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molecular biology

The classification of elements in cells, the elemental composition and functional roles of inorganic substances (water and inorganic salts) and organic substances (sugar, protein, lipid, sterol) in cells, and calculation knowledge points of proteins and sterols are summarized into a mind map. Facilitate familiarity with key points of knowledge and enhance memory.

Edited at 2024-11-18 21:04:51

JackTyler·881

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molecular biology

JackTyler·881

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molecular biology

Section 1 Molecular Composition of Cells

Classification of elements in cells

Large number of elements: C H O N P S K Ca Mg, etc.

Trace elements: Fe Mn Be Zn Cu Mo

Basic elements: C H O N

Main elements: CH O N P S

The most basic element: C

Inorganic matter

inorganic substances in cells

water

Content: Water is the most abundant compound in living cells

Existence states: free water and bound water

relationship with metabolism

The greater the ratio of free water to bound water, the stronger the metabolism and poor resistance to cold, drought and stress, and vice versa.

Practical applications of the ratio of free water to bound water: (1) Storage of seeds (2) Cold resistance of flowers

Physiological effects

Bound water: a good component of cell structure

Free water: (1) Good solvent within cells (2) Participate in many biochemical reactions within cells (3) Transport nutrients and metabolic wastes (4) Maintain the tension of cells and maintain the inherent posture of the organism

Inorganic salt

Existence form: mostly exists in ionic form

Function: (1) Certain compound components Magnesium (Mg): is the element that makes up chlorophyll Iron (Fe): is the element that makes up hemoglobin Iodine (I): is the element that makes up thyroid hormones Phosphorus (P): an important component of nucleotides Plants lacking boron (P) will have flowers that are not solid.

(2) Maintain the osmotic pressure of cells, thereby maintaining the normal shape of cells (3) Maintain the acid-base balance of cells (4) Maintain various life activities of cells. For example, if the Ca ion content is too low, muscle twitching will occur, and if it is too high, muscle weakness will occur.

organic matter

organic matter in cells

carbohydrate

Elemental composition: C, H, O

type

Monosaccharide (sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed)

Glucose: the main energy substance

Fructose: mainly found in plant cells, providing energy

Galactose: in animal cells, provides energy

Ribose: component of RNA

Deoxyribose: component of DNA

disaccharide

Sucrose: plant (one molecule of glucose ➕ one molecule of fructose)

Maltose: plant (two molecules of glucose)

Lactose: animal (one molecule of glucose ➕ one molecule of galactose)

polysaccharide

Starch: energy storage substance in plants

Glycogen: energy storage substance for human and animal cells

Muscle glycogen in muscle cells Liver glycogen in liver cells

Cellulose: the main component of plant cell walls

Function

(1) Sugar is the main energy substance required for the activities of cellular life forms (2) Sugars are related to the structure of organisms. For example, deoxyribose is a component of DNA. (3) It is the basis of cell communication recognition function

Lipids

Elemental composition: mainly CHO (NP)

Types and functions

Fat

Good energy storage substance in cells; Maintain a constant body temperature; Cushioning and decompression, protecting internal organs

Phospholipids

An important component of cell membranes and organelle membranes; Main component of nerve myelin sheath

sterol

cholesterol

An important component of animal cell membranes; Participates in the transport of lipids in the blood in the human body

sex hormones

Promote the development of human and animal reproductive organs and the formation of germ cells; Stimulate and maintain secondary sexual characteristics in male and female animals

Vitamin D

Promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus in humans and animals

protein

Elemental composition: CH O N S Basic unit: amino acid Judgment criteria: At least one amino group and one carboxyl group are connected to the same carbon atom

structure

(1) Amino acid combination method: dehydration and condensation

(2) Formation of polypeptide chain

Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids The peptide chain twists and folds Protein molecules with a certain spatial structure

(3) Related protein calculation formulas

Linear chain number of peptide bonds = number of amino acids - number of peptide chains = number of molecules that remove water

Ring chain number of peptide bonds = number of amino acids = number of water molecules removed

The number of free amino or carboxyl groups containing at least = number of peptide chains The number of free amino or carboxyl groups contained = the number of peptide chains, the number of amino or carboxyl groups on the R group

Relative molecular mass of protein = number of amino acids ✖️Average relative molecular mass of amino acids (128) - number of water molecules lost ✖️18-2✖️Number of disulfide bonds

(4) Structural diversity

The types, numbers, and order of amino acids that make up protein polypeptide chains are different.

The number of polypeptide chains that make up a protein, the way it twists and folds, and the spatial structure formed are different

(5) Functional diversity

Structural diversity determines functional diversity

(6) Denaturation of proteins

Temperature Low temperature: Inhibits activity, reversible

high temperature Too acidic and too alkaline heavy metal

Denaturation: irreversible changes in spatial structure

Nucleic acids [divided into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)]

Elemental composition: CH O N P

Basic unit: nucleotide Each nucleotide = 1 molecule, 1 molecule of five-carbon sugar, 1 molecule of nitrogenous base

Bases contained in RNA: Uracil U Cytosine C Guanine G Adenine A Bases contained in DNA: Cytosine C Thymine T Guanine G Adenine A

DNA spatial structure (double helix structure)

(1) Proposed by: Watson and Crick

(2) Content: a. A double helix structure composed of two anti-parallel deoxyribonucleotide chains. b. Outside: deoxyribose and phosphate are alternately linked to form the basic skeleton c. Inner side: The bases are paired according to the principle of complementary base pairing and connected into pairs through hydrogen bonds.

(3) DNA structural characteristics, diversity, specificity, stability

(4) Main function of DNA: main genetic material