(1) Classification of metal materials

(2) Properties of metal materials

(1) Classification

(2) Steel products commonly used in mechanical and electrical engineering

Non-ferrous metals refer to all metals and their alloys except iron, manganese and chromium, which are usually divided into light metals, heavy metals, precious metals, semi-metals, rare metals and rare earth metals. The strength and hardness of nonferrous alloys are generally higher than those of pure metals, and their resistance is greater and their temperature coefficient of resistance is smaller.

(1) Aluminum and aluminum alloys

(2) Other nonferrous metals

(3) Precious metals

(1) Polymer materials

(2) Inorganic non-metallic materials

Non-metallic air duct/applicable scope non-applicable scope

Plastic and composite water pipes/characteristics and scope of use

Plastic and composite water pipes/characteristics and scope of use

Plastic and composite water pipes/characteristics and scope of use

Adhesive

New polymer materials/features

Classification and performance parameters of pumps, fans and compressors

High-voltage electrical appliances refer to electrical appliances with an AC voltage of 1000V and a DC voltage of 1500V or above.

Low -voltage electrical appliances refer to electrical appliances with AC voltage 1000V and DC voltage 1500V and below. Performance of high -voltage, low -voltage electrical appliances and complete sets: cross, protection, control, adjustment

(1) Level measurement

(2) Baseline measurement

(1) Engineering survey procedures

(2) Height control measurement

1. Basic marking and elevation measurement

2. Embedding of central mark and reference point

(2) Measurement of continuous production equipment installation

(3) Measurement of pipeline engineering

(4) Measurement of foundation construction of steel towers (towers) for long-distance transmission lines

(1) Electromagnetic wave range finder

(2) Laser measuring instruments

(3) Global Positioning System (GPS)

(1) Hoisting machinery

(2) Classification of spreaders

(3) Slings, lifting lugs, and shackles

(1) Requirements for the use of light and small lifting equipment

(2) Requirements for the use of mobile cranes

(3) Requirements for the use of mast cranes

(4) Requirements for the use of cranes for overall lifting of heavy-duty structures and equipment

(1) Beam -type piano product logo and factory documents

(2) Requirements for the use of slings, lifting lugs and shackles

(1) Hoisting process methods and applications

(3) Overall installation technology for large equipment (overall lifting and hoisting technology)

(2) Hoisting plan management

(1) Basic parameters of mobile crane

(2) Characteristic curve of mobile crane

(3) Selection steps for mobile cranes

(1) Welding preparation

(2) Welding method

(3) Welding parameters

(4) Operational requirements

(1) Specification requirements

(2) Selection of welding process qualification standards

(3) Steps and procedures for welding process qualification

(4) Welding procedure qualification rules

1. Pressure pipeline

2.Steel structure

(2) Equipment unpacking and inspection

(3) Basic measurement and setting out

(4) Basic inspection and acceptance

(5) Horn settings

(7) Equipment installation and adjustment

(8) Equipment fixation and grouting

(9) Parts cleaning and assembly

(10) Lubrication and equipment refueling

(11) Equipment trial operation

(12) Project acceptance

(1) General construction procedures for electrical installation projects

(2) Construction procedures for electrical equipment

(1) Installation requirements for electrical equipment

(2) Handover test content and precautions

(3) Electrical equipment power-on inspection and adjustment test

(4) Trial operation conditions and safety requirements of the power supply system

(1) Construction process of pole lines

(2) Composition and material requirements of pole lines

(3) Construction of pole foundation pit and pole assembly

(4) Cross arm installation

(7) Wire erection

(8) Electric power overhead line test

(9) Connection between overhead lines and 10/0.4kV substation

(10) Construction requirements for temporary power overhead lines on site

(1) Construction requirements for cable duct laying

(2) Requirements for cable bracket production and installation and bridge installation

(3) Requirements for direct buried cable laying

(4) Requirements for cable laying in cable trays, trenches, mezzanines or tunnels

(5) Requirements for cable (body) laying

(6) General requirements for the production of cable terminals and cable joints

(7) Fire prevention and flame retardant measures for cables

(8) Precautions for power cable laying line construction

(1) Requirements for busbar installation

(2) Requirements for closed busbar installation

(1) Classification according to material properties

2. Types of special equipment

Industrial pipelines consist of pipeline components and pipeline supports.

(1) The conditions that should be available before the construction of the pipeline

(2) Inspection of pipeline components and materials

(3) Pipe processing

(4) Pipeline installation

(1) Pressure test

(2) Leakage test

(1) General provisions

(2) Key points for water flushing implementation

(3) Key points for air purging implementation

(4) Key points for steam purging implementation

(5) Key points for oil cleaning implementation

(1) Boiler

Go to (P363)

Go to (P366)

(2) The structure and function of the steam drum, steam-water separator and water storage tank

(3) The structure and function of the water-cooled wall

(1) Boiler system installation and construction procedures

(2) Key technical points for industrial boiler installation

(3) Technical points for installation of main equipment of power station boilers

(4) Key points for quality control of power station boiler installation

(1) Oven

(2) Stove and chemical cleaning

(3) Flushing and purging of steam pipelines

(4) Boiler trial operation

(2) Installation technical requirements for industrial small steam turbines

(3) Technical requirements for installation of steam turbines in power stations

(1) Generator installation procedures

(2) Key points of installation technology

(1) Classification and composition of solar power generation equipment

(2) Classification and composition of wind power equipment

1. Installation procedures for solar power generation equipment

2. Installation procedures for photothermal power generation equipment

Go to (P363) 2H331031 Legal scope of special equipment

Go to (P367) 2H331032 Regulations on the manufacture, installation, modification and maintenance of special equipment

(1) Classification and application

(2) Production and installation technology

(1) Classification

(2) Production and installation technology

(1) Requirements for welding test pieces of pressure vessel products

(2) Inspection of three-layer lap welds of large storage tank bottom plates

(3) Water filling test of storage tank

(4) Geometric dimension inspection requirements

(2) Steel component manufacturing procedures and requirements

(1) General procedures for metal structure installation

(3) Steel structure fastening connection requirements

(4) Steel component assembly and steel structure installation requirements

(3) Construction site preparation

(4) Preparation of construction machinery and standard instruments

(5) Inspection and storage of instrument equipment and materials

(1) Surface treatment

(2) Painting

(3) Lining

(4) Anti-corrosion engineering construction safety technology

(1) Thickness and width

(2) Seams

(3) Attachments

(4) Construction by bundling method

(1) General requirements

(3) Glass fiber cloth composite clay coating structure

(4) Polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride membrane structure

(1) Technical requirements for metal protective layer construction

(2) Technical requirements for construction of non-metallic protective layers

(1) Classification according to chemical properties

(6) Types and properties of other refractory materials

(2) Water supply pipeline construction procedures

(3) Drainage pipeline engineering construction procedures

2. Materials and equipment management

4. Cooperate with civil engineering to reserve and bury

5. Pipe bracket production and installation

7.Pipeline installation

8. Appliance/Equipment Installation

9.Pipeline system testing

10. Pipeline anti-corrosion and insulation

11. Pipeline system cleaning and trial operation

1. Division of construction electrical engineering divisions and sub-projects

2. Construction procedures of building electrical engineering

1. Technical requirements for installation and construction of transformers and box-type substations

2. Technical requirements for installation and construction of switch cabinets and distribution cabinets

1. Technical requirements for the installation of bus ducts

2. Technical requirements for construction of ladder frames, pallets and trough boxes

3. Technical requirements for conduit construction

4. Technical requirements for cable construction

5. Technical requirements for wiring in conduits and wiring in slots

6. Technical requirements for plastic sheathed wire wiring

1. Technical requirements for installation of power distribution cabinets and control cabinets (boxes, tables)

2. Technical requirements for motor inspection, wiring and air load trial operation

1. Technical requirements for installation of lighting distribution boxes

2. Technical requirements for lighting installation

3. Technical requirements for switch installation

4. Technical requirements for socket installation

1. Construction technical requirements for air terminals

2. Construction technical requirements for lightning protection down conductors

(1) Construction technical requirements for grounding bodies

(2) Construction technical requirements for grounding wires

(3) Technical requirements for equipotential bonding construction

(1) Classification of air ducts

(2) Construction technical requirements for air duct production

(3) Key points for installation of air duct system

(4) Inspection and testing of air ducts

(2) Technical requirements for clean air conditioning systems

(1) Construction procedures of intelligent building projects

(2) Construction content and requirements for construction intelligent projects

1. Installation requirements for computer room equipment

2. Installation requirements for satellite antennas and cable television equipment

3. Installation requirements for loudspeakers in broadcasting systems

4. Telephone switching equipment installation requirements

5. Installation requirements for building intelligent monitoring equipment

6. Installation of automatic fire alarm system equipment

7. Security system equipment installation requirements

1. Satellite antenna and cable TV equipment debugging and testing

2. Debugging and testing of broadcast system speakers

3. Building equipment monitoring system Equipment debugging and testing

4. Debugging and testing requirements for automatic fire alarm equipment

5. Safety technology prevention system debugging and testing requirements

6. Conference system detection

1. Construction procedures of water fire extinguishing system

2. Fire protection projects can be divided into three types of fire protection acceptance forms according to construction procedures.

1. Classification of elevators

2.Elevator composition

3. Main technical parameters of the elevator

1. Escalator classification

2. Composition of escalators

3. Main parameters of escalators

1. Construction procedures for electric-driven traction or forced elevators

2. Hydraulic elevator construction procedures

3. Construction procedures for escalators and moving walkways

1. Procedures and construction management that should be performed before elevator installation

2. Requirements for elevator technical data

1. Equipment entry acceptance

2. Civil Construction Transfer Inspection Inspection

3. Complete machine installation and acceptance

(2) Relevant requirements of the "Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations"

(3) Elevator

Measuring instruments are divided into three categories: A, B, and C based on their performance, location of use, nature of use, and frequency of use.

(1) Class A measuring instruments

(2) Class B measuring instruments

(3) Class C measuring instruments

(1) Requirements for the use of measuring instruments at construction sites

(2) Storage, maintenance and maintenance system of measuring instruments at construction sites

Applications for new installation of electricity, temporary electricity use, increase of electricity capacity, change of electricity use and termination of electricity use shall be handled in accordance with the prescribed procedures.

(1) Electricity regulations for new installations, capacity additions and changes

(2) Regulations for users to handle electricity use procedures

(2) Safety management of temporary electricity use

(1) Protection scope of electric power facilities and operating permission regulations within the protection zone

(2) Requirements for construction operations in or near power facility protection zones

Boilers, pressure vessels, pressure pipes, lifting machinery

Qualifications for boilers, pressure vessels, hoisting machinery, elevators, and pressure pipelines

(1) Conditions that special equipment manufacturing, installation, transformation and repair units should meet

(2) Notice of installation, modification and repair of special equipment

(3) Special equipment leaves the factory (completion)

Inspection batch is the smallest unit of project acceptance.

1. Dust control

2.Noise and vibration control

3. Light pollution control

4. Water pollution control

5.Soil protection

6. Construction waste control

7. Underground facilities, cultural relics and resource protection

1.Fan

3.Pump

Mechanical properties: strength, plasticity, hardness, impact toughness, multiple impact resistance and fatigue limit, etc.

Physical properties: density (specific gravity), melting point, thermal expansion, magnetism, electrical properties, etc.

Chemical properties: corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and the impact of compounds formed between different metals and between metals and non-metals on mechanical properties, etc.

Ordinary quality non-alloy steel mainly includes: general-purpose carbon structural steel, carbon reinforced steel, general carbon steel for railways, etc.

High-quality non-alloy steel mainly includes: high-quality carbon steel for mechanical structures, carbon steel for engineering structures, low-carbon structural steel for stamping thin plates, carbon steel for welding rods, non-alloy free-cutting structural steel, high-quality cast carbon steel, etc.

Special quality non-alloy steel mainly includes: carbon steel with guaranteed hardenability, special carbon steel for railways, special carbon steel for aviation and weapons, carbon steel for nuclear energy, steel for special welding rods, carbon spring steel, carbon tool steel and special Free cutting steel, etc.

(1) Grade representation method: consisting of the yield strength letter Q, the yield strength value (unit: MPa), the quality grade symbol (A, B, C, D, the quality increases in order), the deoxidation method symbol (F- - boiling steel, Z -Killed steel, TZ (a special killed steel) consists of four parts in sequence. (3) Application: Mainly used for general engineering structures and ordinary mechanical parts. Carbon structural steel is usually hot-rolled into various profiles (such as round steel, square steel, I-beam, etc.) and is generally used directly without heat treatment.

08 Steel: Low carbon mass fraction, good plasticity, low strength, rolled into thin plates mainly used for cold stamping parts, such as home appliances, automobiles and instrument casings

20 Steel: Good cold plastic deformation and weldability, can be used for parts with low strength requirements and carburized parts, such as hoods, welding containers, small shafts, nuts, washers and carburized gears, etc.

45 steel: Good comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained after quenching and tempering. Medium carbon steel is mainly used for mechanical parts with greater stress, such as gears, connecting rods, shafts, etc.

65 (65Mn) steel: Steel has high strength and can be used to manufacture various springs, motorcycle rims, low-speed wheels, etc.

Boiler steel mainly refers to the materials used to manufacture boiler superheaters, main steam pipes and boiler heating surfaces. The performance requirements for boiler steel are mainly good welding performance, certain high temperature strength and resistance to alkaline corrosion and oxidation. Commonly used boiler steels include low-carbon killed steel smelted by open-hearth furnaces or low-carbon steel smelted by electric furnaces, with carbon content WC in the range of 0.16% to 0.26%. When manufacturing high-pressure boilers, pearlitic heat-resistant steel or austenitic heat-resistant steel is used. In recent years, ordinary low alloy steel has also been used to build boilers, such as 12 manganese, 15

(1) Stainless acid-resistant steel is referred to as stainless steel. It is composed of two parts: stainless steel and acid-resistant steel. In short, steel that can resist atmospheric corrosion is called stainless steel, while steel that can resist corrosion by chemical media (such as acids) is called acid-resistant steel. Generally speaking, steel with a chromium content Wcr greater than 12% has the characteristics of stainless steel. (2) Stainless steel can be divided into five categories according to its microstructure after heat treatment: ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel, austenitic-ferritic stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steel.

(2) Heat-resistant steel can be divided into austenitic heat-resistant steel, martensite heat-resistant steel, ferritic heat-resistant steel and pearlitic heat-resistant steel according to its normalized structure. Heat-resistant steel and stainless acid-resistant steel overlap with each other in terms of use. Some stainless steels have the characteristics of heat-resistant steel and can be used as stainless acid-resistant steel or heat-resistant steel.

1.Plastic

2.Rubber

3.Polymer coating

6. Functional polymer materials

1. Ordinary (traditional) inorganic non-metallic materials

2. Special (new) inorganic non-metallic materials

Air conditioning system below medium pressure

Low and medium voltage air conditioning systems and humid environments

Low, medium and high pressure clean air conditioning systems and humid environments

Clean room exhaust system containing acid and alkali

The inner wall is smooth and has low resistance, no scaling, non-toxic, non-polluting and corrosion-resistant. The operating temperature is not greater than 40℃, so it is a cold water pipe. It has good anti-aging properties and is flame retardant, and can be installed with a rubber ring flexible interface. Mainly used for water supply pipes (non-drinking water), drainage pipes, and rainwater pipes.

It has high mechanical strength at high temperatures and is suitable for situations under pressure. Mainly used in hot and cold water pipes, fire water pipe systems, and industrial piping systems.

Non-toxic, harmless, non-rusting, non-corrosive, highly resistant to acid and chloride. It is suitable for direct burial and concealed application in walls and floor surfaces, as the water flow resistance is small. Mainly used in drinking water pipes, hot and cold water pipes.

It has high strength, good toughness and is non-toxic. Used in drinking water, hot and cold water pipes. Especially suitable for thin-walled and small-diameter pressure pipes.

Non-toxic, hygienic and transparent. Coils primarily used in radiant floor heating systems.

Safe and non-toxic, corrosion-resistant, non-scaling, large flow, small resistance, long life, good flexibility, no rebound after bending, simple installation. Applied to drinking water, cold and hot water pipes.

Non-toxic, antibacterial and hygienic, non-corrosive, non-scaling, good water quality, large flow, high strength, high rigidity, heat-resistant, anti-freeze, durable, wide temperature range for long-term use (-70~100℃), better insulation than copper pipes Good performance. Mainly used as industrial and domestic drinking water, cold and hot water transportation pipelines.

Aggregation

Hot melt type

Pressurized type

water soluble type

Able to absorb and convert light, or transmit and store it.

A semi-permeable filter membrane made of polymer materials. Its typical feature is selective permeability. This material has made important contributions to environmental protection work, etc., and has high separation efficiency and good use conditions.

This material combines the characteristics of multiple materials, and its advantages are very obvious. For example, composite materials can have multiple advantages such as high temperature resistance and high strength at the same time.

It refers to a composite form of magnetic materials and polymer materials, and is also a type of polymer composite material.

name

aluminum stranded wire

Steel core aluminum stranded wire

copper stranded wire

name

Rubber copper (aluminum) core wire

Rubber copper core cord

PVC copper (aluminum) core wire

PVC copper core flexible wire

PVC insulated and sheathed copper (aluminum) core wire

PVC parallel copper core flexible wire

PVC twisted copper core soft wire

PVC copper core flexible wire

PVC insulated and sheathed copper core flexible wire

model

VV/VLV

YJV

YJV22

YJV32

YJV42

YJY

YJFE

For example, YJV22-0.6/1-3x95 1x50 means cross-linked polyethylene insulated PVC sheathed steel tape armored copper core power cable, rated voltage 0.6/1kV, 3

For example, YIY-26/35-3x240 means cross-linked polyethylene insulated polyethylene sheathed copper core power cable, rated voltage 26/35kV, 3 cores 240mm².

According to the different flame retardant materials of the cable, flame retardant cables are divided into halogen-containing flame retardant cables and halogen-free low-smoke flame retardant cables. Halogen-free low-smoke cables are made of rubber materials that do not contain halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At), lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury and other substances. They produce less smoke and dust when burned and are not It emits toxic fumes and is less corrosive when burned, so it does little harm to the environment. Flame-retardant cables are divided into three categories: A, B, and C, with category A being the highest. Halogen-free and low-smoke polyolefin materials mainly use hydroxide as a flame retardant. Hydroxide is also called an alkali, and its characteristic is that it easily absorbs moisture in the air (deliquescence). The result of deliquescence is that the volume resistivity of the insulation layer drops significantly.

When fire-resistant cables are used in cable tunnels and cable mezzanines with dense cables, or in flammable places such as oil pipelines and oil depots, Class A fire-resistant cables should be selected first. Except for the above situations and when the number of cable configurations is small, Class B fire-resistant cables can be used. Fire-resistant cables are mostly used as power supply circuits for emergency power supplies and are required to function normally in case of fire. Since the ambient temperature rises sharply during a fire, in order to ensure the transmission capacity of the line and reduce the voltage drop, for circuits with long power supply lines and strictly limited allowable voltage drops, the cross-section of the fire-resistant cable should be enlarged by at least one level. Fire-resistant cables cannot be used as high-temperature resistant cables. In order to reduce the probability of cable joint failure in a fire accident, the number of joints should be minimized during installation to ensure that the line can work normally in a fire. If branch wiring is required, fireproofing should be done at the joints.

model

BTTQ

BTTZ

For example, BTTQ-3x4, means lightweight copper sheathed magnesium oxide insulated copper core cable, 3 cores, 4mm².

For example, BTTZ-5x1x25, means heavy-duty copper sheathed magnesium oxide insulated copper core power cable, 5 single cores 25mm²

Applicable places

Laying indoors, cable trenches and other places requiring shielding

Layed in cable trenches, direct burials and other places that can withstand large mechanical external forces

Installed indoors in places requiring mobility

Classification

According to insulation method

According to conductive materials

According to fire protection ability

scope

Vertical power transmission and distribution in high-rise buildings

emergency power supply

Large capacity bus duct

The first digit indicates the range of the device's resistance to dust, or the degree to which people are protected from harm in a sealed environment. It represents the level of protection against the entry of solid foreign objects. The highest level is 6;

The second digit indicates how waterproof the device is, representing the level of protection against water intrusion, with the highest level being 8.

Air, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Transformer oil, circuit breaker oil, capacitor oil, cable oil, etc.

Insulating paint, glue and deposited powder; insulating fiber products such as paper and cardboard; insulating impregnated fiber products such as varnish cloth, paint tubes and strapping tapes; insulating mica products; films, composite products and adhesive tapes for electrical purposes; laminate products for electrical purposes; Electrical plastics and rubber, etc.

There are mica, asbestos, marble, porcelain, glass and sulfur, etc. Mainly used as motor and electrical insulation, switch bottom plate and insulator.

There are mineral oil, shellac, resin, rubber, cotton yarn, paper, linen, silk and rayon, etc. It is mostly used in the manufacture of insulating paint, coating insulation for windings and wires, etc.

Various molded insulation materials made from processed inorganic insulation materials and organic insulation materials. Mainly used as the base and shell of electrical appliances.

According to working principle and structural form

Press to send media points

According to inhalation method

Number of impellers

Commonly used fans

Classified according to the direction of gas flow inside the rotating impeller

According to structural form

Different points according to exhaust pressure

Commonly used compressors

Different parts of compressed gas

According to compressed gas mode

Press and compress times minutes

According to the arrangement of the cylinder

Press exhaust final pressure

pump

fan

Compressor

Conventional island equipment includes: steam turbine, generator, condenser, steam-water separation reheater, feed water heater, deaerator, valves, water pumps, power transmission and transformation equipment, lifting equipment, and high-voltage motors.

According to installation site

According to driving mode

Independent photovoltaic power generation system, grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system, distributed photovoltaic power generation system

Mirror field equipment (including reflectors and tracking equipment), heat collecting towers (heat absorption towers), thermal storage equipment, heat exchange equipment and conventional island equipment for power generation.

reaction equipment

Heat exchange equipment

Separation equipment

storage device

electric motor

DC motor, AC motor

Synchronous motor, asynchronous motor, DC motor

Driving motors, control motors

Squirrel cage induction motor, wound induction motor

Performance

The speed is constant and the power factor is adjustable.

Disadvantages: Complex structure and relatively expensive price.

It has large starting torque and good starting and braking performance, and can achieve smooth speed regulation in a wide range.

Disadvantages: Complex structure and high price.

The most widely used electric motor. It has simple structure, easy manufacturing, low price, reliable operation, easy maintenance, strong and durable.

Compared with synchronous motors, its power factor is not high.

Compared with DC motors, its starting performance and speed regulation performance are poor.

Step-up transformer and step-down transformer

Natural air cooling, forced oil circulation air cooling, forced oil circulation water cooling, forced guide oil circulation cooling

Oil-immersed, dry, and gas-filled transformers

Single-phase transformer, three-phase transformer

Double winding, three winding and autotransformer

Power transformer, electric furnace transformer, rectifier transformer, welding transformer, marine transformer, measuring transformer

Height difference method: A method that uses a level and a leveling rod to measure the height difference between the point to be measured and the known point, and then calculates the height of the point to be determined.

Height method: Using a level and a leveling rod, you only need to calculate the elevation of the level once, and you can easily measure the elevation of several forward sight points.

For example: when an instrument is installed once and the elevation of several forward sight points needs to be measured at the same time, it is more convenient to use the instrument height method. Therefore, the instrument height method is widely used in engineering surveying.

① Horizontal angle measurement ② Vertical angle measurement

1. Setting of installation baseline

2. Setting of installation elevation reference point

3. Setting of settlement observation points

For example, for a datum point embedded in a foundation, the first observation begins after embedding, and subsequent observations are performed continuously during the installation of the equipment.

(1) The elevation system of the survey area should adopt the national elevation datum. When measuring in areas with existing elevation control networks, the original elevation system can be used. When there are difficulties in joint measurement in small survey areas, the assumed elevation system can also be used.

(2) Elevation measurement method: ①Leveling method ②Electromagnetic wave ranging trigonometric height measurement method

(3) Elevation control measurement grade classification: second, third, fourth, fifth and so on. Each level can be used as the first level elevation control of the survey area if necessary.

(1) Main technical requirements for leveling method:

(2) During the equipment installation process, attention should be paid when measuring: it is best to use a level point as the starting point for calculating the elevation. When the factory building is larger, additional leveling points can be added, but the observation accuracy should be improved.

The stand-alone equipment should be measured according to the main column base center line of the building structure and the coordinate position provided by the design. Draw out the centerline of the equipment foundation, and fix the vertical and horizontal centerlines on the center mark plate or draw them on the foundation with an ink line as the installation reference centerline.

Specific process: omitted

The installation unit accepts the elevation datum point handed over by the civil engineering department, and guides the elevation datum point to a place near the equipment foundation that is convenient for measurement. It will be used as the datum point for elevation measurement during the next step of equipment installation and the elevation datum point will be buried.

1) Measuring equipment used for line measurement must be verified or calibrated and must be within the validity period. Calibrate equipment before use. When measuring and setting out, try to use the same equipment and the same person for measurement.

2) The allowable deviation of the plane position and elevation of the surface, line or point of the mechanical equipment positioning datum and the installation datum line. For a single piece of equipment, the allowable deviation of the plane position is ±10mm and the elevation deviation is 20~-10mm.

3) The centerline of the equipment foundation must be re-measured, and the error between the two measurements should not be greater than 5mm.

4) For important equipment foundations with a central mark embedded in them, the center line should be measured from the center mark, and the deviation of the same central mark should not exceed ±1mm. The vertical and horizontal center lines should be checked for orthogonality and the horizontal center lines should be adjusted. The parallel deviation of the reference center line of the same equipment or the straightness of the center line of the same production system should be within ±1mm.

5) Temporary elevation control points should be established for each group of equipment foundations. For the accuracy of elevation control points, for general equipment foundations, the elevation deviation should be within ±2mm; for equipment foundations related to transmission devices, the elevation deviation of two adjacent elevation control points should be within ±1mm.

The center mark plate is two pieces of steel of a certain length embedded on the center line of the foundation surface at both ends of the equipment, and marked with a center line point, which is used as a calibration point for correcting the position of the equipment when installing and setting out.

Bury solid metal parts (usually with 50~60mm long rivets) on the basis of the equipment, and measure its elevation according to the standard zero point of the factory building as the basis for measuring the elevation when installing the equipment, which is called the datum point. Since the original datum points in the factory building are often blocked by previously installed equipment, when the equipment is subsequently installed for elevation measurement, reusing the original datum points in the factory building is not as accurate and convenient as the newly buried datum points. Commonly used reference points are shown in Figure 2H312011-5. It is to weld a steel plate about 50mm square to the rod end of a rivet with a diameter of #19~25mm and a length of about 50~60mm, or weld a U-shaped steel bar on the rivet rod. When burying, first dig a small pit at the predetermined location and then pour it with cement mortar to fix it. The small pit where the reference point is buried should have a small upper opening and a large lower opening. The part of the reference point exposed on the top surface of the foundation should not be too high (about 10~14mm) The center mark and the datum point can be buried in conjunction with the civil construction when pouring the foundation concrete, or the holes for the center mark and the datum point can be reserved in the foundation and buried after the foundation maintenance period expires, but the size of the reserved holes must be appropriate. , and the bottom should be large and the top small, and the position should be appropriate.

The task of pipeline centerline measurement is to measure and mark the designed pipeline centerline position on the ground. Its main work content is to measure and set the main points of the pipeline (starting point, end point and turning point), calibrate mileage piles and add piles, etc.

(1) Measurement and design of main points of pipelines

(2) Mileage piles and additional piles

The content of the longitudinal section measurement of the pipeline is to draw a longitudinal section diagram based on the pile point elevation and pile number measured from the center line of the pipeline. The longitudinal section view reflects the undulations of the ground and the steep and gentle slope along the center line of the pipeline, and is the basis for calculating the design pipeline burial depth, slope and earthwork volume.

Cross-sectional measurement is to measure the horizontal distance and height difference from the terrain change points within a certain range on both sides of the center line to the pipeline center line. The mileage pile or added pile on the center line is the origin of the coordinates, the horizontal distance is the abscissa, and the height difference is the ordinate. , draw a cross-sectional view at a scale of 1:100.

The main task of pipeline engineering construction measurement is to set various signs for construction measurement according to the requirements of the design drawings, so that construction technicians can easily grasp the center line direction and elevation position at any time.

Pipeline construction is generally carried out below the ground, and there are many types of pipelines, such as water supply pipelines, drainage pipelines, natural gas pipelines, oil pipelines, etc. In urban construction, especially in urban industrial areas, pipelines are interspersed up and down and criss-crossed to form a pipeline network. If there is a slight error in the pipeline construction measurement, it will cause the pipelines to interfere with each other and cause difficulties in construction. Therefore, the role of construction measurement in pipeline construction Especially prominent.

(1) Preparation for pipeline engineering construction measurement

(2) Underground pipeline laying out and measurement

(3) Underground pipeline construction measurement

Application

Observation of building deformation.

Observation of building deformation. Vertical positioning during construction and subsequent tilt observation. Alignment and measurement of equipment concentricity.

Set the line, position, measure and set the known angle.

Ordinary level alignment guide.

Level control, mold support, pouring and leveling work.

(1) Light and small lifting equipment: Light and small lifting equipment can be divided into four categories: jacks, pulleys, lifting hoists, and winches.

(2) Cranes can be divided into three categories: bridge type cranes, jib type cranes and cable type cranes.

Classification

According to the connection method with the lifting machinery

Divide according to the way of taking things

Wire rope loops can be divided into wire rope loops and cable loops according to their structural forms. Braided slings are divided into flat slings and round slings according to their structural forms.

The structural form of the lifting lugs should be determined according to the characteristics of the equipment and the lifting process. Lid type, tube shaft type and plate type are often used.

The shackle is an assembly composed of two easily detachable parts, the buckle body and the pin. The two commonly used forms are D-shaped shackles and bow-shaped shackles.

(1) The jack must be placed on a stable, flat and strong foundation. Wooden boards or steel plates should usually be placed under the seat to increase the pressure-bearing area and prevent the jack from sinking or tilting.

(2) Thin wooden boards, aluminum plates and other soft materials can be placed between the jack head and the object being pushed, so that the head is in full contact with the object being pushed to increase friction and prevent the jack from slipping after being stressed.

(3) When using a jack, a safety pad should be set next to it, and the height of the safety pad should be adjusted in time as the workpiece rises and falls.

(4) When several jacks are used at the same time, synchronization should be maintained during operation so that the load borne by each jack is less than 80% of its rated load.

(5) The jack should work within the allowed jacking height and must not push out the red warning line, otherwise the jacking operation should be stopped.

(6) When using a jack, the force should pass through its pressure-bearing center.

(1) When a multi-wheel pulley uses only part of its pulleys, the lifting capacity of the pulley should be reduced in proportion to the number of wheels used and the total number of wheels of the pulley.

(2) The minimum distance between the moving and fixed (static) pulleys of the pulley group shall not be less than 1.5m; the deflection angle of the running rope entering the pulley shall not be greater than 5°.

(3) The methods for threading the pulley group around the running rope include straight threading, flower threading, and double-tap threading. When the number of pulleys exceeds 5, the running rope should adopt double tap method. If the flower threading method is adopted, the net distance between the upper and lower pulleys should be appropriately increased.

①Electric slow-speed winches are generally used in hoisting operations. The main parameter of the winch is the rated load. The main technical performance parameters include: rated load, rated speed, wire rope diameter and rope capacity, etc. It is strictly prohibited to use the winch overloaded. During major hoisting operations, a dynamometer should be installed on the traction rope.

② The winch should be installed in a flat, open place with no obstacles in front and slightly far away from the hoisting center, so that the operator can directly see the hoisting process and receive command signals at the same time. When using a mast for lifting, the distance between the winch and the mast must be greater than the length of the mast.

③The winch should be firmly fixed to prevent overturning and movement. Ground anchors, building foundations and heavy objects can be used as anchor points. The fixed ropes binding the base of the winch should be led out from both sides to prevent the base from moving due to force. After the winch is fixed, it should be pre-tensioned according to its usage load.

④The horizontal straight line distance from the drum to the first guide pulley should be greater than 25 times the length of the drum, and the guide pulley should be located on the center vertical line of the drum to ensure that the rope entry angle of the drum is less than 2°.

⑤The wire rope on the winch should be released from the bottom of the drum, and the remaining wire rope on the drum should not be less than 4 turns. When winding multiple layers of steel wire rope on the drum, the steel wire rope should always be tightly wound on the drum layer by layer in sequence, and the outermost layer of steel wire rope should be one rope diameter lower than the flanges at both ends of the drum.

1) Before use, check the integrity of the lifting structure, the flexibility and lubrication of the running part, and the zipper should be flexible and free of chain running, falling, and stagnation.

2) When using, the chain should be straightened and gradually tightened. The two hooks should be stressed on the same axis. After inspection and confirmation that there are no problems, start the lifting operation.

3) The carrying capacity of the hanging point of the hand chain hoist shall not be less than 1.05 times the rated load of the hand chain hoist; when multiple hoists are used to lift the same workpiece, the operations shall be synchronized, and the maximum load of a single hoist shall not exceed its rated load. 70%.

4) When the hand chain hoist is used in a vertical, horizontal or inclined state, the direction of force application of the hand chain hoist should be consistent with the direction of the sprocket to prevent the chain from getting stuck or falling off.

5) If the loaded hand chain hoist needs to stay for a long time, the hand chain hoist must be tied to the lifting chain to prevent the self-locking device from malfunctioning.

6) Hand chain hoists that have been used for more than 3 months or have been idle for a long time should be disassembled, cleaned, inspected and filled with lubricating oil. If there are missing parts, structural damage or severe wear of the machine parts, they must be repaired or replaced. After that, it can be used.

①The load hoisted by a single crane should be less than its rated load. ②The crane should choose reasonable working conditions based on its performance. ③The bearing capacity of the foundation at the standing position of the crane for hoisting should meet the usage requirements. ④ When using super-lift working conditions, the necessary site and space requirements for changing the working radius (expansion, contraction, rotation) of the super-lift system should be met. ⑤The safe distance between the boom and the external accessories of the equipment should not be less than 500mm. ⑥The safe distance between cranes, equipment and surrounding facilities should not be less than 500mm. ⑦The minimum lifting height of the crane should maintain a safe distance of at least 200mm between the bottom of the equipment and the top of the foundation or anchor bolts. ⑧When two cranes are used as the main hoisting equipment, the lifting weight should be reasonably distributed, and the load of a single crane should not exceed the rated load of the relevant lifting specifications. Proportion. Balancing measures should be taken where necessary. For example: the lifting speed and rotation speed should be limited. ⑨A joint lifting operation plan should be developed for the operation of multiple hoisting machinery, which should also include a careful estimation of the load carried by each crane in proportion. The basic requirement is to ensure that the lifting wire rope remains vertical.

① Mobile cranes must perform lifting operations on level and hard ground. The foundation of the crane's working position (including the position of the hoisting station and the walking route) should be based on the given geological conditions or the measured ground pressure resistance, and an appropriate method should be used (generally, the soil ground at the construction site can be excavated, backfilled and tamped). ) for processing. ② The treated ground should be tested for pressure resistance. The pressure resistance of the ground should meet the requirements of the crane for the foundation.

①The truck crane’s legs should be fully extended. ② Overloading operations are strictly prohibited. It is not allowed to pull or lift objects diagonally, it is not allowed to lift objects that are staggered and squeezed, and it is not allowed to lift objects that are buried in the soil or frozen and stuck to the ground. ③When the crane is operating, no one is allowed to stand on the turntable. When the truck crane is moving, no one is allowed to sit in the control room. ④ During lifting operations, it is strictly forbidden to stand under the lifting arm, and it is not allowed to lift heavy objects when there are people on the heavy objects.

① When the crawler crane is traveling with a load, it should be operated in accordance with the requirements of the instruction manual. If necessary, a load traveling plan should be prepared. ② Hoisting personnel should pass the examination according to the "Assessment Rules for Non-Destructive Testing Personnel of Special Equipment" TSGZ6001-2019 and obtain the "Special Equipment Safety Management and Operator Certificate", which includes work items including crane commander Q1 and crane driver Q2.

1. Wire rope rings (slings) shall not be used under any of the following circumstances: ①The end of the rope at the no-hanging sign is exposed and cannot be repaired. ②The rope strands are loose or separated and cannot be repaired. ③ The steel wire rope has defects such as broken wires, broken strands, steel wire extrusion, single-strand steel wire rope core extrusion, partial reduction in the diameter of the steel wire rope, rope strand extrusion or twisting, and kinking. ④No signage.

(1) Before the equipment leaves the factory, the lifting lugs should be tested according to the design requirements, and a test report should be issued. After the equipment arrives on site, the appearance quality of the lifting lugs should be inspected, and non-destructive testing should be performed if necessary. For lifting lugs welded on site, the welded parts connected to the equipment should undergo surface penetration testing. (2) After the equipment arrives at the site, technicians must retest the welding position and size of the lifting lugs.

(1) The shackles used in hoisting construction should be selected according to the rated load mark and must not be used overloaded. Unmarked shackles must not be used. (2) The surface of the shackle should be smooth and free of defects such as burrs, cracks, sharp corners, and interlayers. Welding methods must not be used to repair defects in the shackle. (3) The shackle should be visually inspected before use. If any permanent deformation or cracks are found, it should be scrapped. (4) When using a shackle, it should only bear longitudinal tension.

Scope of use

Suitable for sites with excavation conditions. It can withstand large pulling forces and is often used in large-scale hoisting.

It is suitable for sites with high groundwater levels or soft soil where it is inconvenient to excavate at a deep depth. Small ballast type movable ground anchors can withstand little force and are mostly used in medium and small hoisting operations.

application

Tower equipment, torch towers, etc. in petrochemical industry.

Tower equipment in petrochemical industry

Expansion project of the old factory. The exhaust pipe of the nitrogen fertilizer plant and the primary distillation tower of the millisecond furnace.

Large equipment and components. Such as the hoisting of large roofs, grids, steel overpasses (corridors), TV tower steel mast antennas, etc., the overall lifting of large gantry crane main beams and equipment, the overall lifting of large TV tower steel mast antennas, large airport terminals, sports venues, etc. Overall slippage of steel roof trusses, etc.

Ultra-high altitude lifting of medium and small equipment and uphill cableways in mountainous areas. Such as Shanghai Oriental Pearl high-altitude lifting equipment.

Bridge construction.

Oil tank inversion, power plant generator set installation, etc.

The overall installation technology of large equipment is one of the core technologies used in the construction industry, including: the upright double mast sliding method hoisting large equipment technology, and the rotating method gantry (A-shaped) mast erecting large equipment (component) technology , anchor-free push-lift large-scale equipment technology, cluster hydraulic jack overall lifting (sliding) large-scale equipment and component technology are its main individual technologies.

"Computer-controlled overall jacking and lifting installation and construction technology of steel structures and large equipment" developed from the improvement of cluster hydraulic jack overall lifting (slip) hoisting technology has become a priority application technology in the construction industry.

(1) Highly dangerous sub-projects (hereinafter referred to as "hazardous projects") refer to sub-projects that may easily lead to death or injury of people or cause significant economic losses during the construction process of housing construction and municipal infrastructure projects. project.

(2) The construction unit shall organize engineering and technical personnel to prepare special construction plans before the construction of dangerous and major projects. If general construction contracting is implemented, the special construction plan shall be organized and prepared by the general construction contracting unit. If subcontracting is implemented for major critical projects, special construction plans may be organized and prepared by relevant professional subcontracting units.

(3) "Hoisting and hoisting machinery installation and disassembly projects" are dangerous and major projects. Hoisting projects within the scope of certain projects with greater risks (hazardous projects)

(4) The special construction plan shall be reviewed and signed by the technical person in charge of the construction unit and stamped with the official seal of the unit, and shall be reviewed and signed by the chief supervisory engineer and stamped with the professional seal before implementation.

(5) For dangerous and large projects exceeding a certain scale, the construction unit shall organize an expert demonstration meeting to demonstrate the special construction plan. If general construction contracting is implemented, the construction general contracting unit shall organize an expert demonstration meeting. The special construction plan shall be reviewed by the construction unit and the chief supervising engineer before expert evaluation.

(6) Before the implementation of the special construction plan, the compiler or project technical leader shall explain the plan to the construction site management personnel. The construction site management personnel shall make a safety technical briefing to the operators, which shall be signed and confirmed by both parties and the project's full-time safety production management personnel.

(7) The construction unit shall register the construction workers of dangerous and major projects, and the project leader shall perform his duties at the construction site.

Collect crane performance data based on the weight, hoisting height and hoisting range of equipment or components, and collect information on possible rental cranes. Hoisting load includes equipment weight, lifting rigging weight, and load factor. Calculate the load: Qj=k1Xk2XQ, where k1 is the dynamic load coefficient, k2 is the unbalanced load coefficient, and Q is the hanging load.

Determine the crane's operating conditions and hoisting channels based on the crane's station, hoisting position and hoisting site environment.

Determine the type and operating conditions of the crane according to the overall conditions such as the lifting process weight, the crane's position, installation location, site environment, and access routes, and according to the overall dimensions and rated lifting capacity charts of various types of cranes. Ensure that under selected working conditions, the crane's working capacity covers the lifting process requirements.

(1) Check and calculate the safe distance between the crane's legs, counterweight, boom, spreader, and hoisted objects and surrounding buildings under the selected working conditions. (2) When multiple cranes are hoisted together, the factors that determine the calculated load are: hoisting load, unbalanced load factor, and dynamic load factor. (3) The calculated load lifted by a single crane should be less than its rated load. (4) When two cranes are used as the main hoisting crane, the lifting weight should be reasonably distributed. The load of a single crane should not exceed 80% of its rated load. Balancing measures should be taken when necessary. (5) If two or more mobile cranes are used to lift the same workpiece, the lifting load of each crane shall not exceed 75% of its rated lifting capacity.

Carry out optimization according to the above steps and finally determine the crane working condition parameters.

1. Hoisting machinery: refers to electromechanical equipment used for vertical lifting or vertical lifting and horizontal movement of heavy objects. Its scope is specified as lifts with a rated lifting capacity greater than or equal to 0.5t; tower cranes with a rated lifting capacity greater than or equal to 3t (or tower cranes with a rated lifting moment greater than or equal to 40t m, or loading and unloading bridges with a productivity greater than or equal to 300t/h ), and a crane with a lifting height greater than or equal to 2m; a mechanical parking equipment with a number of floors greater than or equal to 2.

variety

General bridge crane, explosion-proof bridge crane, insulated bridge crane, metallurgical bridge crane, electric single beam crane, electric hoist bridge crane

General gantry crane, explosion-proof gantry crane, rail-mounted container gantry crane, tire-type container gantry crane, quayside container crane, shipbuilding gantry crane, electric hoist gantry crane, loading and unloading bridge, bridge erecting machine

Ordinary tower crane, power station tower crane

Tire cranes, crawler cranes, container reach stacker cranes, railway cranes

Portal crane, fixed crane

Construction lifts, simple lifts

1. The lifting machinery installation (including repair) license is implemented by the provincial market supervision department or the provincial market supervision department authorized by the State Administration for Market Regulation.

Device category

Bridge and gantry cranes

mobile crane

Portal crane

Mechanical parking equipment

Tower cranes, lifts

Cable crane

mast crane

(1) Steel structure The welding difficulty of steel structure engineering is divided into level A (easy), level B (general), level C (difficult), and level D (difficult). The influencing factors include: plate thickness, steel classification, stress state, and steel carbon equivalent .

(2) Non-alloy steel Non-alloy steel has good weldability and is suitable for electrode arc welding, tungsten inert gas arc welding, gas melting arc welding, self-shielded flux-cored wire arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas-electric vertical welding, stud welding and Gas welding method.

Welders engaged in the following welding work must pass the assessment in accordance with these detailed rules and hold the "Special Equipment Safety Management and Operator Certificate": ① Welds of pressure components of pressure-bearing equipment, welds to pressure components, and surface surfacing of the base metal of pressure components; ② Welding seams of main stress-bearing structural (parts) of electromechanical equipment and welds with main stress-bearing structural (parts) parts; ③ Melt into the positioning welds within the first two welds.

Welding procedure qualification report (PQR) and welding procedure instruction book (WPS) control, including welding procedure qualification report, relevant inspection and testing reports, procedure qualification welding records and storage of welding procedure qualification samples, etc.; the welding procedure qualification items cover special The welding process required for equipment welding.

One-digit code indicates the category of process method

arc welding

other

(1) "4.3.3.2 Argon arc welding primer" in the "Boiler Safety Technical Regulations" TSG 11-2020 stipulates: Class A high-pressure boilers and above, combined welds of drums and headers, pipe joints on pipes, heating surface pipes For butt welds, butt welds of pipes and pipe fittings, argon arc welding should be used as primer when the structure permits.

(2) "Watertube Boilers Part 5: Manufacturing" GB/T 16507.5-2013 states "8.1.2 Electroslag welding shall not be used for boiler pressure components."

"Construction Specifications for Spherical Storage Tanks" GB 50094-2010 states "6.1.4 The welding method of spherical storage tanks should be electrode arc welding, flux-cored wire automatic welding and semi-automatic welding."

"Technical Rules for Welding of Polyethylene Pipes for Gas" TSG D2002-2006 stipulates that GB1 (PE) adopts two methods: hot fusion welding and electric fusion welding.

(1) "10.3.1" in "Aluminum Welding Vessels" JB/T4734-2002, the welding method should be tungsten arc welding, melting arc welding, plasma welding and other welding methods that can ensure welding quality through testing. No need Welding rod arc welding is generally not used for gas welding.”

(1) The weldment melts under the action of heat energy to form a molten pool. After the heat source leaves the molten pool, the molten metal (the base metal and the filler metal in the molten pool) cools and crystallizes, and is integrated with the base metal to form a welded joint. .

The welded joint consists of weld, fusion zone, heat affected zone and base metal.

(2) During welding, due to the different thickness, structure and usage conditions of the weldment, the joint form and groove form are also different.

The forms of welded joints include: butt joints, T-shaped joints, corner joints and lap joints, etc. The form of the welded joint is mainly determined by the relative position of the two welding parts.

For example, commonly used lap joints are connected between the webs of the steel tank bottom plate, between the webs and the edge plates, between the manholes (takeovers) or the leg reinforcement plates and the container wall plates (roof plates).

According to the shape of the groove, the groove is divided into various groove forms such as I-shaped (without groove), V-shaped, single-sided V-shaped, U-shaped, double U-shaped, J-shaped, etc.

For example: the butt joints of water supply and drainage steel pipes use electrode arc welding.

Classification

According to weld joint form

According to the position of the weld in space during welding

According to the discontinuity of weld seam

(4) When the shape of the weld is represented by a series of geometric dimensions, the shape parameters of different forms of welds are also different.

Weld form

Butt joint, butt weld

T-joint butt or fillet weld

(1) The general name for materials consumed during welding, including: welding rods, welding wires, flux, gases, etc.

(2) Welding rod models are classified according to the mechanical properties of the deposited metal, coating type, welding position, current type, chemical composition of the molten metal and post-weld condition.

The main parameters that determine the welding line energy are welding speed, welding current and arc voltage

(1) Any wall thickness of 20HIC requires preheating before welding and post-welding heat treatment to prevent the occurrence of delayed cracks. If heat treatment cannot be carried out in time, it should be heated at 200~350℃ immediately after welding and slowly cooled with heat preservation.

Post-heating can reduce the influence of hydrogen in the weld, reduce welding residual stress, avoid the occurrence of martensite structure in the welded joint, thereby preventing the occurrence of hydrogen-induced cracks.

(2) When other grades of non-alloy steel are used in pressure vessels, the minimum preheating temperature is 15°C.

(3) When other brands are used for industrial pipe welding joints with base metal thickness ≥ 25mm, the minimum preheating temperature is 80°C. The thickness of the base material is <25mm, and the minimum preheating temperature is 10℃.

(4) Heat treatment performed to improve the post-weld structure and performance of welded joints or to eliminate residual stress is called post-weld heat treatment. For example: when the wall thickness of non-alloy steel pipes is greater than 19mm, post-weld stress relief heat treatment should be performed.

(5) Post-weld heat treatment should comply with the design documents or relevant construction standards, specifications, and welding process assessment reports.

(6) For pressure vessels (pressure pipes) that require post-weld stress relief heat treatment, after excavation and repair, whether stress relief treatment is required should be determined based on the depth of the repair welding.

During fusion welding, the spatial position of the seam of the weldment can be expressed by the weld inclination angle and the weld angle. There are flat welding, vertical welding, horizontal welding and overhead welding positions.

(1) The welding groove of non-alloy steel pressure vessels and its vicinity (about 10mm on each side for arc welding; 20mm on each side for submerged arc welding, plasma arc welding, and gas shielded welding) should be free of water, rust, and oil. , slag and other harmful impurities are cleaned.

(2) Remove the surface oxide film chemically or mechanically from the welding groove of aluminum and aluminum alloys and the 50mm adjacent areas; use organic solvents such as acetone to remove oil stains and substances harmful to welding quality.

For multi-layer (pass) welding parts that require preheating, the interlayer temperature should not be lower than the preheating temperature. When welding is interrupted, the cooling rate should be controlled or other measures should be taken to prevent it from having harmful effects on the pipeline. Before resuming welding, preheating should be carried out again according to the provisions of the welding procedure regulations.

(1) It is not allowed to strike an arc or test current on the surface of the weldment.

(2) Hammering is not allowed on the root weld and cover weld.

(4) Welding procedure evaluation should be carried out in the unit. The equipment and instruments used for welding process qualification should be in normal condition, the metal materials and welding materials should meet the corresponding standards, and the unit's skilled welding personnel should use the unit's equipment to weld the test pieces.

①Evaluation rules for welding methods ②Evaluation rules for base materials ③Evaluation rules for filler metal ④Evaluation rules for post-weld heat treatment ⑤Evaluation rules for test piece thickness and weldment thickness

① According to the degree of influence of joints, filler metal, welding position, preheating (postheating), gas, electrical characteristics, and technical measures on various welding methods, they can be divided into important factors, supplementary factors, and secondary factors. ②When any important factor is changed, the welding process qualification needs to be re-qualified. ③When any additional factor is added or changed, additional welding impact toughness specimens can be tested according to the added or changed additional factor. ④ When minor factors are added or changed, there is no need to re-evaluate, but the pre-welding process regulations need to be re-written.

Check level

Inspection levels are divided according to detection proportion, detection method and qualification level.

There are five levels: I, II, III, IV and V, of which level I is the highest and level V is the lowest.

There are three levels: I, II and III.

Appearance inspection, non-destructive testing, mechanical properties, pressure test and tightness test

Appearance inspection, non-destructive testing, pressure test and tightness test

1) Welding defects can be divided into six categories (major categories) according to their nature and characteristics, including: cracks, voids, solid inclusions, lack of fusion (lack of penetration), poor shape and size, and other defects.

Classification

According to the shape of defects

Divided according to the location of defect occurrence

According to the visibility of defects

welding defects

stomata

Slag inclusion

Not penetrated

Not fused

crack

Shape defects

They should obtain corresponding qualifications, obtain welding process (operation) instructions, and accept technical briefings.

It should be able to ensure the normal operation, safety and reliability of the welding work, and the instruments should be inspected regularly.

The normal working range of hot fusion welding machine and electric fusion welding machine is -10~40℃. In the welding work area, when the wind speed exceeds 8m/s for manual arc welding and 2m/s for gas shielded welding and flux-cored wire arc welding, wind protection measures should be taken. The relative humidity in the welding work area shall not exceed 90%.

The heating method, heating width, insulation requirements, and temperature measurement requirements should comply with the specification requirements.

Before welding, an inspection and test plan should be prepared based on the weld quality inspection levels specified in the construction drawings, construction plans, and construction specifications, and should be approved by the project technical leader and reported to the supervising engineer for record.

The content includes the division of inspection lots, sampling methods for sampling inspection, inspection items, inspection methods, inspection timing and corresponding acceptance standards, etc.

①Box number, number of boxes and packaging conditions. ②The name, specification and model of the equipment, and important parts must also be inspected and accepted according to quality standards. ③ Random technical documents (instructions for use, certificate of conformity, packing list, etc.) and special tools. ④ Check whether there are any defective parts, and whether there is any damage or rust on the surface. ⑤Other matters that need to be recorded.

(2) When setting baselines and reference points, the following principles should usually be followed:

① Before the mechanical equipment is put in place, the installation baseline and reference point shall be demarcated according to the process layout drawing and the measurement control network or the axis, edge line and elevation line of the relevant building.

① If the reference lines and reference points need to be retained for a long time, a permanent center mark and a permanent reference point should be set up. It is best to use copper or stainless steel. Anti-corrosion measures should be taken when making ordinary steel, such as painting or galvanizing. ② The permanent center mark and reference point are usually set on the main axis and important centerline, and should be buried in the concrete of the equipment foundation or the cast-in-place floor frame beam.

For example: the main axis (longitudinal centerline) of the sintering machine and the axis of the large star wheel of the head (transverse centerline).

④ For important, heavy, and special equipment, settlement observation points need to be set up to monitor and analyze the changes in the foundation during the installation and use of the equipment. Such as steam turbine generator units, turbine compressor units, large storage tanks, etc.

① The foundation construction unit or supervision unit shall provide documents proving the quality of the equipment foundation. The installation unit shall mainly check whether the foundation maintenance time and concrete strength meet the design requirements. ② If you have doubts about the strength of the equipment foundation, you can ask an engineering testing unit with testing qualifications to retest the strength of the foundation. ③ When the equipment foundation has requirements for preloading and settlement observation, it must be qualified for preloading and have detailed records of preloading and settlement observation.

(2) Before installing the equipment, recheck the basic position, elevation and geometric dimensions of the equipment according to the allowable deviations in the specifications.

(3) The measurement and inspection of the basic position, elevation, and geometric dimensions of the equipment mainly include: