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urinary system

This is a mind map about the urinary system. The urinary system is one of the important physiological systems of the human body. It is mainly responsible for excreting various substances that are not used by the body or are harmful during the metabolic process of the body. Below is a detailed overview of the urinary system.

Edited at 2024-11-14 18:37:33

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urinary system

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Urinary System
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urinary system

kidney

Function: Excrete metabolic waste, Regulate water and osmotic pressure, Regulate electrolyte concentration and acid-base balance, Endocrine function: secretion of renin, prostaglandins, kinins

The shape of the kidney: upper and lower ends, front and back sides, inner and outer edges

There is a depression in the middle of the medial edge, called the renal hilum, where the renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and exit. The tissues entering and exiting the renal hilum are wrapped together by connective tissue, called the renal pedicle From top to bottom: renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis From front to back: renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis

The depression from the renal hilum deep into the renal parenchyma is called the renal sinus

structure of kidney

The renal parenchyma is divided into the superficial renal cortex and the deep renal medulla.

The renal cortex, located superficially and extending into the renal medulla, is called the renal column.

renal medulla

There are many small holes at the top of the renal papilla, called papillary pores. The final urine produced by the kidney flows into the renal calyces through the papillary pores. 2-3 small renal calyces merge into one large renal calyce, multiple large renal calyces merge into the renal pelvis, and the renal pelvis gradually becomes thinner and moves into the ureter.

Location and adjacency of kidneys

Location: The kidneys are located on both sides of the spine, close to the posterior abdominal wall behind, and are extraperitoneal organs. Affected by the liver, the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney. The upper end of the left kidney is flat against the lower edge of the 11th thoracic vertebra, and the lower end is flat against the lower edge of the second lumbar vertebra. The upper end of the right kidney is flat against the upper edge of the 12th thoracic vertebra, and the lower end is flat against the upper edge of the third lumbar vertebra. The 12th rib crosses the middle part behind the left kidney and the upper part behind the right kidney.

The renal hilum is approximately at the level of the first lumbar vertebra, at the angle between the lateral edge of the erector spinae muscle and the 12th rib, which is the renal area. People with kidney disease often experience pain when tapping or pressing the area.

Adjacent: The upper ends of the two kidneys are attached to the adrenal glands, and the back is adjacent to the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis muscles.

Anteriorly★The anterior and upper part of the left kidney is adjacent to the back of the fundus of the stomach, the middle and medial edges are adjacent to the pancreatic and splenic vessels, and the lower part is adjacent to the jejunum and the left curve of the colon. ★The anterior upper part of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver, the lower part is adjacent to the right flexure of the colon, and the medial edge is adjacent to the descending part of the duodenum

capsule of kidney

From the inside to the outside, they are the fibrous sac, fat sac, and renal fascia.

The fat sac is clinically called the renal bed.

The renal fascia emits many small bundles of connective tissue from the deep surface, which are connected with the fibrous capsule and stabilize the kidney.

Anatomical basis of nephroptosis: extreme weight loss or tumor cachexia, Causes perirenal fat to decrease, causing the kidney to move downward and fall into the iliac area, forming nephroptosis or migrating kidney

ureter

Located behind the peritoneum, it is a pair of slender muscular ducts

Inside the ureteral wall: the ureteral orifice opens into the inner surface of the bladder base, When the bladder is full, the intravesical pressure increases and the inside of the ureteral wall is compressed and closed. Prevents urine from flowing backward from the bladder into the ureter

★★Stricture of the ureter: the first one is located at the transition point between the renal pelvis and the ureter The second site is located at the upper orifice of the pelvis, where the ureter crosses the iliac blood vessels. The third point is located where the ureter penetrates the bladder wall obliquely, that is, inside the wall of the ureter

Three stenoses, which are often clinically the sites where stones are prone to stay.

Female right lower abdomen, The appendix, ovaries and fallopian tubes are located close together, When pain occurs, pay attention to the identification of appendicitis, uterine adnexitis, and ureteral stones.

Four crossing structures: testicular artery (anterior to A, posterior to ureter), Iliac vessels (anterior and posterior), obturator artery (internal and external obturator), Vas deferens (superior vas deferens, inferior ureters).

bladder

The bladder is a muscular sac-like organ that stores urine. Generally, the total volume of a normal adult bladder is 350~500ml, and the maximum capacity can reach 800ml.

Shape of the bladder: When the bladder is empty, it is in the shape of a triangular pyramid. The lowest part of the bladder is called the bladder neck. When the bladder is full, it becomes slightly oval.

The inner structure of the bladder: The triangular area between the ureteral orifice and the internal urethral orifice on both sides of the bladder bottom is called the bladder trigone. The mucosa here is always smooth and wrinkle-free, and is a common site for clinical tumors, inflammation and tuberculosis.

Location and adjacency of bladder

Position: When full, the apex of the bladder is higher than the pubic symphysis, and the peritoneal reflection line between the bladder and the anterior abdominal wall moves upward. When the bladder is full, cystocentesis can be performed without passing through the peritoneal cavity, thus avoiding contamination of the peritoneal cavity.

Adjacent: Behind the bladder, adjacent to the seminal vesicles, ampulla of the vas deferens, and rectum in males. The female is adjacent to the uterus and vagina, and the female is connected to the urogenital diaphragm.

urethra

The female urethra is shorter, straighter and wider than the male urethra, so retrograde urinary tract infection is more common in women.