opened up a new era of Russian naturalistic literature.

Chekhov, the man in the trap, Bylikov, the cruelty of the tsarist dictatorship to people

Andersen, fairy tales. American Abolitionist Literature Uncle Tom's Cabin. German Literature Werth Proletariat

American abolition literature, Uncle Tom's Cabin, the abolition movement pushed the trend

Wirth, a German worker, was called Germany's first proletarian poet by Engels

Standal: Racine and Shakespeare, the first Armance, the novel The Abbey of Bana, appreciated by Balzac

Characteristics of Stendahl's psychological description: the unity of inner lyricism and outer rigidity manifested by the excitement of the soul and the indifference of the appearance, showing the inner world of the characters through inner monologues

Red and Black, Mayor Reina, Marquis More Julien's image: a contradiction of resistance and compromise, sincerity and hypocrisy, self-respect and self-love but cowardice and hypocrisy. A typical example of the personal struggle of petty bourgeois intellectuals during the French Restoration period.

Ideological content: It depicts the fierce political struggle during the Restoration period and has a strong political tendency. The author's description of small provincial towns is full of irony

Symbolic meaning

artistic achievement

The first novel Party Man, serious literature, the beginning of realism Balzac, the father of modern French novels Human Comedy: General name for creations, more than 90 works including Eugenie, Father Goriot, etc. Philosophy, analysis, customs research, using realism techniques, the fortunes and decline of bourgeois, and the omnipotence of money to expose and criticize the capitalist money society

human comedy

Eugenie Grandet

old man tall

Dickens, a writer of humanitarian thoughts, famous for his novel Peak, his long and difficult autobiography David Paris and London, the French Revolution, the Christian aura of the infatuated man Carton

London and Paris, the French Revolution, the servant Mrs. Defarstone, the representative of the revolutionary masses, the nephew Dale, the infatuated man Carlton

The image of the doctor: the embodiment of humanitarianism, kindness and forgiveness

Ideological content: Reflecting the sharp contradictions between the rich and the poor in British society at that time, it affirmed the inevitability and justice of the French Revolution.

Artistic achievements: Multiple and unified structure: Rigorous and orderly, the novel involves multiple story threads, but through characters, plots, and stories, different story threads are interconnected, intersected, and penetrated, giving it richness and integrity. The creative technique of sensory realism: on the one hand, the novel is based on historical events and describes the French Revolution positively; on the other hand, it emotionally expresses the author's subjective attitude. He is good at using symbols and contrasts to enhance the atmosphere and reveal the theme. Flexibly use various narrative methods such as suspense, flashbacks, sequences, and interludes to increase the drama of the story. The language is concise and concise, The language is concise, concise and vivid: good at describing revolutionary scenes in concise language, vivid and realistic, and showing black humor at the same time.

Humanitarian thought affirmed the inevitability and justice of the French Revolution, advocated benevolence and forgiveness, and created noble figures such as Menit Calden. Humanism throughout

The father of Russian prose, the comedy imperial minister, the representative of the dead soul. Story Part Three Carriage Coat with Nose

Theme of the Imperial Envoy

Dead soul characters: Cove, the big liar businessman, the five landowners, lazy, greedy, bettors, ruthless miser

Juche idea: The portrayal of the image of a landlord who is more despicable, ugly, and reactionary than the last, reflects the decadence and decline of serfdom, and reveals the necessity and urgency of social change.

Artistic achievements: The main highlight is the realistic brushwork. It does not seek to vividly tell the story, but focuses on the character. It does not seek to cover everything, but grasps the main characteristics of the character and deliberately renders and strengthens them. Portrait description, special environment and atmosphere to bring the characters to life.

Tearful smile: The funny and sad elements of life, exaggeration and irony. Behind the smile is deep sorrow, which makes the wretchedness, emptiness and boredom of life nowhere to hide.

Virgo is poor. Long notes. kara brothers

Representative crime and punishment: surrendering in fear after murder.

Poor people: Developed the theme of little people. The protagonist Jevushkin reflects the author's humanitarian thoughts and is known as the new Gogol, further exploring the complexity of human beings.

Thought content: Discussion on the philosophy of superman and the truth of rights, and examination of the subconscious in human behavior. Protest against social injustice, artistic depiction of the phenomenon of the jungle, unable to find a solution, seeking religious atonement ideas

Character image: The male protagonist has irreconcilable dual personalities. Revealing the protest against social injustice, extreme individualism, moral judgment from the heart, punishment is the punishment of conscience,

Artistic Achievements: The psychological portrayal of characters is a prominent artistic feature. There are many depictions of psychological awareness and subconsciousness, and many dream and hallucination scenes are used to express subconscious processes.

polyphonic novel

Maupassant, The Last Lesson of the Daudet, themes of the Franco-Prussian War, Hardy, O. Henry, Yi Bu Sheng, Chikov, Tolstoy, Jack London Martin

Goncourt advocated brotherhood and was born in France. His representative Zola reflected the contradiction between labor and capital. It advocates emphasizing the realism, reproducing nature, emphasizing objectivity, avoiding subjective feelings, and emphasizing learning. Representatives include Zola and Brothers

Ledeboer's The Flower of Evil pioneered symbolism and was a pioneer in modernist literature, advocating that reality is illusory and inner feelings are real, and focused on association and suggestion.

France does not go along with the ugly reality, advocates art for art's sake, pays attention to diction, rhythm, portraits of Godina and Wilde. Gauthier's originator

Baudier, the Internationale, is truly a proletarian heroic image that records the heroic deeds and resistance struggle of the Paris people.

Britain, 19th century, realism

A series of character and environmental novels written by British writer Hardy. The stories take place in the Weseck region of southwest England. for sesskes novel

Image of Tess: being harmed and humiliated, but never wanting to bow her head to fate, a pure girl, with a fatalistic concept, believing in destiny, always treating misfortune with tolerance and self-sacrifice, tragedy has its own factors, reflecting the tragic changes in the fate of the majority of farmers. Abbreviation, the root cause of social tragedy is the replacement of patriarchal society by bourgeois society, and the tragedy of fate is the author's fatalism.

Artistic achievements: The times create characters with multiple connotations, full of flesh and blood, complex and diverse personalities, a large number of descriptions of natural scenery, closely connected with the characters' thoughts, feelings and destiny, and the weight of psychological descriptions is greatly increased.

Tess of the D'Urbervilles: Hardy's novel, which describes the short and unfortunate life of peasant girl Tess, effectively exposes the hypocritical religion of bourgeois morality, and highlights the author's fatalistic color. Tess, Alley, Clay

Tolstoy is a realist writer, with early autobiographies about his childhood and youth, a long history of war and peace, and a confession about the change of worldview.

Anna is an aristocratic woman who pursues individual liberation, a tragic figure who is strangled by hypocritical moral constraints. The conflict between her character and social environment caused her tragedy The internal reason lies in her unique personality The external reasons are the hypocritical upper class society and the cold bureaucratic society

Artistic achievement: The psychological description of the characters is vivid, showing the rich inner world and dialectical process of the characters. The portrait description is original. The structure is complete and the two clues echo each other, Anna's family tragedy and Levin's agricultural reform.

Dialectics of the Mind: Shevsky proposed that psychological descriptions commonly used in Tolstoy’s novels not only focus on the results of psychological development and changes, but also on the process.

Maslova, a typical lower-class woman who was harmed and insulted

Nekhlyudov's image: He is a typical repentant aristocrat. When he was young, he was pure and kind-hearted and pursued love. However, his aristocratic life made him develop bad habits. He selfishly seduced the heroine and abandoned him. When he met the heroine again, his thoughts began to sublimate, and he rose from the landlord class. Turning to the standpoint of the patriarchal peasants, the spirit was resurrected and they broke away from the aristocratic class. A special example in the gallery of characters created by Tolstoy

Artistic achievement: a single plot line depicts a broad social life Extensive use of contrast techniques to depict artistic images and characters Detailed depiction of character psychology Pay attention to detailed description, character appearance and living environment

Maslova's image: a typical lower-class woman who was insulted and persecuted. Her anger against the male protagonist was an accusation and protest against the aristocratic society. The transformation of the male protagonist allowed him to see the goodness in people again, allowing her to finally be resurrected spiritually.

The ideological content of Resurrection: It has profound social content and distinct political tendency. The novel uses the most sober realism to tear off all masks, ruthlessly criticizes the landlord class, exposes the court's laws that disregard people's lives and is anti-people, condemns the hypocrisy of the church, and reveals the hypocrisy of the landlords and peasants. Contradictions reflect the peasants’ strong demands for land and are a mirror of the peasants’ contradictions in the Russian Revolution.

Tolstoy's creative characteristics: serious and profound themes and thoughts, making significant contributions to the development of realism, grasping the characters' hearts, shaping characters without good or bad, making good use of contrast, and satire Tolstoyism: ruthlessly and destructively expose and criticize the existing system and all hypocrisy, absurdity and immorality through literary creation. Promote the ideas of repentance, salvation of souls, asceticism, non-violence against evil, moral self-improvement, and fraternity.

Norway, the father of modern drama. Crowd playing social youth Social issue drama: daily life as a theme, analyzes social problems, triggers thinking, and guides people to reform social ills.

Nora's image: a father-in-law who pursues individual liberation, is carefree, and has pure humanity. He is also determined, strong-willed and hard-working. female

Helmer's image: a typical figure in a patriarchal society, a defender of vested male interests, and an embodiment of hypocritical and selfish ideas.

The ideological significance of A Doll's House: It is of far-reaching significance to expose the hypocrisy and rationality of laws, religion, morality, love and marriage in bourgeois society through the process of Nora's awakening, and the subordinate position of women in the family under the uniform of capitalism. Raise many sensitive and urgent social issues that need to be solved (women's status, selfishness and hypocrisy of upper-class men, women's struggle for equality)

Artistic achievements: avoid major themes, daily life, retrospective method Introduce discussion into drama and make good use of foreshadowing

America, realism, the first chapter of the Gilded Age, representative works of Finn, children's adventure Tom. The corrupted one exposes the despicable greed and hypocrisy of human nature. A stylistic turn in his later years: Short stories about running for governor, novels about the Gilded Age

Fein's ideological content: Strong pursuit of freedom and opposition to racial discrimination and serfdom. During Huck's struggle to help Jim gain freedom, his rebellious character further developed. At first he did not let Jim go, but later he overcame his prejudice and saved him.

Image of Huck: A rebel in American civilized society, simple, kind, honest, selfless, witty and brave. His rebellious character further grows in the struggle to help Jim gain freedom.

Image of Jim: Black escaped slave, indomitable spirit of pursuit of freedom, honest and kind, loyal to friendship

Artistic features

Silver Age: Marx and European Literature Enter Russia, Gorky, Bunin, Russia's first Nobel Prize winner. Mayavsky's meeting fan, Jev's long story destroyed

Unfreezing literature: intervening in life, writing about the dark side, expressing major social and political issues, and paying attention to the fate of characters. Doctor Zhivago Nack

Trench Realist: The author has personally experienced war, describes real battlefield life, exaggerates the cruelty of war, and highlights the misfortunes of ordinary people in war. There's Bonda, Hot Snow, Simonov's War Trilogy, Soldier of the Living, Summer

Panoramic novel, a novel narrating the history of war, the living and the dead, war

This million-word novel describes a vast society and the lives of several generations with epic grandeur.

French Romain Rolland Stove British Lawrence's son lover, Golding The German Stephen's Strange Woman, Brecht's Sichuan Good Man, the argument has a distancing effect: it interestingly creates an emotional distance between the character, the actor and the audience, requires the actor to keep a certain distance from the character, and creates an appropriate distance between the audience and the plot. American O. Henry Presents, Dreiser's American Tragedy, Jack London Martin, Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea, The Great Gatsby

Beethoven, Michelangelo, Tolstoy

Realism Cherkash, Old Woman Romanticism, Haiyan Revolution. Autobiography Childhood in the World My University, Late Krim, Chronicle of Russian Spiritual Life

Contents of Mother’s Thoughts: A new historical era of world proletarian literature has been unveiled, with cynicism and criticism inspired by cruelty, and vision and romanticism for the future triggered by witnessing the shaken order of the old life, the tragic fate of the older generation of workers, and the awakening of the new generation of workers, Strive to grasp reality in the actual development process

Characteristics of mother’s art: a combination of tradition and innovation in artistic conception. The narrative perspective of the novel is also modern, highlighting the theme and strengthening the narrative center.

The image of mother Nilovna: an old-style housewife...a determined revolutionary image, deeply oppressed by the triple oppression of the regime's patriarchal power and theocratic power. Her mother's arrest completed the transformation from a timid and fearful one to a determined and fearless revolutionary.

Pavel's image: from workers lacking class consciousness to new people with proletarian consciousness. , the heroic image of the proletarian revolution

Masterpiece Quietly on the Don, Nobel Prize for Literature

Image of Gregory: A wavering character, a typical example of exploration and pursuit, hard-working, kind, simple, fond of thinking, diligent in exploration, rich in charm but prejudiced, blind worship of military honor, with a tragic color,

Ideological content: A mirror of Cossack social history, showing the historical destiny of the Cossacks, the hardships and twists of the laboring Cossacks represented by Grigory towards a new life, and the tragic destiny full of misunderstandings and pain.

Artistic achievement: A powerful and epic work with extremely successful character creation. The psychological changes of the characters are complex and subtle, placing the characters in the background of social life and nature

Stove: France, Nobel Prize Winner, Hero Biography Beethoven Michelangelo Tolstoy

musical novel

Dove character

American writer, Nobel masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea. The first novel is "The Sun Rises, the Lost Generation". peak farewell arms and death knell

The Lost Generation: After World War I, some American youth suffered from mental trauma, depression, emptiness, and collapse of faith. They immersed themselves in art to repair and comfort themselves.

Iceberg Principle: Use concise words to create a distinct image. The author's emotions are hidden in the image, and the emotions are abundant and contained, allowing readers to feel the profound thoughts. Four elements: concise words, distinctive images, rich emotions, and profound thoughts

Tough guy image: All of Hemingway's male protagonists have tough and strong characters, are brave and upright, and are not afraid of suffering. The body can be defeated, but the spirit cannot be broken. He persists in struggle and resistance, maintains human dignity and meaning, and embodies the author. Basic attitude towards human destiny

Symbolic meaning: Santiago (human spirit), Marlin (ideal of life), the old man and the big fish (people are tired of pursuing the ideal of a better life and strive endlessly), the sea (the ever-changing social life), shark (the tragic fate that cannot be escaped) ), lion (courage and strength)

The confusion of modern people reflects the relationship between people and society, nature, people, and self, Kafka

Kafka and Eliot's characteristics are the loneliness, crisis, absurdity, and isolation of people in modern society. Focus on expressing oneself, inner feelings, symbols, stream of consciousness, and absurd techniques,

yeats the greatest poet in english

Art is expression rather than reproduction, using abstraction and transformation. Mask, symbol, absurdity to express, Kafka

Beyond reality, influenced by Freud, dream consciousness

The future is modern, machine-based, and urbanized. There is definitely the inevitability of war in the future.

Writer quits novel. Human psychological association monologue expresses the character's thoughts and feelings

The existence of the world is absurd, and the existence of human beings is painful

Simon, Highway, there is no character plot, things are people, anti-novel

Consciously starting from a female perspective, seriously thinking about the identity and role of women in society, and using delicate and delicate strokes unique to women to keenly express the survival dilemma and confusion of intellectual women.

Representative writers Lessing, Oates, Nelly, Tahe

The focus of attention is to reflect on the influence and penetration of colonizers in terms of culture, language, knowledge and cultural hegemony in colonized countries. The pursuit of national cultural traditions is a significant feature. The representative writer Naipaul won the Nobel Prize, and Ishiguro Kazuo won the Nobel Prize.

The symbolic meaning of the wasteland: the creative use of symbolic techniques, the use of allusions, and the creation of images. The title is somewhat symbolic, water, fire and thunder

Artistic Achievements: Symbols: thunder represents answers, imagery, biblical allusions, stream of consciousness techniques

Wasteland and salvation are the themes. The first four stanzas describe the wasteland scenes on behalf of people, representing people's confusion. The fifth chapter turns to religion to save Western society.

Expressionism, the originator of modernist novels

The short story of Metamorphosis has become shorter, the others are all long stories, the last story of Castle

The meaning of the castle: absolute authoritative power, the order of the entire world, the God who is hard to try and rarely meet, the elusive truth, the homeland to which the Jews are hard to return, the author’s father Artistic characteristics: It has a strong color of absurdity and fantasy, and exaggerated techniques are used to write characters and narrate stories.

Artistic achievements: the blending of modernism and realism, the blending of true descriptions of reality and illusory stories, the combination of absurd stories and real details, absurd techniques to build alienation, real and credible details to enhance the credibility of the story, Kafka Typical embodiment of the novel

Kafkaesque: expressing people's fear of loneliness, absurd world and alienation themes, real and grotesque details, symbolic and autobiographical colors

French existentialism, trilogy without confusion, reprieve, heartache, script flies, burial place

The ideological content of confinement: A representative of situation drama, through the story that takes place in hell, it continues the theme of walls and free choice. The absurd form points out the importance of freedom to people and the importance of action in changing survival. If you don’t act or change, then others will be in hell. If you can only rely on others in life, it will be hell. There is a gap between people.

The theme of free choice of the wall: I made a free choice, but still encountered a reversal and subversion. I found that life and death were like a wall. I gained freedom, which was the result of my freedom of choice. The wall indicates the inescapability of existence

Artistic achievement: Strange conception, the scene is in hell. Rendering the extreme characteristics of hellish situations. The symbolism of drama, contradictions and conflicts in stage design, etc.

Situational drama: provides people with a certain environment, and the characters freely choose their own actions, create their own essence, express their character and destiny, existential drama

Ireland Pioneer of Postmodern Literature Trilogy Decline Waiting for Godot to win the Nobel

Waiting for Godot thought: anti-traditional rationality, irrational world, tramps anxiously and endlessly waiting for the absurd life of the world to be revealed, and the despair of Westerners who hope to change their living situations but cannot achieve it.

Symbolism: The homeless man’s futile wait sums up the human condition Desire to change the situation, but unable to achieve helplessness. multiple open

Colombia, Magical Realism, Novelette, Dead Branches, Captain, Novel Cholera Patriarch

One Hundred Years of Solitude: Expressing the loneliness of Latin America, the struggles, efforts, setbacks and failures of seven generations of the Buendia family over the past century, confirming the true portrayal of the ignorance and backwardness of Colombia and Latin America, the reappearance of the history of isolation and colonization, and hope. Misfortune will never happen again

Artistic achievements: mainly magicalism, magical details, and bizarre narratives that achieve the effect of amplifying the real reality. Magical colors everywhere, care for reality, a lot of symbols and hints, and more profound meanings

American Jewish writer, the most important novelist after Hemingway, Herzog's novel won three Book Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, and the Nobel Prize in 1976.

Herzog's ideological themes: Reflecting the confusion and anguish of American middle-class intellectuals in modern society. Reveal the humanitarian crisis in the process of civilization in Western society. Herzog is a typical image of Western modernist intellectuals and a figure with a self-deprecating irony.

Content of the story: A university professor writes about his wife’s cheating, friend’s betrayal, marriage failure and other shocks, and a life experience in which he fell into extreme mental depression.

Herzog's character image: He is a typical image of Western modernist intellectuals and a character with a self-deprecating irony. The failure of the protagonist represents the author's satire on the upper class of society represented by him, and also on himself. Self-mockery of experience. He is still an unconventional heroic protagonist. His spiritual crisis is a disease of the times and a true portrayal of the state of many intellectuals in society at that time.

Artistic features: Contrast techniques, unique stream of consciousness techniques, unrestrained memories, feelings, associations, and unique use of letters to connect the two networks of reality and writing.

An Indian-born British writer and immigrant novelist, he won the Nobel Prize in 2001. His mid-term novels include The Island, The Imitator, The Center of Discovery, and the autobiographical novel The Middle Passage, the first travelogue. India Trilogy: Country India is poor and backward, civilized India is ignorant and has stagnant development, and the reform and progress of Indian society today

Big River Bend Story: The protagonist, the narrator, Salim, unfolds the narrative, focusing on the life journey of the male protagonist from the east coast of Africa to the river bend town in the hinterland of Africa to London, England, returning to the river bend town and leaving again. The protagonist has no home and has been wandering for five years. Roots, the embodiment of exiled intellectuals

Theme idea: After the European colonization was removed, the turmoil and difficulties of independent African countries in the post-colonial era showed the cultural conflicts faced by immigrants and the unfortunate experiences of exiles and marginalized people.

Artistic features: use of symbolism, big figures and water hyacinths The big shot is the epitome and symbol of totalitarian rule in the post-colonial period Water hyacinth is a symbol of new things and witnesses of history

The earliest epic, a compilation of ancient Babylonian myths and stories

Jewish Classics, 39 volumes The law has not created the people's destiny Prophet Yiyeeahah History Poems Song of Songs Book of Ruth

Artistic achievements: wide range of themes, splitting the heavens and the earth, God on earth Various sports, essays, epics, novels, dramas Rich imagination, many characters, real feelings The characters are distinct: Moses is determined, David is good at fighting, and Solomon is witty and rich.

Ancient India: Vedas, the earliest poetic documents, the most sacred books in India, represent the prophets of knowledge, covering all aspects of life experience and knowledge, with the theme of life and religion, recording ancient Indian witchcraft, religion, philosophy, pear Juvetuo et al.

Two epics: Moko, heroic epic Ramayana: original poetry, wandering story Small clay cart, soul talk

Kali

Prosperous, multi-ethnic, prosperous mutual exchanges, developed folk literature, many genres

Huai Feng Zao, the earliest collection of Chinese poetry Manyoshu, the earliest collection of Japanese poems, contains a large number of poems written in Japanese, and Shan Yiyang created a new field that reflects the life of the lower class.

During the Heian period, Monogatari appeared. The variety of monogatari literature increased during the Kamakura period

Haiku: A representative of Japanese Edo period poetry, usually three sentences in short style, represented by the writer Matsuo

Chunxiang Chuan, bitter cold chant

The Legend of Jin Zuoqiao

Rudaki, the father of poetry, works in his later years, Chronicles of Kings

Heroic epic, Saadi, The Orchard of Roses, Hafi’s Drinking Song, Khayyam Robayi, Short Lyrics of a Nature, Saadi’s collection of poems, The Orchard, Prose Stories Collection of The Rose Garden

Hanging poems, poetry competitions are written every year and hung on linen in the Kaaba. It represents the poet Gass, the best achievement poem in the ignorant period.

Islamic classics and Arabic literary prose masterpieces, including religious ethics and customs, have a significant impact on Arabic literature.

The Tale of Genji, the world’s earliest novel and a masterpiece of Heian period literature, The protagonist's light source image: a typical nobleman of the Heian period, born in the royal family, versatile, involved in palace politics, promoted ups and downs, reflecting the inevitable decline of the nobles

Main idea: By describing the political ups and downs and sexual pursuits of Genji's life, it shows the intricate power struggle among the court nobles during the Heian period. It highlights the corrupt male-female relationship among the great nobles in the palace. Anyway, the politics of the upper-class aristocrats are decadent and their spirits are corrupt. The Heian aristocracy is destined to decline.

Artistic features: Detailed portrayal of characters, use of environmental descriptions to enhance the atmosphere, elegant and gorgeous language, and structural links

Artistic achievement: Plot frame structure, the prime minister's daughter tells the story to the king as the beginning Rich oriental sentiment and bold romantic fantasy in artistic techniques The language is rich in poetry and prose, combining rhyme and prose, and has been spread all over the world.

Ideological content: Praise the amazing wisdom and talent shown by the people in the struggle against evil forces, expose the greed and ugliness of the rulers, eulogize the legitimate and pure love of young men and women, reflect the generally difficult environment of the people and the adventurous life of businessmen

The themes come from Persia, India, Iraq, and Egypt, the most magnificent monuments of folk literature.

The prophet of poets, the orchard of poetry, the rose garden of essays, and humanitarian thought

Garden of Roses: 8 Volumes, Words of Warning Humanitarianism: Deep sympathy for the people at the lower levels, excellent virtues of self-reliance, concern for the country and the people, warning rulers to be merciful and not to brutally exploit the people, and boldly exposing the hypocrisy and tricks of the upper class to deceive the people. Artistic features: a wide range of themes, from emperors to folk, cities to deserts, a combination of rhyme and prose, poetry and prose, and rich in philosophy

Characteristics: Distinctive political tendencies, a large number of writers, and a significant role in connecting the past and the future.

Bengali, Rabindranath Tagore, the first Asian Nobel Prize for literature in 1913, Gitanjali, a collection of religious and philosophical poems, won the Nobel, the meaning of devotion in Indian, a collection of religious lyrical poems, expressing the ideal of beautiful life through praise to God, and singing praises Great rivers and mountains, show your patriotic enthusiasm

Gora

Natsume Soseki, I Am a Cat, the first three love stories follow the door, and the last three love stories are beyond the hearts of the people.

It focuses on expressing the reality of life, marking the maturity of modern Japanese literature. The clear and fluent spoken language represents the writer Fujimura's relapse and Tayama quilt.

In the early days, he had an idealistic tendency and expressed himself. Later, his humanitarian thoughts deepened and he emphasized human dignity and will.

Advocating the supremacy of art, pursuing the perfection of literary skills, emphasizing personal feelings, expressing happiness and spiritual satisfaction in sensory enjoyment, representing the writer Nagai Karifu

Neorealism, paying attention to reality, focusing on the daily life and complex psychological description of ordinary people, has a certain critical nature, Ryunosuke Akutagawa

Anti-aggression and oppression, a common theme for all countries, based on reality

New Sensationism

Li Qiyong, hometown

Premchand

Arab writer living in America, Gibran, prophet

Prophetic thought: full of dialectical philosophical spirit, embodying the highest and latest ideological realm that humanism can achieve, limited in length and infinite in connotation, creating a path for prose poetry.

Artistic achievements: Fresh, meaningful, thought-provoking, good at learning from the experience of Western ancestors, rich in imagination in style, and intense subjective emotions Rich philosophy in creation The language pays attention to antithesis, metaphor and personification, and musical language.

Hussein, Days, Model of Arabic Literature A realist writer who formed in Egypt after World War I and later expanded to Arab countries.

Political tendencies, exchanges and prosperity among countries around the world, each with its own national characteristics. This is how today's society is

The World of Beauty, Japan's first Nobel Prize in 1968, the representative work of the Snow Country novella, the famous work "The Dancing Girl of Izu", the ancient capital of Snow Country, Thousand Cranes, won the Nobel Prize

Komako of Snow Country: Writer's Works, Image of Geisha She has an innocent and kind personality, is diligent and hard-working, and lives tenaciously. Describe her character from her daily life and treatment of love. It does not represent the image of someone who actively resists, nor does it represent the image of a vulgar degenerate, but the image of a geisha with a certain enterprising spirit.

Shimamura's image: a pampered but bored wealthy man. Seeing himself as a meaningless existence, criticizing Tu Yu and getting some kind of spiritual comfort from the encounter with women, his love for oranges is regarded as futile, a weak person in life and a loser in pursuit. His emptiness reflects Orange's fullness, his sophistication reflects Orange's innocence, and his imagination actually exists.

Contents of Snow Country Thoughts: Sympathy for Orange's tragic fate, pursuit of independent personality and freedom, enterprising spirit to explore the value of life, criticism of property owners like Shimamura, all illusions, all human efforts are in vain, pessimism and nihilistic thoughts

Artistic achievements: poetic lyricism, blend of Japanese tradition and Western stream of consciousness, character creation through various means

Kawabata Yasunari's aesthetic characteristics: deliberately pursued beauty, traditional natural beauty, unrealistic illusory beauty, decadent sensual beauty Incorporate sovereign colors into the beauty of nature, enrich associations and metaphors with the colors, lines and sounds of natural scenery, and express them artistically

Mahfouz, a contemporary Egyptian writer and the only Arab Nobel Prize winner, is the representative of the Palace Street trilogy (Gong, Si, Gan). The three stages of creation include history, realism, and modernist philosophical novels. The theme is to reflect Egypt. Pictures of life and the changes in Egypt's modern history, the trilogy describes the changes within three generations of the family.

Gongjian Street Thought: Use the changes in three generations of the family to describe the decline and collapse of traditional feudal forces, the growth and development of democratic forces, and reflect the growth of the patriotic movement.

Artistic achievements: complete layout, shaping characters from multiple angles, revealing inner complex human nature, psychological description of modern novels, broadening the inner world of characters, only writing about daily life, but integrating politics, culture, religion, ideological trends and customs, with a high degree of contemporary and profound ideological

A famous South African novelist, translator, and critic, who won the Nobel Prize in 2003. The other one is Gordimer, the Gemini star of contemporary South African literary circles, with his novels Life and Times, Bliss, and Shame.

shame