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molecular biology
The classification of elements in cells, the elemental composition and functional roles of inorganic substances (water and inorganic salts) and organic substances (sugar, protein, lipid, sterol) in cells, and calculation knowledge points of proteins and sterols are summarized into a mind map. Facilitate familiarity with key points of knowledge and enhance memory.
Edited at 2024-11-18 21:04:51- 魯米：10個靈性的高維覺醒
魯米：靈性覺醒的10個維度。當你停止尋找自己，便會找到整個宇宙，因為你正在尋找的東西，也在尋找你。任何你每天持之以恆在做的事情，都可以為你打開一扇通向精神深處的門。靜默中，我滑入祕境，萬般皆妙樂觀察身邊的神奇，不要聲張。你生而有翼，為何喜歡爬行？靈魂擁有了它自己的耳朵，能夠聽到頭腦無法理解的事情。向內尋求一切的答案吧，宇宙中的一切都在你體內。情人們並不最終相遇某處，這個世界沒有離別。傷口是光進入你內心的地方。
- 病理生理學-心力衰竭
慢性心力衰竭，不僅僅是心率的快慢問題！它源於心肌收縮與舒張功能的下降，導致心輸出量不足，進而引發肺循環充血和體循環淤血。從病因、誘因到代償機制，心衰的病理生理過程複雜多樣。通過控制水腫、減輕心臟前後負荷、改善心臟舒縮功能，以及防治基本病因，我們可以有效應對這一挑戰。了解心衰的機制與臨床表現，掌握防治策略，才能更好地守護心臟健康。
- 病理生理學-缺血-再灌注損傷
缺血再灌注損傷是器官或組織恢復血液供應後，細胞功能代謝障礙和結構破壞反而加重的現象。其主要機制包括自由基生成增多、鈣超載以及微血管和白細胞的作用。心臟和腦是常見的受損器官，表現為心肌代謝和超微結構變化、心功能下降等。防治措施包括清除自由基、減輕鈣超載、改善代謝和控制再灌注條件，如低鈉、低溫、低壓等。理解這些機制有助於製定有效治療方案，減輕缺血性損傷。
molecular biology
- 魯米：10個靈性的高維覺醒
魯米：靈性覺醒的10個維度。當你停止尋找自己，便會找到整個宇宙，因為你正在尋找的東西，也在尋找你。任何你每天持之以恆在做的事情，都可以為你打開一扇通向精神深處的門。靜默中，我滑入祕境，萬般皆妙樂觀察身邊的神奇，不要聲張。你生而有翼，為何喜歡爬行？靈魂擁有了它自己的耳朵，能夠聽到頭腦無法理解的事情。向內尋求一切的答案吧，宇宙中的一切都在你體內。情人們並不最終相遇某處，這個世界沒有離別。傷口是光進入你內心的地方。
- 病理生理學-心力衰竭
慢性心力衰竭，不僅僅是心率的快慢問題！它源於心肌收縮與舒張功能的下降，導致心輸出量不足，進而引發肺循環充血和體循環淤血。從病因、誘因到代償機制，心衰的病理生理過程複雜多樣。通過控制水腫、減輕心臟前後負荷、改善心臟舒縮功能，以及防治基本病因，我們可以有效應對這一挑戰。了解心衰的機制與臨床表現，掌握防治策略，才能更好地守護心臟健康。
- 病理生理學-缺血-再灌注損傷
缺血再灌注損傷是器官或組織恢復血液供應後，細胞功能代謝障礙和結構破壞反而加重的現象。其主要機制包括自由基生成增多、鈣超載以及微血管和白細胞的作用。心臟和腦是常見的受損器官，表現為心肌代謝和超微結構變化、心功能下降等。防治措施包括清除自由基、減輕鈣超載、改善代謝和控制再灌注條件，如低鈉、低溫、低壓等。理解這些機制有助於製定有效治療方案，減輕缺血性損傷。
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- Outline
molecular biology
Section 1 Molecular Composition of Cells
Classification of elements in cells
Large number of elements: C H O N P S K Ca Mg, etc.
Trace elements: Fe Mn Be Zn Cu Mo
Basic elements: C H O N
Main elements: CH O N P S
The most basic element: C
Inorganic matter
inorganic substances in cells
water
Content: Water is the most abundant compound in living cells
Existence states: free water and bound water
relationship with metabolism
The greater the ratio of free water to bound water, the stronger the metabolism and poor resistance to cold, drought and stress, and vice versa.
Practical applications of the ratio of free water to bound water: (1) Storage of seeds (2) Cold resistance of flowers
Physiological effects
Bound water: a good component of cell structure
Free water: (1) Good solvent within cells (2) Participate in many biochemical reactions within cells (3) Transport nutrients and metabolic wastes (4) Maintain the tension of cells and maintain the inherent posture of the organism
Inorganic salt
Existence form: mostly exists in ionic form
Function: (1) Certain compound components Magnesium (Mg): is the element that makes up chlorophyll Iron (Fe): is the element that makes up hemoglobin Iodine (I): is the element that makes up thyroid hormones Phosphorus (P): an important component of nucleotides Plants lacking boron (P) will have flowers that are not solid.
(2) Maintain the osmotic pressure of cells, thereby maintaining the normal shape of cells (3) Maintain the acid-base balance of cells (4) Maintain various life activities of cells. For example, if the Ca ion content is too low, muscle twitching will occur, and if it is too high, muscle weakness will occur.
organic matter
organic matter in cells
carbohydrate
Elemental composition: C, H, O
type
Monosaccharide (sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed)
Glucose: the main energy substance
Fructose: mainly found in plant cells, providing energy
Galactose: in animal cells, provides energy
Ribose: component of RNA
Deoxyribose: component of DNA
disaccharide
Sucrose: plant (one molecule of glucose ➕ one molecule of fructose)
Maltose: plant (two molecules of glucose)
Lactose: animal (one molecule of glucose ➕ one molecule of galactose)
polysaccharide
Starch: energy storage substance in plants
Glycogen: energy storage substance for human and animal cells
Muscle glycogen in muscle cells Liver glycogen in liver cells
Cellulose: the main component of plant cell walls
Function
(1) Sugar is the main energy substance required for the activities of cellular life forms (2) Sugars are related to the structure of organisms. For example, deoxyribose is a component of DNA. (3) It is the basis of cell communication recognition function
Lipids
Elemental composition: mainly CHO (NP)
Types and functions
Fat
Good energy storage substance in cells; Maintain a constant body temperature; Cushioning and decompression, protecting internal organs
Phospholipids
An important component of cell membranes and organelle membranes; Main component of nerve myelin sheath
sterol
cholesterol
An important component of animal cell membranes; Participates in the transport of lipids in the blood in the human body
sex hormones
Promote the development of human and animal reproductive organs and the formation of germ cells; Stimulate and maintain secondary sexual characteristics in male and female animals
Vitamin D
Promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus in humans and animals
protein
Elemental composition: CH O N S Basic unit: amino acid Judgment criteria: At least one amino group and one carboxyl group are connected to the same carbon atom
structure
(1) Amino acid combination method: dehydration and condensation
(2) Formation of polypeptide chain
Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids The peptide chain twists and folds Protein molecules with a certain spatial structure
(3) Related protein calculation formulas
Linear chain number of peptide bonds = number of amino acids - number of peptide chains = number of molecules that remove water
Ring chain number of peptide bonds = number of amino acids = number of water molecules removed
The number of free amino or carboxyl groups containing at least = number of peptide chains The number of free amino or carboxyl groups contained = the number of peptide chains, the number of amino or carboxyl groups on the R group
Relative molecular mass of protein = number of amino acids ✖️Average relative molecular mass of amino acids (128) - number of water molecules lost ✖️18-2✖️Number of disulfide bonds
(4) Structural diversity
The types, numbers, and order of amino acids that make up protein polypeptide chains are different.
The number of polypeptide chains that make up a protein, the way it twists and folds, and the spatial structure formed are different
(5) Functional diversity
Structural diversity determines functional diversity
(6) Denaturation of proteins
Temperature Low temperature: Inhibits activity, reversible
high temperature Too acidic and too alkaline heavy metal
Denaturation: irreversible changes in spatial structure
Nucleic acids [divided into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)]
Elemental composition: CH O N P
Basic unit: nucleotide Each nucleotide = 1 molecule, 1 molecule of five-carbon sugar, 1 molecule of nitrogenous base
Bases contained in RNA: Uracil U Cytosine C Guanine G Adenine A Bases contained in DNA: Cytosine C Thymine T Guanine G Adenine A
DNA spatial structure (double helix structure)
(1) Proposed by: Watson and Crick
(2) Content: a. A double helix structure composed of two anti-parallel deoxyribonucleotide chains. b. Outside: deoxyribose and phosphate are alternately linked to form the basic skeleton c. Inner side: The bases are paired according to the principle of complementary base pairing and connected into pairs through hydrogen bonds.
(3) DNA structural characteristics, diversity, specificity, stability
(4) Main function of DNA: main genetic material