The distance from the midpoint of the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the middle of the upper edge of the sacral promontory. Normal value averages 11cm

The maximum distance between the left and right iliopectineal margins. Normal value is 13cm

The distance from the sacroiliac joint on one side to the iliopectineal protuberance on the opposite side. Normal value averages 12.75cm

The distance from the midpoint of the lower edge of the pubic symphysis through the midpoint of the line connecting the ischial spines on both sides to the lower end of the sacrum. Normal value averages 11.5cm

The distance between the two ischial spines. Normal value averages 10cm

The distance from the lower edge of the pubic symphysis to the sacrococcygeal joint. Normal value averages 11.5cm

The distance between the medial edges of the two ischial tuberosities. Normal value averages 9cm

The distance from the midpoint of the lower edge of the pubic symphysis to the midpoint of the ischial tuberosity diameter. Normal value averages 6cm

The distance from the sacrococcygeal joint to the midpoint of the ischial tuberosity diameter. Normal value averages 8.5cm

The distance between the two parietal protuberances is an average of 9.3cm at term, and the maximum transverse diameter of the head is

The distance from the top of the nose to the occipital protuberance is 11.3cm on average at term, and the fetal head is connected with this diameter line

The distance from the center of the anterior fontanel to the bottom of the occipital protuberance is an average of 9.5cm at term.

The distance from the center below the chin to the top of the posterior fontanel is an average of 13.3cm at full term.

Uterine contractions will cause blood pressure to increase by 5 to 10 mmHg. Blood pressure should be measured every 4 to 6 hours during labor, and body temperature should be measured every 2 hours for mothers with ruptured membranes.

The normal fetal heart rate is 110~160 beats/min. Auscultate once every hour during the latent period and once every 30 minutes during the active period. Auscultate and count for 1 minute after contractions.

At the beginning, the duration of uterine contractions is short (30 to 40 seconds) and weak, and the intermission period is long (5 to 6 minutes). As labor progresses, the contractions last longer (50 to 60 seconds) and increase in intensity, and the intermission period becomes shorter (2 to 6 minutes). 3min)

Cervical dilation: an important indicator for observation of labor

Descending fetal head: Whether the fetus can descend smoothly is an important observation indicator that determines whether the fetus can be delivered vaginally.

After the fetal presenting part is connected, the amniotic fluid is blocked into two parts, the front and the back. The amniotic fluid located in front of the fetal presenting part is called anterior amniotic fluid. About 100 ml helps to dilate the cervix. When the pressure within the amniotic cavity increases to a certain level, the fetal membranes naturally rupture. pH test paper can be used to detect the possibility of membrane rupture when pH≧7.0.

① The fetal membranes have been ruptured, the fetal head is high or in the breech position ② Combined with severe preeclampsia ③ Abnormal bleeding ④ Pregnancy complicated by heart disease should be bed rest

After labor, pregnant women are encouraged to urinate every 2 to 4 hours. When a pregnant woman complains of the urge to defecate, she should first check the degree of cervix dilation and not hold her breath for a long time to defecate.

Change body position, stimulate nipples, and inject low-dose oxytocin intravenously

First determine whether the fetus is exposed into the pelvis first. Once the fetal membranes rupture, listen to the fetal heart immediately, observe the nature and outflow of amniotic fluid, whether there are uterine contractions, and record the time of membrane rupture. If the membranes have ruptured and have not given birth for more than 12 hours, antibiotics should be given to prevent infection as directed by the doctor. Pregnant women who screen positive for group B hemolytic streptococci should be given antibiotics as directed by their doctor after labor or membrane rupture.

Observe vital signs, measure blood pressure and pulse hourly, and assess bladder fullness

Contractions peak in frequency and intensity. The contractions last for about 1 minute or more, and the interval between contractions is only 1 to 2 minutes. Therefore, uterine contractions and fetal heart rate should be detected and recorded every 5 to 10 minutes, and fetal heart auscultation should be performed for 30 to 60 seconds between contractions.

During uterine contractions, the fetal head is exposed from the vaginal opening, and the exposed part continues to increase. During the interval between contractions, the fetal head will retract into the vagina, which is called fetal head exposure.

The two diameters of the fetal head cross the pelvic outlet, and the fetal head no longer retracts during uterine contractions. This is called crowning of the fetal head.

The semi-recumbent position with knees bent is the most commonly used delivery position, but this position also compresses the pelvic blood vessels, affects the blood supply to the placenta, and is not conducive to the mother's use of abdominal pressure.

Correct use of abdominal pressure is key to shortening the second stage of labor.

When the cervix of a primiparous woman is fully dilated, the cervix of a multiparous woman is 6 cm dilated, and the uterine contractions are regular and strong, preparations for delivery should be made.

Assess the need for episiotomy

Protect the perineum and assist in the delivery of the fetal head

Treatment of umbilical cord wrapped around neck

Assist in delivering the fetus

Observe whether the mother looks pale, has cold sweats, chills, or yawns

The fundus of the uterus becomes hard and spherical. After the placenta is separated, it descends to the lower segment of the uterus. The lower segment passively expands, and the uterine body is pushed upward in a long and narrow shape. The fundus of the uterus rises above the umbilicus.

The stripped placenta descends to the lower segment of the uterus, and the exposed section of the umbilical cord at the vaginal opening extends on its own.

Small amount of vaginal bleeding

When you use the ulnar side of your palm to gently press the lower uterine segment above the maternal pubic symphysis, the uterine body will rise and the exposed umbilical cord will no longer be recovered.

fetal face delivery

maternal face delivery

Newborn length, weight, body surface deformities, and birth injuries

Skin color → respiration → muscle tone → reflexes → heart rate. Skin color is the most sensitive and heart rate is the indicator that eventually disappears

A score of 8 to 10 is considered a normal newborn, a score of 4 to 7 is considered mild asphyxia, and a score of 0 to 3 is considered severe asphyxia. Neonates with severe hypoxia should be evaluated again 5 to 10 minutes after birth until two consecutive scores are ≧8 points.

Starts in 5 seconds and completes in 30 seconds

Ligate the umbilical cord 30 to 60 seconds after birth or after the umbilical cord blood vessels have stopped moving.

Measure respiratory pulse and blood pressure every 30 minutes, keep warm, wipe away sweat, and provide light, easy-to-digest diet.

Wait 30 minutes to observe the contraction of the uterus, the amount of vaginal bleeding, whether there is vaginal hematoma, and whether the bladder is full. If necessary, catheterize to prevent urinary retention. When the amount of bleeding exceeds 300 ml, it should be treated as postpartum hemorrhage

Maintain skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby for at least 90 minutes, and assist in completing the first breastfeeding